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Pértille F, Da Silva VH, Johansson AM, Lindström T, Wright D, Coutinho LL, Jensen P, Guerrero-Bosagna C. Mutation dynamics of CpG dinucleotides during a recent event of vertebrate diversification. Epigenetics 2019; 14:685-707. [PMID: 31070073 PMCID: PMC6557589 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1609868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation in CpGs dinucleotides is associated with high mutability and disappearance of CpG sites during evolution. Although the high mutability of CpGs is thought to be relevant for vertebrate evolution, very little is known on the role of CpG-related mutations in the genomic diversification of vertebrates. Our study analysed genetic differences in chickens, between Red Junglefowl (RJF; the living closest relative to the ancestor of domesticated chickens) and domesticated breeds, to identify genomic dynamics that have occurred during the process of their domestication, focusing particularly on CpG-related mutations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations (CNVs) between RJF and these domesticated breeds were assessed in a reduced fraction of their genome. Additionally, DNA methylation in the same fraction of the genome was measured in the sperm of RJF individuals to identify possible correlations with the mutations found between RJF and the domesticated breeds. Our study shows that although the vast majority of CpG-related mutations found relate to CNVs, CpGs disproportionally associate to SNPs in comparison to CNVs, where they are indeed substantially under-represented. Moreover, CpGs seem to be hotspots of mutations related to speciation. We suggest that, on the one hand, CpG-related mutations in CNV regions would promote genomic ‘flexibility’ in evolution, i.e., the ability of the genome to expand its functional possibilities; on the other hand, CpG-related mutations in SNPs would relate to genomic ‘specificity’ in evolution, thus, representing mutations that would associate with phenotypic traits relevant for speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Pértille
- a Avian Behavioral Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden.,b Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department , University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ) , Piracicaba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Vinicius H Da Silva
- c Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre , Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen , The Netherlands.,d Department of Animal Ecology (AnE) , Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) , Wageningen , The Netherlands.,e Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Anna M Johansson
- e Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Tom Lindström
- f Division of Theoretical Biology, IFM , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Dominic Wright
- a Avian Behavioral Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Luiz L Coutinho
- b Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department , University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ) , Piracicaba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Per Jensen
- a Avian Behavioral Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- a Avian Behavioral Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden
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Soheilipour F, Fazilaty H, Jesmi F, Gahl WA, Behnam B. First report of inherited thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency in Iran caused by a known de novo mutation in SERPINA7. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2016; 8:13-6. [PMID: 27331012 PMCID: PMC4909823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is the main transporter of thyroid hormones in human serum, encoded by the gene TBG (SERPINA7), located in long arm of X-chromosome (Xq21-q22). Deficiency of SERPINA7 (serum protease inhibitor, clade A [alpha-1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin], member 7) leads to inherited TBG deficiency. Several mutations have been reported in the coding and noncoding regions of SERPINA7 in association with TGB deficiency. Methods Automated chemiluminescence immunoassays were used to determine TSH, free and total T4 and T3 (fT4, TT4, TT3) and TBG. Direct DNA sequencing identified the mutation in SERPINA7. Results We present a 3 and 4/12 year old boy, born premature, who was mismanaged as hypothyroidism before referral to our center, and was diagnosed with TBG deficiency at our center with a hemizygous substitution in exon 1, position c.347T > A, leading to replacement of isoleucine for arginine in position 96 (considering the first 20 amino acid signal peptide). Conclusion This known mutation, reported as the first SERPINA7 mutation in Iran, emphasizes the point that endocrinologists should pay more attention to inherited TBG to prevent unnecessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Soheilipour
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Fazilaty
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jesmi
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - William A Gahl
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Babak Behnam
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran; NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Moeller LC, Appiagyei-Dankah Y, Köhler B, Biebermann H, Janssen OE, Führer D. Two Novel Mutations in the Serpina7 Gene Are Associated with Complete Deficiency of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin. Eur Thyroid J 2015; 4:108-12. [PMID: 26601081 PMCID: PMC4640287 DOI: 10.1159/000381093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is the main transport protein for T4 in blood. Until now, 22 mutations leading to complete TBG deficiency (TBG-CD) have been reported. OBJECTIVE We report two mutations associated with TBG-CD found in patients from Andrews, S.C., USA (TBG-CD-Andrews), and Berlin, Germany (TBG-CD-Berlin). METHODS Automated chemiluminescence immunoassays were used for the determination of TSH, free and total T4 and T3 (fT4, TT4, TT3) and TBG. Direct DNA sequencing was used to identify the TBG mutations in the propositi. RESULTS TBG-CD-Andrews was found in a 1-month-old boy who was euthyroid with normal TSH and fT4, but reduced TT4, indicating TBG deficiency. TBG was not detectable, confirming TBG-CD. No mutation in the coding region and the promoter of the TBG gene was found, but a single nucleotide substitution in intron 1 disrupts the donor splice site of exon 0 (IVS1+2T>C). Another mutation was found in an 11-year-old boy. He was also euthyroid with normal fT4 and TSH. However, TT4 and TT3 were low, suggesting TBG-CD. Sequencing revealed a 79-nucleotide deletion, ranging from intron 3 into exon 3. CONCLUSION We report two novel mutations of the TBG gene associated with TBG-CD. Whereas most TBG-CDs are caused by small deletions, in TBG-CD-Andrews the disruption of a donor splice site was detected, whilst in TBG-CD-Berlin the largest deletion in the Serpina7 gene to date was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars C. Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *PD Dr. med. Lars Moeller, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, DE-45147 Essen (Germany), E-Mail
