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Merkhan M, Mohammad J, Fathi Z, Younis Z, Mahmood SM, Mohammed M. Silent hyperlipidaemia modulated vascular endothelial markers. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e67959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of ischemic heart diseases is mainly based on atherosclerosis of coronary artery. Inflammation and oxidative reactions are initiating and aggravating the illness resulting in pathological remodelling of vasculaturze at site of injury. Endothelium lining of blood vessels participated in the reaction biochemically through releasing some proteins into circulatory system which further complicate the condition. The aim of this study was to determine early diagnosed hyperlipidaemia-associated changes of the plasma level of some of these endothelial biomolecules. Compared to healthy control, hyperlipidaemic patients have significantly increased arginase, metalloendopeptidase, peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and peroxynitrite with concomitant reduction in arylesterase and nitric oxide. The present study concluded that hyperlipidaemia play a great role in modulation of certain plasma protein markers which might be directly related to patient pathological condition or could be used as a tool for diagnosis or patient follow up indicating the stage of vasculature remodelling, healing, inflammation or resolution.
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Padh H. Sequencing and comparative genome analysis of three Indians. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:401-412. [PMID: 34086082 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable advancement in DNA sequencing (NGS) technology has made personal genome analysis feasible and affordable. Here we present the whole genome sequencing and analysis of three individuals, two males and one female, from different parts of India. Comparison with the Reference Human Genome and the variant database showed a total of 4.0-4.85 million variants, primarily single nucleotide variants (SNVs), 350-600 K small insertions and deletions (INDELs), and previously unreported novel variants. The analysis of Y-chromosome and mitochondrial haplogroups revealed that the ancestors of the individual arrived on the subcontinent at very different times using distinctly different migration routes. Approximately, 500,000 novel SNPs and about 89,000 novel INDELs have been submitted to the NCBI as novel variants. PCA and Admix analysis revealed that the IHGP03, a Mizoram male from the Northeast region, is strikingly different from the other two Indian genomes. Collectively, the data suggest the complexity of the Indian population admix developed from several distinct waves of human migration over tens of thousands of years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Padh
- Former Vice-Chancellor, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, 388120, India.
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Khalil A, Fulop T, Berrougui H. Role of Paraoxonase1 in the Regulation of High-Density Lipoprotein Functionality and in Cardiovascular Protection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:191-200. [PMID: 31969002 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Human paraoxonase (PON) is a member of the gene family that includes paraoxonase 1 (PON1), PON2, and PON3. PON is known for its capacity to hydrolyze a wide range of substrates, including organophosphorus compounds, nerve gases, and aromatic carboxylic acid esters. Recent Advances: Several studies have highlighted the involvement of PON, particularly PON1, in the modulation of the capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to protect against the atherosclerosis process and its clinical manifestations. PON1 exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may be involved in the regulation of the principal antiatherogenic activity of HDL, that is, the regulation of the reverse cholesterol transport process. Critical Issues: Although epidemiological studies have shown that there is an inverse relationship between HDL levels and cardiovascular risk, several studies have emphasized the importance of HDL functionality in protecting against cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Given that PON1 is involved in several atheroprotective functions of HDL, the aim of this article is to review the existing literature on PON1 and to discuss the principal mechanisms by which PON1 may exert its different activities. Future Directions: The elucidation of the mechanisms by which PON1 modulates the functionality of HDL as well as the identification of the interventions that stimulate PON1 activity and/or increase its plasma concentration would make it possible to propose new strategies to prevent CVD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 191-200.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelouahed Khalil
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.,Department of Biology, Polydisciplinary Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mellal, Morocco
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Herman R, Jensterle M, Janež A, Goričar K, Dolžan V. Genetic Variability in Antioxidative and Inflammatory Pathways Modifies the Risk for PCOS and Influences Metabolic Profile of the Syndrome. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110439. [PMID: 33138337 PMCID: PMC7692942 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder of multifactorial etiopathology likely to involve the interactions between genetics and lifestyle. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) may participate in the pathophysiology of the syndrome. The question of the extent to which OS and inflammation are causally related to the development of the syndrome and metabolic complications remains unanswered. By our knowledge, the role of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as an important trigger of inflammatory pathways and NLRP3 and CARD8 polymorphisms has never been addressed in PCOS yet. We conducted a case-control study conducting of total 169 Slovenian PCOS patients and 83 healthy blood donors. They were genotyped for polymorphisms in antioxidative (SOD2 rs4880, CAT rs1001179, PON1 rs854560, and rs662) and inflammatory pathways genes (NLRP3 rs35829419, CARD8 rs2043211, TNF rs1800629, IL1B rs1143623, and rs16944, IL6 rs1800795) using competitive allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Logistic regression and the Mann–Whitney test were used in the statistical analysis. SOD2 rs4880, CARD8 rs2043211, and IL1B rs16944 were associated with the risk of developing PCOS. Furthermore, the interactions between CARD8 rs2043211 and IL6 rs1800795 and between IL1B rs1143623 and IL6 rs1800795 also significantly affected the risk for PCOS. With regard to glucose homeostasis, CAT rs1001179, SOD2 rs4880, PON1 rs854560, NLRP3 rs35829419, and TNF rs1800629 were significantly associated with response to the glycemic load. Our data indicate that the genetic variability in the antioxidative and inflammatory pathways influences the development of PCOS and glucose homeostasis in PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Herman
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.H.); (M.J.); (A.J.)
| | - Mojca Jensterle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.H.); (M.J.); (A.J.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Janež
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.H.); (M.J.); (A.J.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Goričar
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-543-7670
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Genetic associations and serum paraoxonase levels with atherosclerosis in western Iranian patients. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5137-5144. [PMID: 32567023 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial wall plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis which is a complex and progressive disorder. Paraoxonase1 (PON1), which is required for lipid metabolism, is believed to protect LDL from oxidation. The relationship between PON1 gene Leusin55Methionin (L55M) and Glutamine192Arginine (Q192R) polymorphisms in western Iranians with atherosclerosis and its association with enzyme activity and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) were examined in the present study. In this study, blood specimens were collected from 145 healthy individuals and 154 patients with atherosclerosis proven by angiography referred to Shahid Madani Hospital, Khorramabad, Iran. Genomic deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from whole blood. For all the subjects, restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) was carried out for the detection of L55M and Q192R polymorphisms. PON1 enzyme activity and the level of oxLDL were also evaluated. There was a 3.114-fold increase in the risk of developing atherosclerosis in the subjects presenting the PON1L55M, MM genotype compared to those with the LL genotype (OR 3.114; 95% CI 1.412-6.870). PON1Q192R polymorphism in the PON1 gene was not associated with atherosclerosis. Patients with atherosclerosis had significantly higher oxLDL and reduced PON1 enzyme activity (P < 0.05) compared to the controls. There was no association between the type of genotype, enzyme activity, and oxLDL level. It has been concluded that PON1L55M polymorphism and MM genotype are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Iranian patients with atherosclerosis. We did not find any relationship between PON1Q192R polymorphism and atherosclerosis.
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Atwa ET, Hussin AG, Mohamed MR, Pasha HF, Hammad M. Carotid plaques in adult rheumatoid arthritis patients; association with paroxonase 1 enzymatic activity and Q192R paroxonase 1 gene polymorphism. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4255-4262. [PMID: 32472296 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Paroxonase 1 (PON 1) enzymatic activity and Q192R PON polymorphism has been implicated with greater cardiovascular risk in general population. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized with increased inflammatory markers leading to increased cardiovascular morbidity. The aim of the work was to study association between PON1 enzymatic activity & gene polymorphism with carotid plaques in RA patients. This case-control study was carried out at Zagazig University Hospitals on 99 subjects divided randomly into two groups; 48 RA patients and 51 controls. RA patients fulfilled the revised 2010 EULAR/ACR classification criteria of RA. All patients were subjected to history taking, clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations & plain X-rays. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and PON1 enzyme assay & genotyping were done for both groups. PON1 enzyme levels were significantly higher in patients than controls. Also, there was a significant negative correlation of PON1 enzyme activity with increased CIMT & plaques. The cut-off value of PON1 enzyme level that had the highest CVD prediction was 4.2 U/ml. Although PON1 genotyping was insignificantly different between patients and controls, patients with QQ genotype had the lowest PON1 activity then patients with QR genotype then RR genotype. In RA patients, decreased serum PON1 enzymatic activity and QQ genotyping of Q192R PON polymorphism was associated with increased CIMT & plaques. Serum PON1 could be a good marker for atherosclerosis prediction in RA patients at cutoff 4.2 U/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marwa Hammad
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Shao B, Zelnick LR, Wimberger J, Himmelfarb J, Brunzell J, Davidson WS, Snell-Bergeon JK, Bornfeldt KE, de Boer IH, Heinecke JW. Albuminuria, the High-Density Lipoprotein Proteome, and Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:1483-1491. [PMID: 31092010 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Albuminuria is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. We determined whether albuminuria associates with alterations in the proteome of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) of subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus and whether those alterations associated with coronary artery calcification. Approach and Results- In a cross-sectional study of 191 subjects enrolled in the DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial)/EDIC study (Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications), we used isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry to quantify 46 proteins in HDL. Stringent statistical analysis demonstrated that 8 proteins associated with albuminuria. Two of those proteins, AMBP (α1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor) and PTGDS (prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase), strongly and positively associated with the albumin excretion rate ( P<10-6). Furthermore, PON (paraoxonase) 1 and PON3 levels in HDL strongly and negatively associated with the presence of coronary artery calcium, with odds ratios per 1-SD difference of 0.63 (95% CI, 0.43-0.92; P=0.018) for PON1 and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.40-0.87; P=0.0079) for PON3. Only 1 protein, PON1, associated with both albumin excretion rate and coronary artery calcification. Conclusions- Our observations indicate that the HDL proteome is remodeled in type 1 diabetes mellitus subjects with albuminuria. Moreover, low concentrations of the antiatherosclerotic protein PON1 in HDL associated with both albuminuria and coronary artery calcification, raising the possibility that alterations in HDL protein cargo mediate, in part, the known association of albuminuria with cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Visual Overview- An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohai Shao
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., L.R.Z., J.W., J.H., J.B., K.E.B., I.H.d.B., J.W.H.)
