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Kaplan ZB, Pearce EN, Lee SY, Shin HM, Schmidt RJ. Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction During Pregnancy as an Etiologic Factor in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Challenges and Opportunities for Research. Thyroid 2024; 34:144-157. [PMID: 38149625 PMCID: PMC10884547 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with unknown etiology. Both genetic and environmental factors have been associated with ASD. Environmental exposures during the prenatal period may play an important role in ASD development. This narrative review critically examines the evidence for a relationship between maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and ASD in the child. Summary: Studies that assessed the associations of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroxinemia, thyroid hormone concentrations, or autoimmune thyroid disease with ASD outcomes were included. Most research focused on the relationship between hypothyroidism and ASD. Multiple population-based studies found that maternal hypothyroidism was associated with higher likelihood of an ASD diagnosis in offspring. Associations with other forms of maternal thyroid dysfunction were less consistent. Findings may have been affected by misclassification bias, survival bias, or publication bias. Studies using medical records may have misclassified subclinical thyroid dysfunction as euthyroidism. Two studies that assessed children at early ages may have misclassified those with ASD as typically developing. Most studies adjusted for maternal body mass index (BMI) and/or mental illness, but not interpregnancy interval or pesticide exposure, all factors associated with fetal survival and ASD. Most studies reported a combination of null and statistically significant findings, although publication bias is still possible. Conclusions: Overall, evidence supported a positive association between maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and ASD outcomes in the child, especially for hypothyroidism. Future studies could reduce misclassification bias by using laboratory measures instead of medical records to ascertain thyroid dysfunction and evaluating children for ASD at an age when it can be reliably detected. Survival bias could be further mitigated by adjusting models for more factors associated with fetal survival and ASD. Additional research is needed to comprehensively understand the roles of maternal levothyroxine treatment, iodine deficiency, or exposure to thyroid-disrupting compounds in the relationship between maternal thyroid dysfunction and child ASD outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe B Kaplan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian & Avesidian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sun Y Lee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Boston University Chobanian & Avesidian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hyeong-Moo Shin
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
- The MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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2
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Gottwald-Hostalek U, Kahaly GJ. Optimizing levothyroxine treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:43-49. [PMID: 37897184 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2276120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The onset of pregnancy places additional stress of the thyroid gland, which must produce additional thyroid hormones to support the developing foetus. Hypothyroidism, including subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), may appear de novo at this time, or existing thyroid disease may become more severe. Accordingly, SCH is a relatively common complication of up to about 3% of pregnancies, with higher rates in some areas. There is strong evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses that uncontrolled SCH is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes. The evidence base also suggests that treatment with levothyroxine (LT4), optimized to control thyrotropin (TSH) to within its pregnancy-specific reference ranges reduces these risks. Current management guidelines provide a clear framework of intervention with LT4 in pregnant women with SCH, especially where TSH is high or where thyroperoxidase autoantibodies are present. Sub-optimal adherence to LT4 is common: it is important that patients take their LT4 correctly and that treating physicians and/or healthcare professionals manage these patients according to the latest management guidelines. The titration of LT4 is likely to occur within a range of LT4 daily doses between 25 µg and 75 µg for the majority of this population. LT4 is a narrow therapeutic index drug and small variations in dosage may produce a clinically significant change in thyroid status. Newer formulations of LT4, engineered to provide more precise and consistent dosing, and with a broad range of tablet strengths, may facilitate the precise titration of the LT4 dose for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Zupa MF, Alexopoulos AS, Esteve L, Rosland AM. Specialist Perspectives on Delivering High-Quality Telemedicine for Diabetes: A Mixed Methods Survey Study. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad039. [PMID: 37035500 PMCID: PMC10074391 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent recommendations guiding appropriate use of telemedicine for endocrinology care have largely relied on expert opinion due to limited evidence on factors that increase quality of telemedicine care. In this study, we assessed the perspectives of front-line specialists on factors and strategies perceived to increase quality of diabetes care delivered via telemedicine after more than 2 years of widespread use. Methods Adult diabetes specialists in 2 academic health systems who recently used video-based telemedicine to provide diabetes care were invited to participate in an online survey study between March and April 2022. Likert-style questions, followed by related open-ended questions, assessed perspectives on availability of key resources, factors affecting quality, and anticipated benefits from telemedicine for diabetes. Results Response rate was 52% (56/111). More than half (54%) of participants reported better overall quality of diabetes care with face-to-face care vs telemedicine. Participants reported clinical data supporting high-quality care, such as home blood glucose readings and vital signs, were often not available with telemedicine. Patient factors, including comorbidities and communication barriers, reduced anticipated benefit from telemedicine, while geographic and mobility barriers increased expected benefit. Providers described multiple health care setting resources that could promote high-quality telemedicine diabetes care, including greater support for sharing patient-generated health data and coordinating multidisciplinary care. Conclusions After 2 years of sustained use, diabetes specialists identified telemedicine as an important way to enhance access to care. However, specialists identified additional supports needed to increase appropriate use and delivery of high-quality telemedicine care for patients with complex clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret F Zupa
