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Dhakal S, Macreadie IG. Simvastatin, Its Antimicrobial Activity and Its Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1133. [PMID: 38930515 PMCID: PMC11205914 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin, a blockbuster drug for treating hypercholesterolemia, has multifactorial benefits as an antimicrobial agent and plays a preventative role in reducing the incidence of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although most of the beneficial effects of simvastatin have been attributed to its ability to reduce cholesterol levels, recent scientific studies have suggested that its benefits are largely due to its pleiotropic effects in targeting other pathways, e.g., by inhibiting protein lipidation. There are certain pleiotropic effects that can be predicted from the inhibition of the mevalonate pathway; however, some of the effects of simvastatin in proteostasis lead to reduced levels of amyloid beta, the key contributor to AD. This review discusses the use of simvastatin as an antimicrobial agent and anti-AD drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Dhakal
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Ian G. Macreadie
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3063, Australia
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Melikyan ZA, Kawas CH, Paganini‐Hill A, Jiang L, Bukhari S, Montine TJ, Mander BA, Corrada MM. Neuropathologic changes at age 90+ related to sleep duration 19 to 40 years earlier: The 90+ Study. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3495-3503. [PMID: 38602280 PMCID: PMC11095440 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated the association between sleep duration and neuropathologic changes 19 to 40 years later in oldest-old (age 90+) participants of The 90+ Study. METHODS Participants self-reported sleep duration and underwent neuropathologic evaluation. We categorized sleep duration as < 7, 7 to 8 = reference, > 8 hours and dichotomized neuropathologic changes as present/absent. We estimated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using logistic regression. RESULTS In 264 participants, mean age at sleep self-report was 69 years, mean age at autopsy was 98 years, and mean interval between sleep self-report and autopsy was 29 years (range: 19-40). Those reporting > 8 hours of sleep had lower likelihood of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC) inclusions (OR = 0.18; CI = 0.04-0.82) and amyloid beta deposits (OR = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.12-0.94). DISCUSSION Long self-reported sleep is associated with lower odds of neurodegenerative neuropathologic changes 19 to 40 years later in the oldest-old, suggesting a potential role of sleep in accumulation of dementia-related neuropathologies. HIGHLIGHTS Association of self-reported sleep with non-Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic changes has not been explored. Whether sleep duration is related to dementia neuropathologic changes decades later is unclear. Long self-reported sleep is associated with lower odds of Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change 19 to 40 years later in the oldest-old. Long self-reported sleep is associated with lower odds of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change 19 to 40 years later in the oldest-old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarui A. Melikyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Claudia H. Kawas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Luohua Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Syed Bukhari
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of PathologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bryce A. Mander
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and MemoryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - María M. Corrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaOrangeCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
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Sun M, Chen WM, Wu SY, Zhang J. Protective Effects Against Dementia Undergo Different Statin Type, Intensity, and Cumulative Dose in Older Adult Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2024; 25:470-479.e1. [PMID: 38128583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the relationship between statin use and dementia risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It also assessed the impact of various statin types, dosage intensity, and cumulative doses on dementia risk. DESIGN Employing the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) Cox hazards model, this research explored the influence of statin utilization on dementia incidence. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The study included older adult T2DM patients aged 60 years or older who received statins (case group) and those who did not (control group) during the follow-up period. METHODS The IPTW Cox hazards model quantified the association between statin use and dementia incidence. Subgroup analyses investigated different statin types, usage intensity, and cumulative dose-dependent relationships with dementia risk, measured by adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with corresponding 95% CIs. RESULTS Statin users experienced a significant reduction in dementia risk (aHR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.46-0.48). Subgroup analysis using IPTW Cox regression revealed varying dementia incidence reductions among users of different statin types, with aHRs (95% CIs) ranging from 0.09 to 0.69. Multivariate analyses unveiled a dose-dependent relationship, showing reduced dementia incidence based on cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs) per year. The corresponding aHRs (95% CIs) were 0.20 to 0.72 across quartiles 4 to 1 of cDDD-years, with a significant trend (P < .001). The optimal daily statin use was 0.88 defined daily doses (DDDs), associated with the lowest dementia risk. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Statins significantly reduced dementia risk in older adult T2DM patients. Higher cumulative defined daily doses (cDDD-years) were linked to more substantial risk reductions. This research underscores the clinical benefits of statin use in preventing dementia in this population and calls for further investigation into the underlying mechanisms. It also raises the possibility of influencing policy decisions to manage dementia risk in this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wan-Ming Chen
- Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Business Administration, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Artificial Intelligence Development Center, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Big Data Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Division of Radiation Oncology, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Lo-Hsu Medical Foundation, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, Taiwan; Centers for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Taipei Municipal Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jiaqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Ge S, Kitamura T, Zha L, Komatsu M, Komukai S, Murata F, Maeda M, Gon Y, Kimura Y, Kiyohara K, Sobue T, Fukuda H. Association of Statin Use with Dementia Risk Among Older Adults in Japan: A Nested Case-Control Study Using the LIFE Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:987-998. [PMID: 38968046 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown a possible association between statin use and a decreased risk of dementia, but the association has not been sufficiently established, especially in the super-aging society of Japan. Objective This study aimed to determine the association between statin use and the risk of dementia among Japanese participants aged> =65 years old. Methods Data from the Longevity Improvement and Fair Evidence (LIFE) Study were utilized, including medical and long-term care (LTC) claim data from 17 municipalities between April 2014 and December 2020. A nested case-control study was conducted with one case matched to five controls based on age, sex, municipality, and year of cohort entry. We used a conditional logistic regression model to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results This study included 57,302 cases and 283,525 controls, with 59.7% of the participants being woman. After adjusting for potential confounders, statin use was associated with a lower risk of dementia (OR, 0.70; 95% CI: 0.68-0.73) and Alzheimer's disease (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.63-0.69). Compared with non-users, the ORs of dementia were as follows: 1.42 (1.34-1.50) for 1-30 total standardized daily dose (TSDD), 0.91 (0.85-0.98) for 31-90 TSDD, 0.63 (0.58-0.69) for 91-180 TSDD, and 0.33 (0.31-0.36) for >180 TSDD in dose-analysis. Conclusions Statin use is associated with a reduced risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease among older Japanese adults. A low cumulative statin dose is associated with an increased risk of dementia, whereas a high cumulative statin dose is a protective factor against dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyu Ge