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., L.R.Z., J.W., J.H., J.B., K.E.B., I.H.d.B., J.W.H.)
| | - Jake Wimberger
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., L.R.Z., J.W., J.H., J.B., K.E.B., I.H.d.B., J.W.H.)
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., L.R.Z., J.W., J.H., J.B., K.E.B., I.H.d.B., J.W.H.)
| | - John Brunzell
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., L.R.Z., J.W., J.H., J.B., K.E.B., I.H.d.B., J.W.H.)
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH (W.S.D.)
| | - Janet K Snell-Bergeon
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (J.K.S.-B.)
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., L.R.Z., J.W., J.H., J.B., K.E.B., I.H.d.B., J.W.H.)
| | - Ian H de Boer
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., L.R.Z., J.W., J.H., J.B., K.E.B., I.H.d.B., J.W.H.)
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (B.S., L.R.Z., J.W., J.H., J.B., K.E.B., I.H.d.B., J.W.H.)
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Huo X, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Wen X, Liu J. Paraoxonase 1 gene (Q192R) polymorphism confers susceptibility to coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes patients: Evidence from case-control studies. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 13:80-88. [PMID: 31080207 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Numerous published studies have investigated the relationship between the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene Q192R (rs662) polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. However, the results are still conflicting and inconclusive. Potentially eligible articles were searched for in related databases. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate the associations. Subgroup analysis was performed based on ethnicity. Ten case-control studies were included. A significant increase in the susceptibility for CAD in T2DM patients was found in the allelic model (OR = 1.49, p < 0.001), homozygote model (OR = 2.47, p < 0.001), heterozygote model (OR = 1.47, p < 0.001), dominant model (OR = 1.64, p < 0.001), and recessive model (OR = 1.74, p = 0.001). In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, a significant increase susceptibility was found in Asian populations in the allelic model (OR = 1.39, p = 0.001), homozygote model (OR = 2.15, p = 0.002), heterozygote model (OR = 1.37, p = 0.006), recessive model (OR = 1.65, p = 0.012), and dominant model (OR = 1.54, p < 0.001). A similar significant increase in susceptibility was found in Caucasian populations in the allelic model (OR = 1.75, p = 0.002), homozygote model (OR = 3.39, p = 0.002), recessive model (OR = 1.98, p = 0.030), heterozygote model (OR = 1.64, p = 0.001), and dominant model (OR = 1.83, p < 0.001). The results suggest that the PON1 Q192R polymorphism is associated with a significantly increased risk of CAD in T2DM patients in both Asian and Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Huo
- Department of Structural Heart Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Cosmetic and Maxillofacial surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Yongjian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jieqiong Li
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Xiulin Wen
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jinjin Liu
- Department of Outpatient, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
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Amini M, Esmaeilzadeh-Bahabadi S, Avan A, Gholoobi A, Ghasemi F, Mirhafez SR, Ghazizadeh H, Moohebati M, Ebrahimi M, Ferns GA, Pasdar A, Mobarhan MG. Paraoxonase-1 Q192R polymorphism and its association with hs-CRP and fasting blood glucose levels and risk of coronary artery disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1053-1057. [PMID: 31336443 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) has been shown to protect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) against oxidative-modification and thereby might protect against coronary-artery-disease (CAD). Here we explored the relationship of a genetic variant (a substitution (R) Arg with (Q) Gln at position 192) of PON1 in 250 patients with/without CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genotyping of PON1 Q192R was carried out using Real-Time-PCR TaqMan-based-probe. Demographic-characteristics and biochemical-analyses, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), HDL, LDL, triglycerides (TG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated. Univariate/multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of the genetic polymorphism and CAD as well as with clinical-characteristics of population. RESULTS Our findings showed that RR-genotype was more frequent in CAD-patients, compared to the wild-type genotype. Moreover, CAD patients with RR-genotype had an odd ratio of 5.0 (95% CI: 1.3-18.6; p = 0.017), versus wild-type genotype, in multivariate-analysis. Of note we also observed that CAD-patients with QQ-genotype had a significantly lower Hs-CRP level, compared to the RR-genotype. CONCLUSION we demonstrate that PON1-Q192R-polymorphism was associated with CRP and FBS levels; R-allele of PON1-Q192R may be an independent risk factor for CAD. Further studies are warranted to determine the value of this marker as a surrogate marker in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Amini
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | | | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aida Gholoobi
- Department of Modern Science and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Department of Modern Science and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Blood Transfusion Research Center High Institute Organization of Blood Transfusion, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mirhafez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ghazizadeh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moohebati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- Department of Modern Science and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Kaur S, Bhatti G, Vijayvergiya R, Singh P, Mastana S, Tewari R, Bhatti J. Paraoxonase 1 Gene Polymorphisms (Q192R and L55M) Are Associated with Coronary Artery Disease Susceptibility in Asian Indians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1159/000494508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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11
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Almal S, Jeon S, Agarwal M, Patel S, Patel S, Bhak Y, Jun J, Bhak J, Padh H. Sequencing and analysis of the whole genome of Indian Gujarati male. Genomics 2018; 111:196-204. [PMID: 29432975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article presents the analysis of whole genome sequence of a Gujarati Indian individual (IHGP01) that was sequenced at 23.05× coverage with a total of 74.93 Gb of sequence data generated using Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Variant analysis revealed over 3.9 million single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and about 393,000 small insertions and deletions (InDels) including novel variants. The known variants were analyzed for their health and disease relevance and pharmacogenomic profile. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplogroup analysis clearly indicated arrival on the continent not more than 20,000-25,000 years ago, following the route out of Africa to central Europe, then into Asian continent and subsequent migration to West part of the Indian subcontinent. The current research has added 141,000 novel genetic variations to the human DNA database. Functional analysis and validation of these novel variations and revelation of their role in health and disease will add a newer dimension to understand people of this subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhani Almal
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Milee Agarwal
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sweta Patel
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shivangi Patel
- B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Youngjune Bhak
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - JeHoon Jun
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- The Genomics Institute, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; Geromics, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Harish Padh
- Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India.