| | | | - Birgit Köhler
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Onno E. Janssen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Kim K, Seong MW, Chung WH, Park SS, Leem S, Park W, Kim J, Lee K, Park RW, Kim N. Effect of Next-Generation Exome Sequencing Depth for Discovery of Diagnostic Variants. Genomics Inform 2015; 13:31-9. [PMID: 26175660 PMCID: PMC4500796 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2015.13.2.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequencing depth, which is directly related to the cost and time required for the generation, processing, and maintenance of next-generation sequencing data, is an important factor in the practical utilization of such data in clinical fields. Unfortunately, identifying an exome sequencing depth adequate for clinical use is a challenge that has not been addressed extensively. Here, we investigate the effect of exome sequencing depth on the discovery of sequence variants for clinical use. Toward this, we sequenced ten germ-line blood samples from breast cancer patients on the Illumina platform GAII(x) at a high depth of ~200×. We observed that most function-related diverse variants in the human exonic regions could be detected at a sequencing depth of 120×. Furthermore, investigation using a diagnostic gene set showed that the number of clinical variants identified using exome sequencing reached a plateau at an average sequencing depth of about 120×. Moreover, the phenomena were consistent across the breast cancer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea. ; Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Won-Hyong Chung
- Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Sung Sup Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Sangseob Leem
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Won Park
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. ; Epigenomics Research Center, Genome Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - KiYoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Rae Woong Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
| | - Namshin Kim
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea. ; Epigenomics Research Center, Genome Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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Abstract
Rare diseases are usually defined as entities affecting less than 1 person per 2,000. About 7,000 different rare entities are distinguished and, among them, rare diseases of the thyroid gland. Although not frequent, they can be found in the everyday practice of endocrinologists and should be considered in differential diagnosis. Rare non-neoplastic thyroid diseases will be discussed. Congenital hypothyroidism's frequency is relatively high and its early treatment is of vital importance for neonatal psychomotor development; CH is caused primarily by thyroid dysgenesis (85%) or dyshormonogenesis (10-15%), although secondary defects - hypothalamic and pituitary - can also be found; up to 40% of cases diagnosed on neonatal screening are transient. Inherited abnormalities of thyroid hormone binding proteins (TBG, TBP and albumin) include alterations in their concentration or affinity for iodothyronines, this leads to laboratory test abnormalities, although usually with normal free hormones and clinical euthyroidism. Thyroid hormone resistance is most commonly found in THRB gene mutations and more rarely in THRA mutations; in some cases both genes are unchanged (non-TR RTH). Recently the term 'reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormones' was introduced, which encompass not only iodothyronine receptor defects but also their defective transmembrane transport or metabolism. Rare causes of hyperthyroidism are: activating mutations in TSHR or GNAS genes, pituitary adenomas, differentiated thyroid cancer or gestational trophoblastic disease; congenital hyperthyroidism cases are also seen, although less frequently than CH. Like other organs and tissues, the thyroid can be affected by different inflammatory and infectious processes, including tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. In most of the rare thyroid diseases genetic factors play a key role, many of them can be classified as monogenic disorders. Although there are still some limitations, progress has been made in our understanding of rare thyroid diseases etiopathogenesis, and, thanks to these studies, also in our understanding of how normal thyroid gland functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lacka
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adam Maciejewski
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Mannavola D, Vannucchi G, Fugazzola L, Cirello V, Campi I, Radetti G, Persani L, Refetoff S, Beck-Peccoz P. TBG deficiency: description of two novel mutations associated with complete TBG deficiency and review of the literature. J Mol Med (Berl) 2006; 84:864-71. [PMID: 16947003 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-006-0078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is the main thyroid hormone transport protein in serum. Inherited TBG defects lead to a complete (TBG-CD) or a partial (TBG-PD) deficiency and have a diagenic transmission, being clinically fully expressed only in hemizygous males and in homozygous females. In the present study, seven patients from two unrelated families with TBG-CD were studied and two novel TBG mutations were documented. In particular, a T insertion at the 5' donor splice site of exon 0, between nucleotides 2 and 3 at the beginning of intron 1 (g.IVS1+2_3insT) was found in one family and was named TBG-Milano. The other novel mutation is a T deletion at nucleotide 214 of exon 1, which leads to a frameshift at codon 50 with a premature stop codon at position 51 (c.214delT, P50fsX51) and was named TBG-Nikita. According to the X-linked transmission of the defect, females harboring the mutation showed a reduction in TBG levels with normal TSH and total thyroid hormone values at the lower limit of normal. Males harboring either TBG-Milano or TBG-Nikita, showed normal TSH values and low levels of total thyroid hormones and lacked TBG. In conclusion, we report two novel mutations of the TBG gene associated with a complete TBG defect. The first mutation lies at the 5' donor splice site of exon 0 and probably alters the start of translation, while the second is a single nucleotide deletion and leads to a premature stop codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mannavola
- Institute of Endocrine Sciences, University of Milan, Pad. Granelli Via F. Sforza, 35, Milan, 20122, Italy
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