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Kitamura
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ling Zha
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayo Komatsu
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sho Komukai
- Biomedical Statistics, Department of Integrated Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Fumiko Murata
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Megumi Maeda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Gon
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kiyohara
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics, Otsuma Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Sobue
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Fukuda
- Department of Health Care Administration and Management, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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Rajabian A, McCloskey AP, Jamialahmadi T, Moallem SA, Sahebkar A. A review on the efficacy and safety of lipid-lowering drugs in neurodegenerative disease. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:801-824. [PMID: 37036894 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a train of thought that lipid therapies may delay or limit the impact of neuronal loss and poor patient outcomes of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). A variety of medicines including lipid lowering modifiers (LLMs) are prescribed in NDDs. This paper summarizes the findings of clinical and observational trials including systematic reviews and meta-analyses relating to LLM use in NDDs published in the last 15 years thus providing an up-to-date evidence pool. Three databases were searched PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science using key terms relating to the review question. The findings confirm the benefit of LLMs in hyperlipidemic patients with or without cardiovascular risk factors due to their pleotropic effects. In NDDs LLMs are proposed to delay disease onset and slow the rate of progression. Clinical observations show that LLMs protect neurons from α-synuclein, tau, and Aβ toxicity, activation of inflammatory processes, and ultimately oxidative injury. Moreover, current meta-analyses and clinical trials indicated low rates of adverse events with LLMs when used as monotherapy. LLMs appear to have favorable safety and tolerability profiles with few patients stopping treatment due to severe adverse effects. Our collated evidence thus concludes that LLMs have a role in NDDs but further work is needed to understand the exact mechanism of action and reach more robust conclusions on where and when it is appropriate to use LLMs in NDDs in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rajabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alice P McCloskey
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sordo L, Qian T, Bukhari SA, Nguyen KM, Woodworth DC, Head E, Kawas CH, Corrada MM, Montine TJ, Sajjadi SA. Characterization of hippocampal sclerosis of aging and its association with other neuropathologic changes and cognitive deficits in the oldest-old. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:415-432. [PMID: 37382680 PMCID: PMC10412485 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-A) is a common age-related neuropathological lesion characterized by neuronal loss and astrogliosis in subiculum and CA1 subfield of hippocampus. HS-A is associated with cognitive decline that mimics Alzheimer's disease. Pathological diagnosis of HS-A is traditionally binary based on presence/absence of the lesion. We compared this traditional measure against our novel quantitative measure for studying the relationship between HS-A and other neuropathologies and cognitive impairment. We included 409 participants from The 90+ study with neuropathological examination and longitudinal neuropsychological assessments. In those with HS-A, we examined digitized H&E and LFB stained hippocampal slides. The length of HS-A in each subfield of hippocampus and subiculum, each further divided into three subregions, was measured using Aperio eSlide Manager. For each subregion, the proportion affected by HS-A was calculated. Using regression models, both traditional/binary and quantitative measures were used to study the relationship between HS-A and other neuropathological changes and cognitive outcomes. HS-A was present in 48 (12%) of participants and was always focal, primarily affecting CA1 (73%), followed by subiculum (9%); overlapping pathology (subiculum and CA1) affected 18% of individuals. HS-A was more common in the left (82%) than the right (25%) hemisphere and was bilateral in 7% of participants. HS-A traditional/binary assessment was associated with limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE-NC; OR = 3.45, p < 0.001) and aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG; OR = 2.72, p = 0.008). In contrast, our quantitative approach showed associations between the proportion of HS-A (CA1/subiculum/combined) and LATE-NC (p = 0.001) and arteriolosclerosis (p = 0.005). While traditional binary assessment of HS-A was associated with impaired memory (OR = 2.60, p = 0.007), calculations (OR = 2.16, p = 0.027), and orientation (OR = 3.56, p < 0.001), our quantitative approach revealed additional associations with impairments in language (OR = 1.33, p = 0.018) and visuospatial domains (OR = 1.37, p = 0.006). Our novel quantitative method revealed associations between HS-A and vascular pathologies and impairment in cognitive domains that were not detected using traditional/binary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Sordo
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Office 364, Med Surge II Building, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tianchen Qian
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Syed A Bukhari
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Katelynn M Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Office 364, Med Surge II Building, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Davis C Woodworth
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Office 364, Med Surge II Building, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudia H Kawas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Office 364, Med Surge II Building, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - María M Corrada
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Office 364, Med Surge II Building, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - S Ahmad Sajjadi
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Office 364, Med Surge II Building, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Association between Genetically Proxied Inhibition of HMG-CoA Reductase and Age at Onset of Huntington’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111551. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have found that statins may play a potential role in the age at onset (AAO) of Huntington’s disease (HD). We performed this Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the association between genetically proxied inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol with age at onset of HD. Methods: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HMG-CoA reductase associated with LDL cholesterol in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis were used. The summary data of residual AAO of HD were obtained from a GWAS meta-analysis (n = 9064 HD patients). MR estimates representing lifelong inhibition of drug targets were generated using random-effects inverse-variance weighted analysis. Results: Genetically proxied plasma LDL cholesterol (β = 0.039, 95% CI = −0.454 to 0.531) and HMG-CoA reductase inhibition equivalent to a 1 mmol/L (38.7 mg/dL) reduction in LDL cholesterol (β = −2.228, 95% CI = −4.830 to 0.374) were not associated with age at onset of HD. Conclusion: The plasma LDL cholesterol levels and the reduction of plasma LDL cholesterol levels by the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (i.e., statins) were not associated with the age of HD onset.