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Hernández-Díaz Y, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Juárez-Rojop IE, González-Castro TB, Rodríguez-Pérez C, López-Narváez ML, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Cámara-Álvarez JF. Effects of paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphisms on heart diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 64 case-control studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5298. [PMID: 27858903 PMCID: PMC5591151 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) gene polymorphisms and heart diseases (HD) risk remain inconsistent. In order to obtain address this issue we performed a meta-analysis to assess the association between the L55M and Q192R polymorphisms of PON1 gene and heart diseases risk. METHODS Relevant studies were enrolled by searching databases systematically. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to calculate the strength of association. Subgroup analyses were conducted for diagnostic and ethnicity. The heterogeneity among each of the studies was calculated by using Cochran Qtest and the inconsistency index (I), and Begg's funnel plot and Egger's tests were performed to evaluate publication bias. RESULT Sixty four studies involving a total of 19,715 cases and 33,397 controls were included in this meta-analysis. We found that the L55M polymorphism showed a significant association with heart diseases in Europeans (OR 1.44, 95%CI 1.33-1.56) and Asians (OR 1.18, 95%CI 1.03-1.35). This meta-analysis also showed a protective association of Q192R polymorphism with HD in Asian (OR 0.49, 95%CI 0.37-0.66) and African populations (OR 0.67, 95%CI 0.53-0.84). The 192R allele significantly decreased the risk of myocardial infarction (OR 0.75, 95%CI 0.57-0.99) and coronary artery disease (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.84-0.98); however, individuals with 192Q allele had a markedly increased risk of coronary artery disease development (OR 1.38, 95%CI 1.22-1.56). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the genetic risk for heart diseases is associated with the PON1 gene polymorphisms. L55M polymorphism is a risk factor and Q192R polymorphism is protective in certain populations. It is worth noting that the 192Q allele may be a risk factor to develop coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazmín Hernández-Díaz
- Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Mendez Jalpa de Mendez
| | | | | | - Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Mendez Jalpa de Mendez
- Correspondence: Thelma Beatriz González Castro, Academic Division Multidisciplinary Jalpa de Méndez, Road Nacajuca-Jalpa de Mendez, Rancheria Rivera Alta, P.C. 86205, Jalpa de Mendez, Tabasco, Mexico (e-mail: )
| | - Candelario Rodríguez-Pérez
- Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Multidisciplinary Academic Division of Jalpa de Mendez Jalpa de Mendez
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Bayrak A, Bayrak T, Bodur E, Kılınç K, Demirpençe E. The effect of HDL-bound and free PON1 on copper-induced LDL oxidation. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 257:141-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iacoviello L, Ciccarone E, Donati MB. Review: The genetics of macrovascular disease in diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/14746514020020050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes mellitus show an increased risk of developing macrovascular disease. Although common cardiovascular risk factors are abnormally high in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to the general population, they cannot fully explain the high rate of vascular complications. Indeed the occurrence and the severity of such complications are highly heterogeneous even in patients with comparable levels of glycaemic control and similar prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. Large-vessel atherosclerosis can precede the clinical manifestation of diabetes. This suggests that both atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes may have common genetic and environmental antecedents. A large body of evidence supports the possible role of genetics in determining the expression of the ischaemic vascular phenotype in diabetic patients, mainly derived from studies in ethnic groups or in first-degree relatives of diabetic patients and from association studies with genetic polymorphisms. Unravelling the polygenic susceptibility factors for macrovascular complications of diabetes is difficult, since diabetes per se has multifactorial inheritance. Direct evidence is largely based on the candidate gene approach in case-control studies. Several systems provide candidate genes that could by themselves or by interacting with other factors, increase the risk of ischaemic vascular disease in diabetic patients mainly related to lipid metabolism, lipoprotein oxidation and haemostatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Iacoviello
- 'Angela Valenti' Laboratory of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Thrombotic Disease, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy,
| | - Elisabetta Ciccarone
- 'Angela Valenti' Laboratory of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Thrombotic Disease, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy, Department of Medicine and Ageing, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Benedetta Donati
- Centre for High Technology Research and Education in Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University, Campobasso, Italy
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Han Y, Dorajoo R, Ke T, Ayala B, Chang X, Khor CC, van Dam RM, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Liu J, Goh DYT, Friedlander Y, Heng CK. Interaction effects between Paraoxonase 1 variants and cigarette smoking on risk of coronary heart disease in a Singaporean Chinese population. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:40-5. [PMID: 25746376 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays an important role in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Smoking is known to reduce PON1 activity. We aimed to investigate the effects of interactions between PON1 variants and smoking on CHD in the Singaporean Chinese population. METHODS In a case-control study nested within Singapore Chinese Health Study (N=1914), subjects with and without CHD were classified into never-smokers and ever-smokers (ever smoked at least one cigarette a day for 1 year or longer). Associations at four independent SNPs at the PON1 locus (rs3735590, rs3917550, rs662, rs3917481) with CHD were evaluated using logistic regression, before/after stratification on smoking status. Interactions between smoking and PON1 variants were analyzed with likelihood ratio tests, by including the SNP*smoking interaction term in regression analyses. RESULTS The T allele at the coding SNP, rs662, was associated with higher risk of CHD in ever-smokers only (OR=1.35, 95% CI 1.08-1.68; adjusted P=0.036). At the miR-SNP, rs3735590, carrying at least one copy of minor allele T was associated with increased risk of CHD in a dominant manner in never-smokers only (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.11-2.11; adjusted P=0.036). Significant interactions between two PON1 SNPs and smoking in relation to CHD risk were identified (adjusted P=0.012 for rs662; adjusted P=0.044 for rs3735590). These associations remained significant after adjustment for known CHD risk factors and upon correction for multiple tests. CONCLUSIONS Two PON1 SNPs, rs662 and rs3735590, were found to significantly interact with cigarette smoking to modulate the risk of CHD in the Singaporean Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tingjing Ke
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Burger Ayala
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xuling Chang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Daniel Y T Goh
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat - National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