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anastasia-Stefania Alexopoulos
- Duke University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Durham, NC, USA
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lucy Esteve
- Duke University School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann-Marie Rosland
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- VA Pittsburgh Center for Health Equity and Research Promotion, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Allon R, Schiller T, Ziv Y, Lahav Y, Cohen O, Zornizki T. Post-hemithyroidectomy Pregnancy Thyroid Function Surveillance - Frequency, Adherence and Guideline Impact. Endocr Pract 2022; 28:847-852. [PMID: 35724833 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-hemithyroidectomy women are at increased risk for gestational subclinical hypothyroidism. Therefore, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommends increased thyroid function surveillance for this subgroup of pregnant women. The Purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of thyroid function surveillance during pregnancy in post-hemithyroidectomy women, and to evaluate the adherence to the 2017 ATA guidelines and its possible impact since being published, on thyroid function surveillance rates. METHODS A retrospective study including all pregnancies conceived by post-hemithyroidectomy women operated at our institution between the years 1997-2020. The study cohort was subdivided by pregnancy date prior to 2018 and 2018 and onwards to evaluate the impact of the 2017 ATA guidelines. Adherence to the guidelines was defined as at least one TSH test in each trimester. RESULTS After exclusions, a total of 120 pregnancies conceived by 66 women who underwent hemithyroidectomy surgeries were included in this study. Overall, serum TSH examinations were performed during the first, second and third pregnancy trimesters in 86.6%, 40% and 16.6% of pregnancies (P<0.005), respectively. The examination rate since 2018 was 88%, 40% and 8% for first, second and third trimester, respectively (P<0.005). CONCLUSION Adherence to the latest ATA guidelines is low and its publication in 2017 did not increase the thyroid function surveillance rate in post-hemithyroidectomy women. Better patient education regarding the risks of gestational hypothyroidism following hemithyroidectomy and improved communications between treating surgeons, obstetricians, and endocrinologists may improve these rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviv Allon
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel; Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Schiller
- Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yuval Ziv
- Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yonatan Lahav
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel; Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel; Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Taiba Zornizki
- Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel; Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Institute, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
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Jiao XF, Zhang M, Chen J, Wei Q, Zeng L, Liu D, Zhang C, Li H, Zou K, Zhang L, Zhang L. The impact of levothyroxine therapy on the pregnancy, neonatal and childhood outcomes of subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy: An updated systematic review, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:964084. [PMID: 36034430 PMCID: PMC9400061 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.964084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have investigated the effect of levothyroxine (LT4) therapy in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). However, all these studies have clinical or methodological problems (such as adopting the old 2011 American Thyroid Association [ATA] diagnostic criteria, directly combining randomized controlled trials [RCTs] and cohort studies for meta-analysis, and so on), and cannot provide accurate and satisfactory results. Thus, we performed this updated systematic review, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) to assess the effect of LT4 therapy in pregnant women with SCH, with the goal of providing more accurate and reliable evidence for clinical practice. METHODS We searched nine databases from inception to February 2022. The search strategy targeted the RCTs and cohort studies on pregnancy, neonatal and childhood outcomes following LT4 treatment in pregnant women with SCH based on the new 2017 ATA diagnostic criteria. We performed meta-analyses of RCTs and cohort studies separately, and further performed meta-analyses by excluding studies with high risk of bias. TSA was performed to test whether the current evidence was sufficient, and the quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE method. RESULTS A total of 9 RCTs and 13 cohort studies comprising 11273 pregnant women with SCH were included. There were no statistically significant differences between LT4 group and control group in all primary and secondary outcomes, such as preterm delivery (RR=0.46, 95%CI: 0.19-1.09, P=0.08, I2 = 65%), miscarriage (RR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.13-1.03, P=0.06, I2 = 38%), gestational hypertension (RR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.58-1.43, P=0.69, I2 = 0%), preeclampsia (RR=1.10, 95%CI: 0.61-1.97, P=0.76, I2 = 0%), gestational diabetes (RR=0.80, 95%CI: 0.51-1.25, P=0.32, I2 = 34%), and so on. TSA showed that the results for all outcomes were insufficient and inconclusive. According to GRADE, the evidences for four outcomes (miscarriage, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and small for gestational age) were rated as moderate quality, while the evidences for the other outcomes were rated as low or very low quality. CONCLUSION Unlike previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses, our study found no evidence of benefit of LT4 therapy on pregnancy, neonatal and childhood outcomes in pregnant women with SCH. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022321937, identifier CRD42022321937.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lingli Zhang, ; Li Zhang,
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Lingli Zhang, ; Li Zhang,