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MACC1-Dependent Antitumor Effect of Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224792. [PMID: 36432477 PMCID: PMC9692505 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main reason for the high mortality rate of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Despite the whole improvement in the field of cancer medicine, the treatment options for the patient in the late stages are very restricted. Our previous studies have elucidated metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) as a direct link to metastasis formation. Therefore, we have aimed to inhibit its expression by using natural products, which are recently the center of most studies due to their low side effects and good tolerability. In this study, we have investigated the effect of one of the promising natural products, curcumin, on MACC1 expression and MACC1-induced tumor-promoting pathways. Curcumin reduced the MACC1 expression, restricted the MACC1-induced proliferation, and was able to reduce the MACC1-induced cell motility as one of the crucial steps for the distant dissemination of the tumor. We further showed the MACC1-dependent effect of curcumin on clonogenicity and wound healing. This study is, to our knowledge, the first identification of the effect of curcumin on the restriction of cancer motility, proliferation, and colony-forming ability by using MACC1 as a target.
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Collin BG, Raju D, Katsikas S. Statins, Enzyme CoQ 10 Supplement Use, and Cognitive Functioning. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2022; 35:698-704. [PMID: 34493115 DOI: 10.1177/08919887211044747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study assessed the effects of statin and CoQ10 supplement use on changes in cognitive functioning in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention study. METHODS 1,573 subjects were administered medical histories, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Wechsler Memory Scale, Logical Memory subtest, and the Trail Making Test, Parts A (TMT-A) and B (TMT-B) 3-4 times over 5-10 years. RESULTS Linear mixed models did not yield significant effects for statin or CoQ10 supplement use on changes in mental status, learning and memory, psychomotor speed, and cognitive flexibility. CONCLUSIONS Statin and/or CoQ10 supplement use was not associated with neuropsychological test performance in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Collin
- Spalding University School of Professional Psychology, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dheeraj Raju
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America Global Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Steven Katsikas
- Spalding University School of Professional Psychology, Louisville, KY, USA
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Baek MS, Kim HK, Han K, Kwon HS, Na HK, Lyoo CH, Cho H. Annual Trends in the Incidence and Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease in South Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:883549. [PMID: 35665039 PMCID: PMC9160364 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.883549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent studies suggesting a declining incidence and prevalence of dementia on a global scale, epidemiologic results with respect to Alzheimer's disease (AD) are lacking due to the methodological limitations inherent to conducting large-scale cohort investigations of this topic. The aim of the current study was to investigate the incidence and prevalence of AD in Korea. We conducted a secondary analysis within the National Health Insurance System (NHIS) database, a unique resource that reports medical information for the entire Korean population. AD diagnoses as well as evaluations of vascular risks were defined based on International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes along with prescription records. The cut-off age for diagnosing AD was defined as the age of the patient's highest Youden index. In this study, the incidence and prevalence of AD in the Korean population aged 40 years or older showed an overall increase between 2006 and 2015. Although both older and younger age groups showed an increase in the incidence and prevalence of AD, the highest increase was observed in older age groups. Based on the highest Youden's index value (sensitivity + specificity – 1), the cut-off value for the diagnosis of AD was 69 years with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92. We found that the incidence of AD was higher in individuals with underlying vascular risks. However, in recent years, the prevalence of AD was conversely found to be lower in individuals with hypertension or dyslipidemia. Despite efforts toward reducing the number of AD cases through educational, policy, and various public health and preventive medicine interventions, the incidence and prevalence of AD continues to grow in Korea. Efforts aimed at early diagnosis and the modification of underlying risks may be critical to reducing the socioeconomic burden of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Baek
- Department of Neurology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Han-Kyeol Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Sung Kwon
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Kyu Na
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Hyoung Lyoo
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hanna Cho
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12
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Liu JK. Antiaging agents: safe interventions to slow aging and healthy life span extension. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:18. [PMID: 35534591 PMCID: PMC9086005 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Human longevity has increased dramatically during the past century. More than 20% of the 9 billion population of the world will exceed the age of 60 in 2050. Since the last three decades, some interventions and many preclinical studies have been found to show slowing aging and increasing the healthy lifespan of organisms from yeast, flies, rodents to nonhuman primates. The interventions are classified into two groups: lifestyle modifications and pharmacological/genetic manipulations. Some genetic pathways have been characterized to have a specific role in controlling aging and lifespan. Thus, all genes in the pathways are potential antiaging targets. Currently, many antiaging compounds target the calorie-restriction mimetic, autophagy induction, and putative enhancement of cell regeneration, epigenetic modulation of gene activity such as inhibition of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferases, are under development. It appears evident that the exploration of new targets for these antiaging agents based on biogerontological research provides an incredible opportunity for the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. The present review focus on the properties of slow aging and healthy life span extension of natural products from various biological resources, endogenous substances, drugs, and synthetic compounds, as well as the mechanisms of targets for antiaging evaluation. These bioactive compounds that could benefit healthy aging and the potential role of life span extension are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Lower Extremity Artery Disease and Cognitive Impairment. Artery Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s44200-021-00010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The association between cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment is well known, but the impact of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) on neuropsychological performance is less established.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of LEAD on cognitive impairment.