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Oxidative stress and nephrolithiasis: a comparative pilot study evaluating the effect of pomegranate extract on stone risk factors and elevated oxidative stress levels of recurrent stone formers and controls. Urolithiasis 2014; 42:401-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-014-0686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Siewert S, Gonzalez II, Lucero RO, Ojeda MS. Association of cholesteryl ester transfer protein genotypes with paraoxonase-1 activity, lipid profile and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A study in San Luis, Argentina. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:67-77. [PMID: 25621135 PMCID: PMC4296705 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Diabetic dyslipidemia is common in type 2 diabetes. The TaqIB polymorphism in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP; B1 and B2 alleles; rs708272) is associated with changes in enzyme activity and lipid concentrations. The aim of the present study was to assess associations of CETP genotypes with lipoprotein profile, oxidant/anti-oxidant status and the plasma activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) in a population of diabetic patients living in San Luis, Argentina. Materials and Methods For oxidative stress status parameters, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, and catalase and PON-1 activity were assessed in 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 30 healthy participants. CETP polymorphism was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Results Type 2 diabetes mellitus had significantly higher concentrations of oxidative stress parameters: TBARS (P < 0.0001) and catalase activity (P < 0.0001). PON-1 activity and NO levels were significantly lower in diabetics (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0008, respectively). The CETP genotypes distribution among study groups was not significantly different. The B2 carriers of the TaqIB CETP polymorphism are associated with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and PON-1 activity in control and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant and positive correlation between the changes of PON-1 activity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in non-B1B1 (B2 carriers) in controls (r = 0.83, P < 0.0001) and diabetic patients (r = 0.39, P = 0.0003). Conclusions The results of the current study show that type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by intense oxidative stress, and that the alterations observed in the lipoprotein profile and PON-1 activity might be related to the higher CETP activity in diabetic patients as a consequence of insulin resistance.
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Huang Q, Liu YH, Yang QD, Xiao B, Ge L, Zhang N, Xia J, Zhang L, Liu ZJ. Human serum paraoxonase gene polymorphisms, Q192R and L55M, are not associated with the risk of cerebral infarction in Chinese Han population. Neurol Res 2013; 28:549-54. [PMID: 16808888 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been reported that human serum paraoxonase (PON1) gene is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). However, little is known about the role of PON1 gene polymorphism in cerebral infarction (CI). For this, we have investigated the relationship between PON1 gene polymorphisms, Q192R and L55M, and CI in Chinese Han population. METHODS The PON1 genotypes, Q192R and L55M, from 153 CI patients and 153 healthy individuals, were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion. Their allele frequencies were then determined. The association of the PON1 gene polymorphism with the risk of CI was analysed by statistical analysis software. RESULTS The frequencies of PON1-Q192R genotypes in CI and control group are 13.7 and 9.8% (QQ), 51.6 and 53.6% (QR), 34.6 and 36.6% (RR) respectively. There is no significant difference in PON1-Q192R genotype (p=0.566) and allele frequencies (p=0.505) between CI patients and controls. The frequencies of PON1-55 genotypes in the CI and control group are 96.7 and 93.5% (LL), 3.3 and 6.5% (LM) respectively. No MM genotype was found in both CI and control group. No significant difference in genotype (p=0.289) and allele (p=0.296) distribution between CI patients and controls was observed. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that the human serum paraoxonase polymorphisms, Q192R and L55M, are not associated with the risk of cerebral infarction in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- Institute of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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20
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Gupta R, Ratan A, Rajesh C, Chen R, Kim HL, Burhans R, Miller W, Santhosh S, Davuluri RV, Butte AJ, Schuster SC, Seshagiri S, Thomas G. Sequencing and analysis of a South Asian-Indian personal genome. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:440. [PMID: 22938532 PMCID: PMC3534380 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With over 1.3 billion people, India is estimated to contain three times more genetic diversity than does Europe. Next-generation sequencing technologies have facilitated the understanding of diversity by enabling whole genome sequencing at greater speed and lower cost. While genomes from people of European and Asian descent have been sequenced, only recently has a single male genome from the Indian subcontinent been published at sufficient depth and coverage. In this study we have sequenced and analyzed the genome of a South Asian Indian female (SAIF) from the Indian state of Kerala. RESULTS We identified over 3.4 million SNPs in this genome including over 89,873 private variations. Comparison of the SAIF genome with several published personal genomes revealed that this individual shared ~50% of the SNPs with each of these genomes. Analysis of the SAIF mitochondrial genome showed that it was closely related to the U1 haplogroup which has been previously observed in Kerala. We assessed the SAIF genome for SNPs with health and disease consequences and found that the individual was at a higher risk for multiple sclerosis and a few other diseases. In analyzing SNPs that modulate drug response, we found a variation that predicts a favorable response to metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes. SNPs predictive of adverse reaction to warfarin indicated that the SAIF individual is not at risk for bleeding if treated with typical doses of warfarin. In addition, we report the presence of several additional SNPs of medical relevance. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to report the complete whole genome sequence of a female from the state of Kerala in India. The availability of this complete genome and variants will further aid studies aimed at understanding genetic diversity, identifying clinically relevant changes and assessing disease burden in the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- SciGenom Labs Pvt Ltd., Plot 43A, SDF 3rd Floor CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, 682037, India
| | - Aakrosh Ratan
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Lab, University Park, , Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Changanamkandath Rajesh
- SciGenom Labs Pvt Ltd., Plot 43A, SDF 3rd Floor CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, 682037, India
| | - Rong Chen
- , , Personalis, 1350 Willow Road, Suite 202, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hie Lim Kim
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Lab, University Park, , Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Richard Burhans
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Lab, University Park, , Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Webb Miller
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Lab, University Park, , Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Sam Santhosh
- SciGenom Labs Pvt Ltd., Plot 43A, SDF 3rd Floor CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, 682037, India
| | - Ramana V Davuluri
- Center for Systems The Wistar Institute,, , Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephan C Schuster
- Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Lab, University Park, , Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore, Singapore , 637551
| | - Somasekar Seshagiri
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - George Thomas
- SciGenom Labs Pvt Ltd., Plot 43A, SDF 3rd Floor CSEZ, Kakkanad, Cochin, Kerala, 682037, India
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Elnoamany MF, Dawood AA, Azmy RM, Elnajjar MM. Paraoxonase 1 gene (Gln192–Arg) polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Egypt Heart J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Luu HN, Kingah PL, North K, Boerwinkle E, Volcik KA. Interaction of folate intake and the paraoxonase Q192R polymorphism with risk of incident coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Ann Epidemiol 2012; 21:815-23. [PMID: 21982484 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential interaction between folate intake and the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Q192R polymorphism with the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, a population-based prospective cohort of cardiovascular disease in 15,792 white and African-American subject. METHODS Race-stratified Cox proportional hazards models were performed to examine the interaction between folate intake and the PON1 Q192R polymorphism. RESULTS A significant inverse association between folate intake and risk of incident CHD among white subjects was found (hazard rate ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.56; P = .004; folate intake ≤155 μg vs ≥279 μg, reference group). An interaction effect was observed between the dominant genetic model and folate intake with regards to incident ischemic stroke in white subjects (hazard rate ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.99; and 1.24 from 1st-4th quartile, respectively; P-trend = .05). CONCLUSIONS There was an interaction between folate intake and PON1 Q192 polymorphism with regard to the risk of ischemic stroke in white subjects. Future studies should investigate the interaction between additional polymorphisms within the PON1 gene and genetic variants in other folate metabolizing genes with folate intake on the risk of incident CHD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung N Luu
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA.