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Yu YH, Filion KB, Reynier P, Platt RW, Yu OHY, Grandi SM. Use of levothyroxine among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism in the United Kingdom: A population-based assessment. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00848. [PMID: 34390215 PMCID: PMC8363773 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to describe levothyroxine prescription patterns and trends over time among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in the United Kingdom. We used data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to its Pregnancy Register and the Hospital Episode Statistics database from 1998 to 2017. The study population included women with a diagnosis of SCH or an abnormal thyroid‐simulated hormone (TSH) level one year prior to or during pregnancy. We compared characteristics between women who received a prescription for levothyroxine during pregnancy and those who did not. We further described the timing, dose, duration, and temporal trends of levothyroxine prescriptions. Our cohort included 6,757 pregnancies from 6,287 women with SCH, of whom 10% received levothyroxine during pregnancy. Among women who received levothyroxine, most received their first prescription during the first trimester (median gestational age: 7 weeks; interquartile range [IQR]: 0, 16) with a median daily dosage of 50 mcg (IQR: 50, 73). Levothyroxine prescription varied over time, decreasing from 23% of pregnant women in 1998 to 7.5% in 2003, remaining stable until 2014, and increasing to 12.5% in 2016. Smoking, diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, timing of SCH diagnosis, age, TSH level at diagnosis, and general practice regions were associated with prescription. Few women with SCH received levothyroxine during pregnancy, and treatment varied by patient characteristics and geographical regions. These results highlight the need to increase awareness among healthcare providers and will guide future studies that explore barriers to initiating levothyroxine treatment for women with SCH during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kristian B Filion
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pauline Reynier
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert W Platt
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Oriana H Y Yu
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonia M Grandi
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Toloza FJ, Theriot SE, Singh Ospina NM, Nooruddin S, Keathley B, Johnson SM, Payakachat N, Ambrogini E, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, O'Keeffe DT, Brito JP, Montori VM, Dajani NK, Maraka S. Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Treatment Burden Related to the Use of Levothyroxine in Hypothyroid Pregnant Women in the United States. Thyroid 2021; 31:669-677. [PMID: 33176609 PMCID: PMC8195877 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The use of prescribed medications during pregnancy is a challenge and an underestimated source of treatment burden. Levothyroxine (LT4) for the treatment of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism is extensively prescribed during pregnancy. To this end, we aimed to explore the patients' perceived benefits and risks, knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and related burden of LT4 therapy during pregnancy. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we surveyed pregnant women who were treated with LT4 during pregnancy from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019, in a tertiary academic medical center of the United States. The anonymous online survey included questions to gather demographic data and multiple-choice questions regarding the benefits and risks, knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and burden related to LT4 use during pregnancy. Results: Sixty-four pregnant women (mean age 31.5 years) completed the study survey (response rate: 96%): 62% were diagnosed with hypothyroidism more than 12 months before pregnancy, 16% less than or about 12 months before pregnancy, and 22% during pregnancy. We found that one-third of pregnant women using LT4 had a feeling of uneasiness/anxiety due to their hypothyroidism diagnosis. About half of the respondents (45%) reported that they did not receive an explanation by their clinician regarding the maternal/fetal risks of uncontrolled hypothyroidism or the benefits of adequate control. Finally, two in three patients expressed various concerns of LT4-related treatment burden. Conclusions: Our findings support the need for increased effective communication and tailored counseling to address fears, anxiety, and uncertainties about the benefits and risks of LT4 use in pregnancy. For patients with clear benefits from LT4 treatment in pregnancy, it could help to overcome their concerns, promote adherence, and decrease adverse maternal/fetal outcomes. For patients with no clear benefits established, clinicians need to be aware of LT4-related treatment burden in pregnancy and implement patient-centered approaches in their clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy J.K. Toloza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah E. Theriot
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Naykky M. Singh Ospina
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Sameen Nooruddin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Brooke Keathley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Stacey M. Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nalin Payakachat
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Elena Ambrogini
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. Jose E. Gonzalez,” Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
- Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL-KER Unit (KER Unit México), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Derek T. O'Keeffe
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Juan P. Brito
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Victor M. Montori
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nafisa K. Dajani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Spyridoula Maraka
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Address correspondence to: Spyridoula Maraka, MD, MS, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, #587, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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8
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Shilova ES, Borovik NV, Popova PV, Yarmolinskaya MI. [Diagnostic and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant and planning pregnancy patients: modern view of the problem]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:65-73. [PMID: 33481369 DOI: 10.14341/probl12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is no universal diagnostic and treatment strategy of subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT) in pregnant women and those who are planning pregnancy due to differences in population-specific and trimester-specific thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) reference values, influence of thyroid autoimmunity markers on pregnancy outcomes, adherence to fixed universal cutoff concentrations TSH in Russia and multidisciplinary team care with different treatment opinions involving. An absence of universal approach to SHT leads to excess treatment, financial and psychological burden on pregnant women.Up to American Thyroid Association (ATA) Guidelines 2017 and project of Clinical Guidelines of Russian Association of Endocrinologists 2019 a treatment strategy of SHT should be left up to the endocrinologist to choose. In our paper we systematize global scientific and clinical experience of planning and management pregnancies with SHT to help physicians to choose treatment option based on principals of evidence-based medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shilova
- Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott; Almazov National Medical Research Center
| | - N V Borovik
- Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott
| | - P V Popova
- Almazov National Medical Research Center
| | - M I Yarmolinskaya
- Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott; North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
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