Materials and Methods
A total of 20 patients with LEAD, classified by Fountain’s stage IIB, qualified for revascularization surgery has been included in this prospective study. Neuropsychological assessments have been done using MoCA and CANTAB test. Fifteen patients qualified for hernia surgery, without peripheral artery disease served as a control group. Linear regression model has been applied to assess the connection between LEAD and cognitive impairment.
Results
Differences between the study groups reach significance in both MoCA and CANTAB test. In MoCA test, patients with LEAD had lower levels of performance in attention (p = 0.0254), visuospatial/executive (p = 0.0343) and delayed recall (p = 0.0032). The mean MoCA score was below 26 points. In CANTAB test, patients with LEAD performed worse in visual memory and learning. After adjusted for common cerebrovascular risk factors, LEAD was significantly correlated with cognitive impairment defined as MoCA score < 26 points.
Conclusions
Lower extremity artery disease is associated with cognitive impairment independently of cerebrovascular risk factors.
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14
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Olmastroni E, Molari G, De Beni N, Colpani O, Galimberti F, Gazzotti M, Zambon A, Catapano AL, Casula M. Statin use and risk of dementia or Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 29:804-814. [PMID: 34871380 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwab208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As the potential impact of statins on cognitive decline and dementia is still debated, we conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies to examine the effect of statin use on the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, Cochrane, and EMBASE were searched since inception to January 2021. Inclusion criteria were: (i) cohort or case-control studies; (ii) statin users compared to non-users; and (iii) AD and/or dementia risk as outcome. Estimates from original studies were pooled using restricted maximum-likelihood random-effect model. Measure of effects were reported as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In the pooled analyses, statins were associated with a decreased risk of dementia [36 studies, OR 0.80 (CI 0.75-0.86)] and of AD [21 studies, OR 0.68 (CI 0.56-0.81)]. In the stratified analysis by sex, no difference was observed in the risk reduction of dementia between men [OR 0.86 (CI 0.81-0.92)] and women [OR 0.86 (CI 0.81-0.92)]. Similar risks were observed for lipophilic and hydrophilic statins for both dementia and AD, while high-potency statins showed a 20% reduction of dementia risk compared with a 16% risk reduction associated with low-potency statins, suggesting a greater efficacy of the former, although a borderline statistical significance (P = 0.05) for the heterogeneity between estimates. CONCLUSION These results confirm the absence of a neurocognitive risk associated with statin treatment and suggest a potential favourable role of statins. Randomized clinical trials with an ad hoc design are needed to explore this potential neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Olmastroni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Molari
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto S. Giovanni (MI), Italy; and
| | - Noemi De Beni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Colpani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Galimberti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.,IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto S. Giovanni (MI), Italy; and
| | - Marta Gazzotti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zambon
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto S. Giovanni (MI), Italy; and.,Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.,IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto S. Giovanni (MI), Italy; and
| | - Manuela Casula
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.,IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20099 Sesto S. Giovanni (MI), Italy; and
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15
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Novel Balance Mechanism Participates in Stem Cell Therapy to Alleviate Neuropathology and Cognitive Impairment in Animal Models with Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102757. [PMID: 34685737 PMCID: PMC8534506 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy improves memory loss and cognitive deficits in animal models with Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanism remains to be determined, but it may involve the interaction of stem cells with hippocampal cells. The transplantation of stem cells alters the pathological state and establishes a novel balance based on multiple signaling pathways. The new balance mechanism is regulated by various autocrine and paracrine cytokines, including signal molecules that target (a) cell growth and death. Stem cell treatment stimulates neurogenesis and inhibits apoptosis, which is regulated by the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy-(b) Aβ and tau pathology. Aberrant Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles are mitigated subsequent to stem cell intervention-(c) inflammation. Neuroinflammation in the lesion is relieved, which may be related to the microglial M1/M2 polarization-(d) immunoregulation. The transplanted stem cells modulate immune cells and shape the pathophysiological roles of immune-related genes such as TREM2, CR1, and CD33-(e) synaptogenesis. The functional reconstruction of synaptic connections can be promoted by stem cell therapy through multi-level signaling, such as autophagy, microglial activity, and remyelination. The regulation of new balance mechanism provides perspective and challenge for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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16
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Burke BT, Latimer C, Keene CD, Sonnen JA, McCormick W, Bowen JD, McCurry SM, Larson EB, Crane PK. Theoretical impact of the AT(N) framework on dementia using a community autopsy sample. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1879-1891. [PMID: 33900044 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The AT(N) research framework categorizes eight biomarker profiles using amyloid (A), tauopathy (T), and neurodegeneration (N), regardless of dementia status. We evaluated associations with dementia risk in a community-based cohort by approximating AT(N) profiles using autopsy-based neuropathology correlates, and considered cost implications for clinical trials for secondary prevention of dementia based on AT(N) profiles. We used Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (moderate/frequent) to approximate A+, Braak stage (IV-VI) for T+, and temporal pole lateral ventricular dilation for (N)+. Outcomes included dementia prevalence at death and incidence in the last 5 years of life. A+T+(N)+ was the most common profile (31%). Dementia prevalence ranged from 14% (A-T-[N]-) to 79% (A+T+[N]+). Between 8% (A+T-[N]-) and 68% (A+T+[N]-) of decedents developed incident dementia in the last 5 years of life. Clinical trials would incur substantial expense to characterize AT(N). Many people with biomarker-defined preclinical Alzheimer's disease will never develop clinical dementia during life, highlighting resilience to clinical expression of AD neuropathologic changes and the need for improved tools for prediction beyond current AT(N) biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Teevan Burke