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Vaisi-Raygani A, Rahimi Z, Tavilani H, Vaisi-Raygani H, Kiani A, Aminian M, Shakiba E, Shakiba Y, Pourmotabbed T. Synergism between paraoxonase Arg 192 and the angiotensin converting enzyme D allele is associated with severity of coronary artery disease. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2723-31. [PMID: 21681430 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene D allele is an independent risk factor for early onset coronary artery disease (CAD). Little is known about the concomitant presence of the ACE gene D allele and paraoxonase (PON1) codon 192 arginine (Arg) on the severity of CAD. Regarding the high rate of CAD among Iranians the aim of present study was to examine the hypothesis of synergistic effects between ACE-D and PON1-Arg alleles on predisposition and the severity of CAD in our population. The PON1 192 and ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP and PCR, respectively in 414 individuals undergoing their first coronary angiography. Patients were placed into one of two groups: CAD and control without CAD or diabetes. We mentioned the synergistic effects of both genes and not ACE gene alone is a risk factor for CAD. We found that PON1 Arg 192 and ACE D allele act synergistically to increase the risk of CAD (OR 1.3, P = 0.044). Our results showed a significant correlation between the possession of both PON1 192 Arg and the ACE D allele and the extent of CAD in CAD patients and CAD subjects without diabetes, represented by the increased frequency of three-vessel disease with OR 2.7, P = 0.046; χ(2) = 4, P = 0.046 and OR 2.4, P = 0.051; χ(2) = 3.8, P = 0.051, respectively. We found that PON1 Arg 192 and ACE D alleles act synergistically to increase the risk of CAD in CAD patients and CAD subjects without diabetes from west of Iran, who have high frequency of three-vessel disease. Our data suggest that PON1 192 Arg and the ACE D allele in combination with each other can be important independent risk factor for severity of CAD in patients carrying both PON1 192 Arg and the ACE D allele in a west population of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Molecular Diagnostic Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Lüersen K, Schmelzer C, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Kohl C, Rimbach G, Döring F. Paraoxonase 1 polymorphism Q192R affects the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in healthy males. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:141. [PMID: 21569287 PMCID: PMC3101657 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an HDL-associated enzyme with anti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory properties that has been suggested to play an important protective role against coronary heart diseases and underlying atherogenesis. The common PON1 Q192R polymorphism (rs662, A>G), a glutamine to arginine substitution at amino acid residue 192, has been analyzed in numerous association studies as a genetic marker for coronary heart diseases, however, with controversial results. Findings To get a better understanding about the pathophysiological function of PON1, we analyzed the relationships between the Q192R polymorphism, serum paraoxonase activity and serum biomarkers important for atherogenesis. Genotyping a cohort of 49 healthy German males for the Q192R polymorphism revealed an allele distribution of 0.74 and 0.26 for the Q and R allele, respectively, typical for Caucasian populations. Presence of the R192 allele was found to be associated with a significantly increased paraoxonase enzyme activity of 187.8 ± 11.4 U/l in comparison to the QQ192 genotype with 60.5 ± 4.9 U/l. No significant differences among the genotypes were found for blood pressure, asymmetric dimethylarginine, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and cholesterol. As expected, MIP-2 alpha a cytokine rather not related to atherosclerosis is not affected by the PON1 polymorphism. In contrast to that, the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha is enhanced in R192 carriers (163.8 ± 24.7 pg/ml vs 94.7 ± 3.2 pg/ml in QQ192 carriers). Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that the common PON1 R192 allele may be a genetic risk factor for atherogenesis by inducing chronic low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Molecular Prevention, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Vaisi-Raygani A, Ghaneialvar H, Rahimi Z, Tavilani H, Pourmotabbed T, Shakiba E, Vaisi-Raygani A, Kiani A, Aminian M, Alibakhshi R, Bartels C. Paraoxonase Arg 192 allele is an independent risk factor for three-vessel stenosis of coronary artery disease. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 38:5421-8. [PMID: 21465165 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of the paraoxonase (PON1) codon 192 polymorphism [glutamine (Q)/arginine (R)] in coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the PON1 gene polymorphism is an independent risk factor for severity of coronary artery disease in patients from west of Iran. The PON1-Arg-192 genotypes were detected by PCR-RFLP in 414 individuals undergoing their first coronary angiography. Patients were placed into one of two groups: CAD and control without CAD or diabetes. The frequency of PON1-Arg-192 allele was significantly higher in the CAD (23.4 vs. 16%, P = 0.032) than in the control group and there was a higher risk of developing CAD (OR = 1.6, P = 0.02). In addition, this difference remained significant after adjustment for without history of diabetes (OR = 1.47, P = 0.048), presence of normolipidemia and absence of history of blood pressure (OR = 1.4, P = 0.05). This result indicated PON1-Arg-192 allele is a risk factor of CAD also when correcting for conventional risk factors. We found a significant association between the PON1-Arg-192 genotype (QR + RR) and the extent of CAD in CAD patients and CAD subjects without diabetes, represented by the increased frequency of three-vessel disease with OR = 1.49, P = 0.046; χ2 = 3.82, P = 0.048 and OR = 1.46, P = 0.05; χ2 = 3.48, P = 0.051, respectively. The CAD patients carrying PON1-Arg-192 genotype (QR + RR) had lower plasma HDL-C level (P = 0.019) and higher plasma LDL-C(P = 0.01) and TG(P = 0.05). Our results indicated that PON1-Arg-192 allele can be important independent risk factor of CAD in a west population of Iran, with carriers of PON1-Arg-192 having an increased frequency of three-vessel disease and also having a distinct plasma lipids profile. Larger collaborative studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Vaisi-Raygani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Martínez-Salazar MF, Almenares-López D, García-Jiménez S, Sánchez-Alemán MA, Juantorena-Ugás A, Ríos C, Monroy-Noyola A. Relationship between the paraoxonase (PON1) L55M and Q192R polymorphisms and obesity in a Mexican population: a pilot study. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 6:361-8. [PMID: 21484160 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the L55M and Q192R paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms and obesity in a population of adult Mexican workers. The study population included 127 adult individuals from the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, ranging in age from 20 to 56 years and representing both sexes. Based on body mass index, 63 individuals were classified as obese and 64 as normal weight. The PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism PCR analysis. Both arylesterase and paraoxonase activity levels were similar in both groups, whereas systolic pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels were higher in the obese group than in the normal-weight group (P < 0.05). An exception was the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, which were lower in the obese group (P < 0.05). Although the PON1-Q192R polymorphism was not associated with either group, the frequency of the homozygous L genotype for the PON1-L55M polymorphism was higher in the obese group than in the normal-weight group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study established a positive association between the PON1-L55M homozygous L genotype and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Martínez-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Kumar A, Biswas UK. Smoking is associated with reduced serum paraoxonase, antioxidants and increased oxidative stress in normolipidaemic acute myocardial infarct patients. HEART ASIA 2011; 3:115-9. [PMID: 27326007 DOI: 10.1136/heartasia-2011-010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that protects lipoproteins from oxidative modifications and from becoming atherogenic in nature. Smoking is a well-known major cardiovascular risk factor that promotes lipid peroxidation (LP). The present study examined the hypothesis that smoking modulates the activity of paraoxonase and depletes antioxidants. AIM The present study evaluated paraoxonase activity, antioxidant status and LP in smoking and non-smoking normolipidaemic acute myocardial infarct (AMI) patients, and results were compared with controls. SETTINGS AND DESIGN The serum paraoxonase activities, antioxidants and LP were determined in 86 normolipidaemic patients diagnosed of AMI, and 86 age-sex-matched healthy volunteers served as control. MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum paraoxonase activities were measured by enzymatic kit. The glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity was determined by standard methods. Malondialdehyde was measured by the thiobarbituric acid reaction, and conjugated diene levels by the Recknagel and Glende method. Serum uric acid, total bilirubin, serum albumin and lipid profiles were analysed by standard methods. STATISTICS The values were expressed as mean±SD, and data from the patients and control were compared using the Student t test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein/HDL cholesterol ratio and triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio were significantly higher, and HDL cholesterol significantly lower in smokers compared with non-smoking AMI patients. Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were significantly higher in non-smokers compared with smokers. Serum albumin, uric acid and bilirubin were higher in the control compared with smoking AMI patients. The malondialdehyde and conjugated dienes were significantly higher, and paraoxonase activities were significantly lower in smokers compared with non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine & JNM Hospital, The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Utpal Kumar Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine & JNM Hospital, The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Four genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase gene and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis based on 88 case-control studies. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:377-85. [PMID: 21146823 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human paraoxonase (PON) is calcium dependent HDL associated ester hydrolase which has attracted considerable attention as a candidate gene for coronary heart disease based on its enzyme function as a key factor in lipoprotein catabolism pathways. Many studies have examined the association between polymorphisms in the PON gene and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but the results have been inconsistent. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of 88 studies on 4 PON polymorphisms [Q192R, L55M, and T(-107)C in the PON1 and the S311C in the PON2] published before August 2010, including a total of 24,702 CHD cases and 38,232 controls. We also systematically explored potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULT In a combined analysis, the summary per-allele odds ratio for CHD of the 192R was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05-1.17). However, when the analyses were restricted to 10 larger studies (n>500 cases), the summary per-allele odds ratio was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.90-1.02). Our analyses detected a possibility of publication bias with an overestimate of the true association by smaller studies. A meta-analysis of studies on the 55M, (-107)T, and 311C variant showed no significant overall association with CHD, yielding a per-allele odds ratio of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.88-1.00), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.91-1.15) and 1.02 (95% CI: 0.90-1.16) respectively. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested an overall weak association between the R192 polymorphism and CHD risk.
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Abstract
Prospective identification of which individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at greatest risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications would have considerable public health importance by allowing the allocation of limited resources to be focused on those individuals who would most benefit from aggressive intervention. Over the past 20 years genetic disease association studies have demonstrated that polymorphisms at specific genetic loci may identify those individuals at greatest risk for developing CVD in the setting of DM. This article reviews the evidence accumulated to date on four polymorphic loci with the aim of explaining how these polymorphisms modify the risk for CVD in DM by modifying the functional activity of a specific gene. Use of the knowledge of these genetic differences among individuals in targeting drug therapy (pharmacogenomics) is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Farbstein
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Pochernyaev AK, Tyzhnenko TV, Gorshunska MY, Poltorak VV, Atramentova LA. Polymorphism of the paraoxonase (PON-1) gene in the Slavonic part of the Kharkiv population. CYTOL GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452709050090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Birjmohun RS, Vergeer M, Stroes ESG, Sandhu MS, Ricketts SL, Tanck MW, Wareham NJ, Jukema JW, Kastelein JJP, Khaw KT, Boekholdt SM. Both paraoxonase-1 genotype and activity do not predict the risk of future coronary artery disease; the EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6809. [PMID: 19710913 PMCID: PMC2728540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme, that resides on high-density lipoprotein (HDL). PON1-activity, is heavily influenced by the PON1-Q192R polymorphism. PON1 is considered to protect against atherosclerosis, but it is unclear whether this relation is independent of its carrier, HDL. In order to evaluate the atheroprotective potential of PON1, we assessed the relationships among PON1-genotype, PON1-activity and risk of future coronary artery disease (CAD), in a large prospective case-control study. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cases (n = 1138) were apparently healthy men and women aged 45-79 years who developed fatal or nonfatal CAD during a mean follow-up of 6 years. Controls (n = 2237) were matched by age, sex and enrollment time. PON1-activity was similar in cases and controls (60.7+/-45.3 versus 62.6+/-45.8 U/L, p = 0.3) and correlated with HDL-cholesterol levels (r = 0.16, p<0.0001). The PON1-Q192R polymorphism had a profound impact on PON1-activity, but did not predict CAD risk (Odds Ratio [OR] per R allele 0.98[0.84-1.15], p = 0.8). Using conditional logistic regression, quartiles of PON1-activity showed a modest inverse relation with CAD risk (OR for the highest versus the lowest quartile 0.77[0.63-0.95], p = 0.01; p-trend = 0.06). PON1-activity adjusted for Q192R polymorphism correlated better with HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.26, p<0.0001) and more linearly predicted CAD risk (0.79[0.64-0.98], p = 0.03; p-trend = 0.008). However, these relationships were abolished after adjustment for HDL (particles-cholesterol-size) and apolipoproteinA-I (0.94[0.74-1.18], p-trend = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study, shows that PON1-activity inversely relates to CAD risk, but not independent of HDL, due to its close association with the HDL-particle. These data strongly suggest that a low PON1-activity is not a causal factor in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh S Birjmohun
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Genetic polymorphisms of paraoxonase-1 are associated with chronic kidney disease in Japanese women. Kidney Int 2009; 76:183-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Poulakou MV, Paraskevas KI, Vlachos IS, Karabina SAP, Wilson MR, Iliopoulos DC, Tsitsilonis SI, Mikhailidis DP, Perrea DN. Effect of Statins on Serum Apolipoprotein J and Paraoxonase-1 Levels in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Coronary Angiography. Angiology 2008; 59:137-44. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319707311722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that apolipoprotein J (apo J) and paraoxonase-1 (PON1) correlate with the extent and severity of ischemic heart disease (IHD). This article compares apo J and PON1 serum concentrations, PON1 activity, and the apo J/PON1 ratio in 138 IHD patients (64 statins users and 74 statin nonusers) referred for angiography and possible percutaneous coronary intervention. The effect of statin treatment on apo J and PON1 concentrations, PON1 activity, and the degree of coronary artery stenosis were evaluated. In both groups, apo J levels were increased, whereas PON1 concentration and activity decreased. IHD patients on statins had significantly lower apo J concentration and higher PON1 concentration and activity. Patients on statins had less coronary artery stenosis. High apo J levels, low PON1 levels, low PON1 activity, and a high apo J/PON1 ratio were associated with IHD. Statin treatment reverses these changes, probably by multiple beneficial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Poulakou
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N. S. Christeas,' School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Kosmas I. Paraskevas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention Clinic), Royal Free Hospital and Royal Free University College Medical School, University College London, UK, Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N. S. Christeas,' School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Vlachos
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N. S. Christeas,' School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Mark R. Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Dimitrios C. Iliopoulos
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N. S. Christeas,' School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, “Athens Medical Center,” Athens, Greece
| | - Serafim I. Tsitsilonis
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N. S. Christeas,' School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Vascular Disease Prevention Clinic), Royal Free Hospital and Royal Free University College Medical School, University College London, UK
| | - Despina N. Perrea
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research 'N. S. Christeas,' School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece,
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Phuntuwate W, Suthisisang C, Koanantakul B, Chaloeiphap P, Mackness B, Mackness M. Effect of fenofibrate therapy on paraoxonase1 status in patients with low HDL-C levels. Atherosclerosis 2008; 196:122-128. [PMID: 17412348 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the effect of micro-coated fenofibrate on lipid parameters, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and paraoxonase1 levels in dyslipidemic patients with low high-density lipoproteins levels. In addition, the effects of the paraoxonase1 polymorphisms on lipid and paraoxonase1 responses to fenofibrate therapy were examined. METHODS A total of 61 dyslipidemic patients with low high-density lipoproteins levels were recruited into this study to receive micro-coated fenofibrate (160 mg/day) for 12 weeks. Lipid parameters, C-reactive protein, paraoxonase1 concentration and activity were measured at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks of fenofibrate treatment. Four polymorphisms in both the coding (L55M and Q192R) and regulatory regions (T-108C and G-909C) of human paraoxonase1 were also quantified. RESULTS Micro-coated fenofibrate significantly decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, oxidized low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein-B levels after 6 and 12 weeks (all p<0.001). While high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein AI levels were significantly increased by 14.7% and 6.9%, respectively, after 6 weeks and by 17.3% and 7.2%, respectively, after 12 weeks (all p<0.01). There were no significant differences in the mean of low-density lipoprotein and C-reactive protein after fenofibrate treatment. There were significant increases in paraoxonase1 concentration and activity by 7.7% and 5.7% after 6 weeks and by 14.6% and 10.1% after 12 weeks, respectively (all p<0.01). After micro-coated fenofibrate therapy, a significantly positive correlation between the change in high-density lipoprotein and the changes in paraoxonase1 concentration and activity was observed (p=0.001). On the other hand, the changes in paraoxonase1 activity were significantly and negatively correlated with the changes in triglycerides (p=0.007). The therapeutic response of lipid parameters to micro-coated fenofibrate was independent of paraoxonase1 polymorphisms. However, paraoxonase1 Q192R and T-108C polymorphisms significantly affected the increase in paraoxonase1 activity (the highest increase in 192QQ and -108TT) and paraoxonase1 concentration (the highest increase in -108TT). CONCLUSION Lipid-modifying therapy with micro-coated fenofibrate in patients with low high-density lipoprotein levels not only reduced atherogenic lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, oxidized low-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein-B) and increased atheroprotective lipids but also increased paraoxonase1 concentration and activity. Increasing paraoxonase1 levels by fenofibrate may play an important role in decreasing low-density lipoprotein oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimon Phuntuwate
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudhaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chuthamanee Suthisisang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudhaya Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Banhan Koanantakul
- Cardiac and Preventive Center, Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
| | - Preecha Chaloeiphap
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Royal Thai Air Force, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
| | - Bharti Mackness
- University of Manchester, Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Mike Mackness
- University of Manchester, Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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Karban A, Hartman C, Eliakim R, Waterman M, Nesher S, Barnett-Griness O, Shamir R. Paraoxonase (PON)1 192R allele carriage is associated with reduced risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:2707-15. [PMID: 17436100 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) genes family maps to chromosome 7q21-q22, within a loci that also showed evidence of susceptibility genes for both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In this case-control study we investigated the possible relationship between PON1 and PON2 polymorphisms and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). PON1 192Q/R, PON1 55L/M, and PON2 311S/C polymorphisms were investigated by RFLP analysis in DNA samples from 224 patients with CD, 58 patients with UC, and 311 healthy controls. The PON1 192R allele was significantly less common among IBD Ashkenazi patients (allelic OR = 0.61, P = 0.004, 95% CI = 0.44-0.85). In agreement with the individual SNP analysis, Ashkenazi IBD patients had a higher frequency of haplotype PON1 192Q/PON1 55L/PON2 311S (26.3% vs 17.3%; P=0.003) and a lower frequency of haplotype PON1 192R/PON1 55L/PON2 311S (18.9% vs 27.7%; P=0.008). Our results suggest that in this Ashkenazi Jewish population, carriage of PON1 R192 allele may confer protection against the development of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Karban
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Pauk VV, Tuktarova IA, Nasibullin TR, Zueva LP, Adelguzhina AK, Khusnutdinova EK, Mustafina OE. Polymorphism 192Q/R of the paraoxonase 1 gene in elderly men and long-lived people of the Tatar ethnic group. Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893307040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Browne RW, Koury ST, Marion S, Wilding G, Muti P, Trevisan M. Accuracy and Biological Variation of Human Serum Paraoxonase 1 Activity and Polymorphism (Q192R) by Kinetic Enzyme Assay. Clin Chem 2007; 53:310-7. [PMID: 17185369 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.074559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) phenotype is a better predictor of atherosclerosis risk than are PON1 genetic polymorphisms alone. Larger studies are required to determine the role of PON1 and there is a need for standardized PON1 assays between laboratories.
Methods: We have adapted 5 enzyme kinetic assays for high-throughput automated analysis of PON1 activity. Using different substrates and reaction conditions, we measured PON1 activity and used activity ratios to identify the PON1 Q192R genetic polymorphisms and assessed the accuracy of the genotype assignments in 79 adult study participants by comparing them with genotypes determined by AlwI restriction enzyme digestion of a 176-bp PCR amplification product from genomic DNA. Imprecision was determined using pooled serum and purified enzyme preparations. Biological variability was estimated by analysis of serial samples from 17 individuals. Variability parameters were compared with total cholesterol as a point of reference to a recognized biomarker of coronary heart disease risk.
Results: Salt stimulation and inhibition ratios were 97.4% and 94.7% correct in assigning Q192R genotype, respectively. Analytical imprecision (CV) was 1.0%–3.0% for phenylacetate and paraoxon substrate assays and 3.0%–8.0% for the para-nitrophenylacetate substrate assays. Combination of the 2 ratios into a double ratio resulted in 100% correct genotype classification.
Conclusion: The described methods for measurement of PON1 activity and accurate genotype assignment are rapid and have potential to facilitate the efficient investigation of PON1 status in clinical and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Paragh G, Seres I, Harangi M, Erdei A, Audikovszky M, Debreczeni L, Kovácsay A, Illyés L, Pados G. Ciprofibrate increases paraoxonase activity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 61:694-701. [PMID: 16722831 PMCID: PMC1885110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Diabetic dyslipidaemia with decreased high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration plays a key role in enhanced atherosclerosis. The antioxidant effect of HDL is due to the influence of human paraoxonase 1 (PON1) and several authors have described decreased activity of this enzyme in Type 2 diabetics and subjects with metabolic syndrome. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of daily ciprofibrate on serum PON1 and lipoprotein concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome. METHODS Fifty-one patients with metabolic syndrome were enrolled into the study. We examined the effect of 100 mg day(-1) ciprofibrate treatment on lipid concentrations, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), PON1 concentrations and activity. We also investigated the calculated size of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). RESULTS During the 3-month study, it was observed that following treatment with ciprofibrate, the serum triglyceride concentration decreased significantly (from 2.76 +/- 0.9 mmol l(-1) to 2.27 +/- 1.6 mmol l(-1); -18%; P < 0.001), while HDL-C increased significantly (from 0.95 +/- 0.2 mmol l(-1) to 1.2 +/- 0.3 mmol l(-1); 26%; P < 0.001). The oxidatively modified LDL-C concentration decreased significantly (from 137 +/- 19 U l(-1) to 117 +/- 20 U l(-1); P < 0.001), while HDL-associated apolipoprotein A1 significantly increased (from 1.35 +/- 0.2 g l(-1) to 1.75 +/- 0.3 g l(-1); P < 0.001). The LDL-C/LDL-apoB ratio, which reflects the size of LDL, increased significantly (from 0.96 +/- 0.05 to 1.05 +/- 0.06; P < 0.05). Serum PON1 activity was significantly elevated (from 108 +/- 34 U l(-1) to 129 +/- 31 U l(-1); P < 0.05), while standardized values for HDL-C remained significantly unchanged (PON1/HDL-C) (from 114 +/- 21 to 107 +/- 20; NS). CONCLUSION Three months of treatment with ciprofibrate favourably affected the lipid profile, increased LDL resistance to oxidation and improved antioxidant status by increasing serum paraoxonase activity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Paragh
- 1st Department of Metabolic Diseases, St Imre Hospital, Budapest, Hungary.