- Kaiser Permanente, Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua A Sonnen
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wayne McCormick
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James D Bowen
- Department of Neurology, Swedish Hospital Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan M McCurry
- Department of Community Health and Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric B Larson
- Kaiser Permanente, Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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17
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Rahman SO, Hussain S, Alzahrani A, Akhtar M, Najmi AK. Effect of statins on amyloidosis in the rodent models of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from the preclinical meta-analysis. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147115. [PMID: 32918868 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown contrasting results in determining efficacy of statins against amyloid beta accumulation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of statin in AD. METHOD We searched PubMed and Embase for relevant preclinical studies. A meta-analysis of the statin's efficacy on amyloidosis and cognitive impairment was performed. Also, stratified analysis was performed on several covariates including the type of statin used, gender and age of rodents and duration of statin therapy, to account for the reported heterogeneity in the results obtained. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018102557). RESULT 17 studies including 22 comparisons, containing a sample size of 446 rodents, participated in the meta-analysis of statin's effect on overall Aβ deposition. Although the effect of statin on overall Aβ deposition was found to be protective (p < 0.00001) but as we categorized the efficacy of statin on different Aβ species (soluble and insoluble Aβ40/42) and Aβ plaque load, we found that significance in the protection decreased. A stratified meta-analysis demonstrated a significant role in the duration of statin supplements and rodent's age on the heterogeneity of the results. Statin administered to rodents for the longest duration (>6 months) and younger rodents (<6 months of age) demonstrated significant efficacy of statin on Aβ deposition. CONCLUSION Statin showed reduction in Aβ level but stratified analysis revealed that this effect of statin was dependent on rodent's age and duration of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Obaidur Rahman
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Salman Hussain
- Pharmaceutical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abdulaziz Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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18
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Wahl D, Anderson RM, Le Couteur DG. Antiaging Therapies, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1643-1652. [PMID: 31125402 PMCID: PMC7749193 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a powerful risk factor for the development of many chronic diseases including dementia. Research based on disease models of dementia have yet to yield effective treatments, therefore it is opportune to consider whether the aging process itself might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of dementia. Numerous cellular and molecular pathways have been implicated in the aging process and compounds that target these processes are being developed to slow aging and delay the onset of age-associated conditions. A few particularly promising therapeutic agents have been shown to influence many of the main hallmarks of aging and increase life span in rodents. Here we discuss the evidence that some of these antiaging compounds may beneficially affect brain aging and thereby lower the risk for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre
- Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre
- Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, The University of Sydney, Australia
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19
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Shepherd CE, Affleck AJ, Bahar AY, Carew-Jones F, Gregory G, Small DH, Halliday GM. Alzheimer's amyloid-β and tau protein accumulation is associated with decreased expression of the LDL receptor-associated protein in human brain tissue. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01672. [PMID: 32484608 PMCID: PMC7375106 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the major neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein in the brain. Evidence suggests that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-associated protein (RAP) binds strongly to Aβ and enhances its cellular uptake and that decreased RAP expression correlates with increased Aβ production in animal models of AD. METHODS The current study examined whether RAP levels change in AD human brain tissue and whether they are related to the amount of AD pathology. RAP and NeuN levels were determined by Western blot, while low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), tau and Aβ levels were determined by ELISA in the temporal cortex of 17 AD and 16 control cases. RESULTS An increase in total Aβ and insoluble and soluble tau protein was observed in AD brain tissue. In contrast, RAP levels were significantly decreased in AD brain tissue compared to controls. Correlation analysis revealed that levels of RAP correlated with both total Aβ and soluble and insoluble tau levels. Neither LRP1 nor NeuN levels were significantly altered in AD brain tissue homogenates and did not correlate with Aβ or tau protein levels. CONCLUSION Reduction in RAP may contribute to the accumulation and aggregation of Aβ in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Shepherd
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Affleck
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anita Y Bahar
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Francine Carew-Jones
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gillian Gregory
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David H Small
- Menzies Research Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Wingo TS, Cutler DJ, Wingo AP, Le NA, Rabinovici GD, Miller BL, Lah JJ, Levey AI. Association of Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease With Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Rare Genetic Coding Variants of APOB. JAMA Neurol 2020; 76:809-817. [PMID: 31135820 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance Early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) is a rare form of Alzheimer disease (AD) with a large genetic basis that is only partially understood. In late-onset AD, elevated circulating cholesterol levels increase AD risk even after adjusting for the apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE E4) allele, a major genetic factor for AD and elevated cholesterol levels; however, the role of circulating cholesterol levels in EOAD is unclear. Objectives To investigate the association between circulating cholesterol levels and EOAD and to identify genetic variants underlying this possible association. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case series, plasma cholesterol levels were directly measured in 267 samples from the AD research centers (ADRCs) of Emory University and University of California, San Francisco, collected from January 21, 2009, through August 21, 2014. The association between cholesterol and EOAD was examined using multiple linear regression. To determine the underlying genetic variants, APOB, APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 were sequenced in samples from 2125 EOAD cases and controls recruited from 29 ADRCs from January 1, 1984, through December 31, 2015. Data were analyzed from November 23, 2016, through April 10, 2018. Exposures Clinical diagnosis, age at clinical diagnosis, plasma cholesterol measures (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein B), and genetic variants in APOE, APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOB. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the association between EOAD and plasma cholesterol measures. The secondary outcome was the association between EOAD and the burden of genetic variants in APOB. Results Of the 2125 samples that underwent genetic sequencing, 1276 were from women (60.0%) and 654 (30.8%) were from patients with EOAD (mean [SD] ages, 55.6 [4.3] years for cases and 72.0 [9.6] years for controls). APOE E4 explained 10.1% of the variance of EOAD. After controlling for APOE E4, EOAD cases had higher levels of total cholesterol (mean difference [SE], 21.9 [5.2] mg/dL; P = 2.9 × 10-5), LDL-C (mean difference [SE], 22.0 [4.5] mg/dL; P = 1.8 × 10-6), and ApoB (mean difference [SE], 12.0 [2.4] mg/dL; P = 2.0 × 10-6) than controls in 267 frozen samples. Approximately 3% of EOAD cases carried known AD-causing mutations. Gene-based rare variant burden testing in 2066 samples showed that rare APOB coding variants were significantly more abundant in EOAD cases after adjusting for sex, APOE E4, genetic principal components, ADRC center, and batch (effect size, 0.20; P = 4.20 × 10-4). Conclusions and Relevance Elevated LDL-C levels were associated with higher probability of having EOAD, and EOAD cases were enriched for rare coding variants in APOB, which codes for the major protein of LDL-C. Collectively, these novel findings highlight the important role of LDL-C in EOAD pathogenesis and suggest a direct link of APOB variants to AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Wingo
- Division of Neurology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Division of Mental Health, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia.,Department of Psychiatry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ngoc-Anh Le
- Biomarker Core Laboratory, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Roy S, Hyman D, Ayyala S, Bakhshi A, Kim SH, Anoruo N, Weinstock J, Balogun A, D'Souza M, Filatova N, Penabad J, Shah P, Perez C, Mehta A, Hunter K. Cognitive Function Assessment in Patients on Moderate- or High-Intensity Statin Therapy. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:255-265. [PMID: 32362974 PMCID: PMC7188372 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the USA. Statin therapy reduces cardiovascular events significantly. Cognitive impairment has been reported with statin therapy but there is a lack of consensus. We analyzed the cognitive functions of adult patients who were on moderate-intensity statin therapy (MIST) or high-intensity statin therapy (HIST). Methods A total of 213 patients underwent cognitive assessment testing. Cognitive function scores were correlated with the durations of statin therapy, age, and level of education by using Pearson correlation. Independent t-test was used to compare the mean cognitive function score to the gender, race, type of statin therapy, and comorbid conditions. Results Mean age of all the patients was 55.4 years. Majority of the patients (66.2%) were on MIST while the rest (33.8%) were on HIST. Cognitive impairment was observed in 17.8% of the studied patients. A total of 41.7% of the patients in the HIST group and 5.7% in the MIST group had cognitive impairment (P < 0.001). There was no correlation between cognitive function score and age (r = -0.106), weakly positive correlation between the level of education and cognitive function score (r = 0.252), and weakly negative correlation between the duration of statin therapy and cognitive function score (r = -0.283). In the group of patients on HIST with cognitive impairment, the proportion of patients on atorvastatin 40 - 80 mg was significantly higher than the proportion of patients on rosuvastatin 20 - 40 mg (66.7% vs. 33.3%; P < 0.05). In the group of patients on MIST with cognitive impairment, atorvastatin 10 - 20 mg was the most commonly used statin therapy (50%), followed by rosuvastatin 10 mg (25%), simvastatin 20 - 40 mg (12.5%) and pravastatin 40 - 80 mg (12.5%). Conclusions We found a significantly higher association of cognitive impairment in patients who were on MIST or HIST compared to the general population. We found no correlation between cognitive function score and age, weakly positive correlation between the level of education and cognitive function score, and weakly negative correlation between the duration of statin therapy and cognitive function score. HIST was associated with a higher frequency of cognitive impairment compared to the MIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Roy
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Hyman
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Srinivas Ayyala
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Aditya Bakhshi
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nancy Anoruo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-UMASS Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Weinstock
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Ayobamidele Balogun
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Michelle D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nika Filatova
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Jesus Penabad
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher Perez
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Anita Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Krystal Hunter
- Cooper Research Institute, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Singh AK, Singh SK, Nandi MK, Mishra G, Maurya A, Rai A, Rai GK, Awasthi R, Sharma B, Kulkarni GT. Berberine: A Plant-derived Alkaloid with Therapeutic Potential to Combat Alzheimer's disease. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2020; 19:154-170. [PMID: 31429696 DOI: 10.2174/1871524919666190820160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Berberine (a protoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid) has shown promising pharmacological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, cardioprotective, memory enhancement, antidepressant, antioxidant, anti-nociceptive, antimicrobial, anti- HIV and cholesterol-lowering effects. It is used in the treatment of the neurodegenerative disorder. It has strong evidence to serve as a potent phytoconstituent in the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. It limits the extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. It has also lipid-glucose lowering ability, hence can be used as a protective agent in atherosclerosis and AD. However, more detailed investigations along with safety assessment of berberine are warranted to clarify its role in limiting various risk factors and AD-related pathologies. This review highlights the pharmacological basis to control oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and protective effect of berberine in AD, which will benefit to the biological scientists in understanding and exploring the new vistas of berberine in combating Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag K Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Santosh K Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manmath K Nandi