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Yamane T, Matsumoto T, Nakae I, Takashima H, Tarutani Y, Tamaki S, Horie M. Impact of Paraoxonase Polymorphism (Q192R) on Endothelial Function in Intact Coronary Circulation. Hypertens Res 2006; 29:417-22. [PMID: 16940704 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.29.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) can protect endothelial function by preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and retarding the development of atherosclerosis. We examined whether PON1 polymorphism influences endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotor responses. Sixty-seven patients underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization, but showed no significant coronary artery stenosis. In all patients, PON1 genotypes (Q/Q, Q/R and R/R) were determined, and provocative testing was performed by the intracoronary administration of graded doses of bradykinin (BK; 0.2, 0.6 and 2.0 mug/min) and acetylcholine (ACh; 3, 10 and 30 mug/min). Coronary blood flow (CBF) was evaluated by a Doppler guide wire. The patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of ACh testing: one with coronary spastic angina (CSA) and one with non-CSA. The frequencies of the PON1 genotype in the CSA group did not differ significantly from those in the non-CSA group. In the non-CSA group, the patients were subdivided into 2 groups: a group with the Q/Q or Q/R genotypes and a group with the R/R genotype. The vasoconstrictive responses of the epicardial coronary artery to ACh were comparable between the Q/Q + Q/R and R/R groups. Also, the coronary vasodilations induced by BK in the R/R group were similar to those in the QR + QQ group. There were no significant differences in the CBF responses induced by BK or ACh between the Q/Q + Q/R and R/R groups. In conclusion, as estimated by BK and ACh testing, our findings suggest that PON1 genotypes may not play a critical role in the modulation of endothelial vasomotor function in the intact coronary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsunobu Yamane
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Li J, Wang X, Huo Y, Niu T, Chen C, Zhu G, Huang Y, Chen D, Xu X. PON1 polymorphism, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and risk of myocardial infarction: Modifying effect of diabetes mellitus and obesity on the association between PON1 polymorphism and myocardial infarction. Genet Med 2005; 7:58-63. [PMID: 15654230 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000151152.78092.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies on PON1 gene polymorphism and the risk of coronary atherosclerotic diseases have been inconsistent. This may be in part due to population difference in prevalence of high oxidative stress and its modifying effect on the association. Diabetes and obesity are two major risk factors of myocardial infarction (MI) and associated with high oxidative stress. We investigated the association between PON1 Q192R polymorphism and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and in particular, whether the association can be modified by diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. METHODS We conducted a case-control study, including 154 MI cases and 154 controls enrolled in Beijing, China. Epidemiological and clinical data and PON1 Q192R genotype were obtained from each subject. RESULTS Without considering the modifying effect of DM and obesity, PON1 Q192R polymorphism was not associated with MI. When simultaneously examining the joint association of this polymorphism, DM, and obesity with MI, as compared to subjects with QQ genotypes and without DM and obesity, subjects with QR/RR genotypes and with either DM or obesity had significantly higher risk of MI (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.5-8.7). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that PON1 Q192R polymorphism was not independently associated with MI but further increased the risk of MI among the subjects with DM, obesity, or both, the conditions associated with high oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Li
- Program for Population Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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A Search for Association between the Polymorphic Markers of PON1 and PON2 Genes and Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Type I Diabetes Mellitus. RUSS J GENET+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11177-005-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Phuntuwate W, Suthisisang C, Koanantakul B, Mackness MI, Mackness B. Paraoxonase 1 status in the Thai population. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:293-300. [PMID: 15924216 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme, has been shown to reduce the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL by degrading lipid peroxides. This property of PON1 accounts for its ability to protect against atherosclerosis. In this study, we identified four polymorphisms in both the coding (L55M and Q192R) and regulatory regions (T-108C and G-909C) of the human PON1 gene in 202 healthy Thai individuals and investigated the influence of these polymorphisms on serum PON1 activity towards three substrates, namely, paraoxon, phenylacetate and diazoxon. The PON1 L55M, Q192R and G-909C polymorphisms significantly affected the variation in serum PON1 activity towards paraoxon. Serum PON1 activity towards paraoxon was significantly different among the genotype groups, as follows: 55LL > 55LM/55MM, 192RR > 192QR > 192QQ and -909CC > -909CG > -909GG. The PON1 Q192R and G-909C polymorphisms also influenced the variation in serum PON1 activity towards diazoxon but in the opposite direction to the activity towards paraoxon. Only the PON1 L55M polymorphism was associated with significant variation in serum PON1 activity towards phenylacetate while the PON1 T-108C polymorphism had no significant effect on serum PON1 activity towards any substrate. We also found linkage disequilibrium among the polymorphic sites, including Q192R versus L55M, Q192R versus T-108C and Q192R versus G-909C. Serum PON1 activity towards both paraoxon and phenylacetate, but not diazoxon, was positively correlated with HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and apo AI concentrations. None of the PON1 polymorphisms significantly affected serum lipid, lipoprotein or apolipoprotein concentrations. Our findings suggest that the physiological relevance of the PON1 polymorphisms is that they are associated with significant differences in serum PON1 activity, and the impact of PON1 polymorphisms on this activity is substrate-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimon Phuntuwate
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudhaya Road, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chuthamanee Suthisisang
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudhaya Road, 10400, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Banhan Koanantakul
- Cardiac and Preventive Center, Bhumibol Adulyadej Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael I Mackness
- Manchester Royal Infirmary, University Department of Medicine, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Bharti Mackness
- Manchester Royal Infirmary, University Department of Medicine, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
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Woodman RJ, Chew GT, Watts GF. Mechanisms, Significance and Treatment of Vascular Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Drugs 2005; 65:31-74. [PMID: 15610050 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200565010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction and increased arterial stiffness occur early in the pathogenesis of diabetic vasculopathy. They are both powerful independent predictors of cardiovascular risk. Advances in non-invasive methodologies have led to widespread clinical investigation of these abnormalities in diabetes mellitus, generating a wealth of new knowledge concerning the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction, risk factor associations and potential treatment targets. Endothelial dysfunction primarily reflects decreased availability of nitric oxide (NO), a critical endothelium-derived vasoactive factor with vasodilatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Techniques for assessing endothelial dysfunction include ultrasonographic measurement of flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery and plethysmography measurement of forearm blood flow responses to vasoactive agents. Arterial stiffness may be assessed using pulse wave analysis to generate measures of pulse wave velocity, arterial compliance and wave reflection. The pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes is multifactorial, with principal contributors being oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia. Elevated blood glucose levels drive production of reactive oxidant species (ROS) via multiple pathways, resulting in uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity, reducing NO availability and generating further ROS. Hyperglycaemia also contributes to accelerated arterial stiffening by increasing formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which alter vessel wall structure and function. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterised by accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and increased postprandial free fatty acid flux. These lipid abnormalities contribute to increasing oxidative stress and may directly inhibit eNOS activity. Although lipid-regulating agents such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), fibric acid derivatives (fibrates) and fish oils are used to treat diabetic dyslipidaemia, their impact on vascular function is less clear. Studies in type 2 diabetes have yielded inconsistent results, but this may reflect sampling variation and the potential over-riding influence of oxidative stress, dysglycaemia and insulin resistance on endothelial dysfunction. Results of positive intervention trials suggest that improvement in vascular function is mediated by both lipid and non-lipid mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and direct effects on the arterial wall. Other treatments, such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists, insulin sensitisers and lifestyle-based interventions, have shown beneficial effects on vascular function in type 2 diabetes. Novel approaches, targeting eNOS and AGEs, are under development, as are new lipid-regulating therapies that more effectively lower LDL-cholesterol and raise HDL-cholesterol. Combination therapy may potentially increase therapeutic efficacy and permit use of lower doses, thereby reducing the risk of adverse drug effects and interactions. Concomitant treatments that specifically target oxidative stress may also improve endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Vascular function studies can be used to explore the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of action of new and established interventions, and provide useful surrogate measures for cardiovascular endpoints in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Woodman
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, and West Australian Heart Research Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Nakanishi M, Takanami Y, Maruyama T, Murata M, Motohashi Y, Nakano S, Uchida K, Maruyama C, Kyotani S, Tsushima M. The ratio of serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activity using an improved assay for arylesterase activity to discriminate PON1(R192) from PON1(Q192). J Atheroscler Thromb 2004; 10:337-42. [PMID: 15037822 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human serum paraoxonase (PON1) exists in 2 major polymorphic forms: Q (glutamine) or R (arginine) at codon 192. The PON1(192) activity polymorphism is substrate dependent. The PON1(Q192) isoform has a higher rate of in vitro hydrolysis of diazoxon, sarin, and soman, whereas the PON1(R192) isoform has higher activity for the hydrolysis of paraoxon and chlorpyrifos oxon. Both isoforms hydrolyze phenyl acetate at approximately the same rate. The present study described and evaluated a kinetic method of arylesterase activity determination with a modified fixed incubation method that used the oxidative coupling of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine of phenyl acetate as the substrate. Our improved method shows that arylesterase activity is lower with the PON1(R192) isoform than with the PON1(Q192) isoform. The average activities of serum of individuals of a specific PON1(Q192) genotype showed higher arylesterase and lower paraoxonase activity than the PON1(R192) genotype. The ratio of paraoxonase/arylesterase activity showed a clear separation of all three PON1(192) genotypes with no overlap between the groups (QQ: < 5.0, QR: 5.0-11.0, RR: > 11.0). PCR has suggested that the PON1(192) phenotypes correspond to the PON1(192) genotypes. Therefore, when conducting epidemiological or mechanistic studies that examine the role of PON1 in organophosphorus or lipid metabolism, this ratio is more useful and informative than a PCR-based genotype alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Nakanishi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.
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Lawlor DA, Day INM, Gaunt TR, Hinks LJ, Briggs PJ, Kiessling M, Timpson N, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. The association of the PON1 Q192R polymorphism with coronary heart disease: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health cohort study and a meta-analysis. BMC Genet 2004; 5:17. [PMID: 15214960 PMCID: PMC449704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been inconsistent results from case-control studies assessing the association of the PON1 Q192R polymorphism with coronary heart disease (CHD). Most studies have included predominantly men and the association in women is unclear. Since lipid levels vary between the sexes the antioxidant effect of PON1 and any genes associated with it may also vary by sex. We have examined the association of the PON1 Q192R polymorphism with CHD in a large cohort of British women and combined the results from our cohort study with those from all other published studies. RESULTS The distribution of genotypes was the same among women with CHD and those without disease. The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of having CHD comparing those with either the QR or RR genotype to those with QQ genotype (dominant model of association) was 1.03 (0.89, 1.21) and the per allele odds ratio was 0.98 (0.95, 1.01). In a meta-analysis of this and 38 other published studies (10,738 cases and 17,068 controls) the pooled odds ratio for the dominant effect was 1.14 (1.08, 1.20) and for the per allele effect was 1.10 (1.06, 1.13). There was evidence of small study bias in the meta-analyses and the dominant effect among those studies with 500 or more cases was 1.05 (0.96, 1.15). Ethnicity and reporting of whether the genotyping was done blind to the participants clinical status also contributed to heterogeneity between studies, but there was no difference in effect between studies with 50% or more women compared to those with fewer women and no difference between studies of healthy populations compared to those at high risk (with diabetes, renal disease of familial hypercholesterolaemia). CONCLUSION There is no robust evidence that the PON1 Q192R polymorphism is associated with CHD risk in Caucasian women or men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie A Lawlor
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ian NM Day
- Human Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- Human Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Lesley J Hinks
- Human Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Patricia J Briggs
- Human Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Kiessling
- Human Genetics Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Nick Timpson
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Shah Ebrahim
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Wheeler JG, Keavney BD, Watkins H, Collins R, Danesh J. Four paraoxonase gene polymorphisms in 11212 cases of coronary heart disease and 12786 controls: meta-analysis of 43 studies. Lancet 2004; 363:689-95. [PMID: 15001326 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)15642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there have been suggestions that serum paraoxonase is important in protecting against coronary heart disease (CHD), a large number of studies of genetic determinants of serum paraoxonase have reported apparently conflicting results about their association with CHD. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of 43 studies of the Q192R, L55M, and T(-107)C polymorphisms in the paraoxonase PON1 gene and the S311C polymorphism in the PON2 gene (all of which are in moderately strong linkage disequilibrium with one another), involving a total of 11212 CHD cases and 12786 controls. We explored potential sources of heterogeneity. FINDINGS In a combined analysis of all studies, the per-allele relative risk of R192 for CHD was 1.12 (95% CI 1.07-1.16), but in the five largest studies it was only 1.05 (0.98-1.13). Combined analyses of studies of the M55, (-107)T, and C311 variants showed no significant overall associations with CHD, yielding per-allele relative risks of 1.00 (0.95-1.06), 1.02 (0.92-1.14), and 1.04 (0.93-1.17), respectively. INTERPRETATION In contrast to previous suggestions, this meta-analysis shows no significant association of CHD with the L55M or T(-107)C polymorphism in PON1 or with the S311C polymorphism in PON2. The weak overall association between the Q192R polymorphism and CHD is of uncertain relevance, particularly since there was no significant association among the larger studies which should be less prone to selective publication. These findings reinforce the need for much larger and more rigorous investigations of the genetic determinants of complex diseases than is now customary, as well as for regularly updated systematic appraisals of such studies to help improve interpretation and prioritise hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy G Wheeler
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Site, Wort's Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
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Kakafika AI, Xenofontos S, Tsimihodimos V, Tambaki AP, Lourida ES, Kalaitzidis R, Cariolou MA, Elisaf M, Tselepis AD. The PON1 M55L gene polymorphism is associated with reduced HDL-associated PAF-AH activity. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:1919-26. [PMID: 12867538 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300129-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL-PAF-AH) may substantially contribute to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and overall antiatherogenic effects of HDL. Two enzymes associated with HDL express PAF-AH catalytic activity, PAF-AH itself and paraoxonase-1 (PON1). The relative contribution of these enzymes in the expression of PAF-AH activity on HDL remains to be established. We investigated whether the PON1 polymorphisms (M55L and Q192R) or the PAF-AH polymorphism V379A could affect the PAF-AH activity associated with HDL in both normolipidemic and dyslipidemic (type IIA and IIB) populations. We show for the first time that the PON1 M55L polymorphism significantly affects the HDL-PAF-AH activity in all studied groups, the PON1 L55L individuals having lower enzyme activity compared to those having 1 M and 2 M alleles. No differences in the HDL content concerning the major apolipoprotein and lipid constituents were observed between individuals carrying the PON1 L55L and those with the M55M polymorphism. Our results provide evidence that PON1 significantly contributes to the pool of HDL-PAF-AH activity in human plasma, and suggest that the low PAF-AH activity in HDL carrying the PON1 L alloenzyme may be an important factor contributing to the low efficiency of this HDL in protecting LDL against lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Kakafika
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Chen Q, Reis SE, Kammerer CM, McNamara DM, Holubkov R, Sharaf BL, Sopko G, Pauly DF, Merz CNB, Kamboh MI. Association between the severity of angiographic coronary artery disease and paraoxonase gene polymorphisms in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:13-22. [PMID: 12454802 PMCID: PMC378617 DOI: 10.1086/345312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2002] [Accepted: 09/23/2002] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase (PON), a high-density lipoprotein-associated enzyme, is believed to protect against low-density lipoprotein oxidation and thus affects the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Three polymorphisms in the PON1 (Leu55Met and Gln192Arg) and PON2 (Ser311Cys) genes have been shown to be associated with the risk of CAD in several European or European-derived populations. In the present study, we examined the associations between these three markers and the severity of CAD as determined by the number of diseased coronary artery vessels in 711 subjects (589 whites and 122 blacks) from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. WISE is a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored multicenter study designed to address issues related to ischemic-heart-disease recognition and diagnosis in women. Subjects were classified as having normal/minimal CAD (<20% stenosis), mild CAD (20%-49% stenosis), and significant CAD (>/=50% stenosis). The women who had >/=50% stenosis were further classified into groups with one-, two-, or three-vessel disease if any of the three coronary arteries had diameter stenosis >/=50%. No significant association was found between the PON polymorphisms and stenosis severity in either white or black women. However, among white women, when data were stratified by the number of diseased vessels, the frequency of the PON1 codon 192 Arg/Arg genotype was significantly higher in the group with three-vessel disease than in the other groups (those with one-vessel and two-vessel disease) combined (17.02% vs. 4.58%; P=.0066). Similarly, the frequency of the PON2 codon 311 Cys/Cys genotype was significantly higher in the group with three-vessel disease than in the other groups combined (15.22% vs. 4.61%; P=.018). The adjusted odds ratios for the development of three-vessel disease were 2.80 (95% confidence interval 1.06-7.37; P=.038) for PON1 codon 192 Arg/Arg and 3.68 (95% confidence interval 1.26-10.68; P=.017) for PON2 codon 311 Cys/Cys. Our data indicate that the severity of CAD, in terms of the number of diseased vessels, may be affected by common genetic variation in the PON gene cluster, on chromosome 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - Steven E. Reis
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - Candace M. Kammerer
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - Dennis M. McNamara
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - Richard Holubkov
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - Barry L. Sharaf
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - George Sopko
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - Daniel F. Pauly
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - C. Noel Bairey Merz
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence; Division of Heart and Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda; Division of Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville; and Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
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Allebrandt KV, Souza RLR, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA. Variability of the paraoxonase gene (PON1) in Euro- and Afro-Brazilians. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 180:151-6. [PMID: 12009854 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2002.9368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human high-density lipoprotein-associated paraoxonase (EC 3.1.1.2; PON1) plays a role in the hydrolysis of organophosphorus compounds and against the oxidative damage of low-density lipoprotein. In the present study, variants of PON1 (55 and 192) were investigated by PCR-RFLP and PCR-SSCA in Euro- (N = 101) and Afro-Brazilians (N = 70). The PON1*55 and PON1*192 allele frequencies were significantly different in these ethnic groups (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The genotype frequencies for PON1*55 (LL, LM, and MM) in Euro- and Afro-Brazilians were 33, 56, and 11% and 47, 49, and 4%, respectively. The genotype frequencies for PON1*192 were significantly different in Euro- and Afro-Brazilians (QQ, QR, RR: 48, 42, and 10% and 21, 52, and 27%, respectively; p < 0.001). The haplotype frequency distributions were also significantly different in Euro- (LQ = 30.20%; LR = 30.69%; and MQ = 39.11%) and Afro-Brazilians (LQ = 24.97%; LR = 46.46%; MQ = 22.18%; and MR = 6.39%; p < 0.001). Linkage disequilibrium (D) in relation to the maximum expected value was higher in Euro- (100%) than in Afro-Brazilians (58%). We suggest that the high linkage disequilibrium in Caucasians and Asians characterized by the absence or very low frequency of the MR haplotype is mainly due to genetic drift and possibly also to natural selection favoring the PON1*192Q allele or a variant in linkage disequilibrium with it. This seems to be the first study on the PON1 variability at the DNA level in South American samples and one of the few studies on individuals of mixed African origin.
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Kao Y, Donaghue KC, Chan A, Bennetts BH, Knight J, Silink M. Paraoxonase gene cluster is a genetic marker for early microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2002; 19:212-5. [PMID: 11918623 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase is a serum enzyme, which prevents oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by hydrolyzing lipid peroxides. Two polymorphisms in PON1 gene have been associated with cardiovascular and microvascular diseases in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. AIMS The current project was designed to investigate the association between the polymorphisms of two PON genes and diabetes microvascular diseases (retinopathy and microalbuminuria) and any potential linkage between Met54Leu of PON1 and Cys311Ser of PON2 gene. METHODS Diabetic retinopathy and albumin excretion rate were assessed in 372 adolescents with Type 1 diabetes who were genotyped for the two polymorphisms. RESULTS We confirmed the increased susceptibility for diabetic retinopathy for the Leu/Leu genotype (odds ratio (OR) 3.34 (confidence interval (CI) 1.95, 5.75), P < 0.0001). The Ser/Ser genotype was significantly more common in those patients with microalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate > or = 20 microg/min) compared with those with albumin excretion rate < 20 microg/min (OR 4.72 (CI 2.65, 8.41), P < 0.0001). The Ser311 of PON2 was in strong linkage disequilibrium with Leu54 of PON1 gene (Delta = 23 x 10(4), P < 0.001). The delta value was higher for those without complications (28 x 104, P < 0.001) compared with those with complications (15.5 x 10(4), P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesis that diabetic microangiopathy is genetically heterogeneous. PON1 Leu/Leu increases the risk for retinopathy and PON2 Ser/Ser increases the risk for microalbuminuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kao
- Ray Williams Institute of Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
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