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Ayurveda, Department of medicinal chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Ayurveda, Department of medicinal chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Maurya
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Ayurveda, Department of medicinal chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arati Rai
- Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow-226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopal K Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec 125, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec 125, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Giriraj T Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec 125, Noida, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Barthold D, Joyce G, Diaz Brinton R, Wharton W, Kehoe PG, Zissimopoulos J. Association of combination statin and antihypertensive therapy with reduced Alzheimer's disease and related dementia risk. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229541. [PMID: 32130251 PMCID: PMC7055882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemia and hypertension are modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Approximately 25% of adults over age 65 use both antihypertensives (AHTs) and statins for these conditions. While a growing body of evidence found statins and AHTs are independently associated with lower ADRD risk, no evidence exists on simultaneous use for different drug class combinations and ADRD risk. Our primary objective was to compare ADRD risk associated with concurrent use of different combinations of statins and antihypertensives. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study (2007-2014), we analyzed 694,672 Medicare beneficiaries in the United States (2,017,786 person-years) who concurrently used both statins and AHTs. Using logistic regression adjusting for age, socioeconomic status and comorbidities, we quantified incident ADRD diagnosis associated with concurrent use of different statin molecules (atorvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin) and AHT drug classes (two renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-acting AHTs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs), vs non-RAS-acting AHTs). FINDINGS Pravastatin or rosuvastatin combined with RAS-acting AHTs reduce risk of ADRD relative to any statin combined with non-RAS-acting AHTs: ACEI+pravastatin odds ratio (OR) = 0.942 (CI: 0.899-0.986, p = 0.011), ACEI+rosuvastatin OR = 0.841 (CI: 0.794-0.892, p<0.001), ARB+pravastatin OR = 0.794 (CI: 0.748-0.843, p<0.001), ARB+rosuvastatin OR = 0.818 (CI: 0.765-0.874, p<0.001). ARBs combined with atorvastatin and simvastatin are associated with smaller reductions in risk, and ACEI with no risk reduction, compared to when combined with pravastatin or rosuvastatin. Among Hispanics, no combination of statins and RAS-acting AHTs reduces risk relative to combinations of statins and non-RAS-acting AHTs. Among blacks using ACEI+rosuvastatin, ADRD odds were 33% lower compared to blacks using other statins combined with non-RAS-acting AHTs (OR = 0.672 (CI: 0.548-0.825, p<0.001)). CONCLUSION Among older Americans, use of pravastatin and rosuvastatin to treat hyperlipidemia is less common than use of simvastatin and atorvastatin, however, in combination with RAS-acting AHTs, particularly ARBs, they may be more effective at reducing risk of ADRD. The number of Americans with ADRD may be reduced with drug treatments for vascular health that also confer effects on ADRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Barthold
- Department of Pharmacy, The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Geoffrey Joyce
- School of Pharmacy, Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tuscon, AZ, United States of America
| | - Whitney Wharton
- School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Patrick Gavin Kehoe
- Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Zissimopoulos
- Price School of Public Policy, Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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McFarlane O, Kędziora-Kornatowska K. Cholesterol and Dementia: A Long and Complicated Relationship. Curr Aging Sci 2020; 13:42-51. [PMID: 31530269 PMCID: PMC7403650 DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666190917155400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a huge demand for efficient strategies for maintaining cognitive wellbeing with age, especially in the context of population aging. Dementia constitutes the main reason for disability and dependency in the elderly. Identification of potential risk and protective factors, as well as determinants of conversion from MCI to dementia, is therefore crucial. In case of Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent dementia syndrome amongst the members of modern societies, neurodegenerative processes in the brain can begin many years before first clinical symptoms appear. First functional changes typically mean advanced neuron loss, therefore, the earliest possible diagnosis is critical for implementation of promising early pharmaceutical interventions. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to discuss the relationships between both circulating and brain cholesterol with cognition, and explore its potential role in early diagnosis of cognitive disorders. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS The causal role of high cholesterol levels in AD or MCI has not been confirmed. It has been postulated that plasma levels of 24(S)-OHC can potentially be used as an early biochemical marker of altered cholesterol homeostasis in the CNS. Some studies brought conflicting results, finding normal or lowered levels of 24(S)-OHC in dementia patients compared to controls. In spite of decades of research on the relationship between cholesterol and dementia, so far, no single trusted indicator of an early cognitive deterioration has been identified. CONCLUSION The current state of knowledge makes the use of cholesterol markers of cognitive decline in clinical practice impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia McFarlane
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, P.O. Box: 85-830, Bydgoszcz, Poland; Tel/Fax: ++48-52-585-5408; E-mail:
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25
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Kumar V, Joshi T, Vatsa N, Singh BK, Jana NR. Simvastatin Restores HDAC1/2 Activity and Improves Behavioral Deficits in Angelman Syndrome Model Mouse. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:289. [PMID: 31849603 PMCID: PMC6901934 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder categorized by severe disability in intellectual functions and affected by the loss of function of maternally inherited UBE3A gene. Mice deficient for the maternal Ube3a recapitulates many distinguishing behavioral features of the AS and is used as a typical model system to understand the disease pathogenic mechanism. Here, we first show a significant increase in HDAC1 and HDAC2 activities in AS mice brain from as early as embryonic day 16(E16). In depth study further reveals that the deficiency of Ube3a leads to transcriptional up-regulation of both HDAC1 and HDAC2. Restoration of HDAC1 and HDAC2 activities (as evident from the increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4) using simvastatin significantly improves the cognitive deficit and social interaction behavior in AS mice. Simvastatin treatment also restores the reduced level of BDNF in AS mice brain. Finally, we demonstrate that the treatment of simvastatin to primary cortical neuronal culture prepared from AS mice embryo also rescues altered acetylation of histones H3 and H4 and the level of BDNF. These results suggest that simvastatin could be a promising drug for the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipendra Kumar
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Tripti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Naman Vatsa
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Jana
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, India.,School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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26
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Latimer CS, Burke BT, Liachko NF, Currey HN, Kilgore MD, Gibbons LE, Henriksen J, Darvas M, Domoto-Reilly K, Jayadev S, Grabowski TJ, Crane PK, Larson EB, Kraemer BC, Bird TD, Keene CD. Resistance and resilience to Alzheimer's disease pathology are associated with reduced cortical pTau and absence of limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy in a community-based cohort. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:91. [PMID: 31174609 PMCID: PMC6556006 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) is defined by progressive accumulation of β-amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) neurofibrillary tangles across diverse regions of brain. Non-demented individuals who reach advanced age without significant ADNC are considered to be resistant to AD, while those burdened with ADNC are considered to be resilient. Understanding mechanisms underlying ADNC resistance and resilience may provide important clues to treating and/or preventing AD associated dementia. ADNC criteria for resistance and resilience are not well-defined, so we developed stringent pathologic cutoffs for non-demented subjects to eliminate cases of borderline pathology. We identified 14 resistant (85+ years old, non-demented, Braak stage ≤ III, CERAD absent) and 7 resilient (non-demented, Braak stage VI, CERAD frequent) individuals out of 684 autopsies from the Adult Changes in Thought study, a long-standing community-based cohort. We matched each resistant or resilient subject to a subject with dementia and severe ADNC (Braak stage VI, CERAD frequent) by age, sex, year of death, and post-mortem interval. We expanded the neuropathologic evaluation to include quantitative approaches to assess neuropathology and found that resilient participants had lower neocortical pTau burden despite fulfilling criteria for Braak stage VI. Moreover, limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE-NC) was robustly associated with clinical dementia and was more prevalent in cases with high pTau burden, supporting the notion that resilience to ADNC may depend, in part, on resistance to pTDP-43 pathology. To probe for interactions between tau and TDP-43, we developed a C. elegans model of combined human (h) Tau and TDP-43 proteotoxicity, which exhibited a severe degenerative phenotype most compatible with a synergistic, rather than simply additive, interaction between hTau and hTDP-43 neurodegeneration. Pathways that underlie this synergy may present novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Latimer
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Bridget T Burke
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole F Liachko
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather N Currey
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mitchell D Kilgore
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Laura E Gibbons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan Henriksen
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | - Martin Darvas
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
| | | | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tom J Grabowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Deparment of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric B Larson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian C Kraemer
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA
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Pająk B, Kania E, Gołaszewska A, Orzechowski A. Preliminary Study on Clusterin Protein (sCLU) Expression in PC-12 Cells Overexpressing Wild-Type and Mutated (Swedish) AβPP genes Affected by Non-Steroid Isoprenoids and Water-Soluble Cholesterol. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1481. [PMID: 30909654 PMCID: PMC6470582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we attempted to verify the hypothesis that the mevalonate pathway affects amyloid beta precursor protein (AβPP) processing and regulates clusterin protein levels. AβPP expression was monitored by green fluorescence (FL) and Western blot (WB). WB showed soluble amyloid protein precursor alpha (sAβPPα) presence in AβPP-wt cells and Aβ expression in AβPP-sw cells. Nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated rat neuronal pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells were untreated/treated with statins alone or together with non-sterol isoprenoids. Co-treatment with mevalonate, dolichol, ubiquinol, farnesol, geranylgeraniol, or water-soluble cholesterol demonstrated statin-dependent neurotoxicity resulted from the attenuated activity of mevalonate pathway rather than lower cholesterol level. Atorvastatin (50 μM) or simvastatin (50 μM) as well as cholesterol chelator methyl-β-cyclodextrin (0.2 mM) diminished cell viability (p < 0.05) and clusterin levels. Interestingly, co-treatment with mevalonate, dolichol, ubiquinol, farnesol, geranylgeraniol, or water-soluble cholesterol stimulated (p < 0.05) clusterin expression. Effects of non-sterol isoprenoids, but not water soluble cholesterol (Chol-PEG), were the most significant in mock-transfected cells. Geranylgeraniol (GGOH) overcame atorvastatin (ATR)-dependent cytotoxicity. This effect does not seem to be dependent on clusterin, as its level became lower after GGOH. The novelty of these findings is that they show that the mevalonate (MEV) pathway rather than cholesterol itself plays an important role in clusterin expression levels. In mock-transfected, rather than in AβPP-overexpressing cells, GGOH/farnesol (FOH) exerted a protective effect. Thus, protein prenylation with GGOH/FOH might play substantial role in neuronal cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pająk
- Independent Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Kania
- Tumor Cell Death Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Anita Gołaszewska
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences ⁻ SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Orzechowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences ⁻ SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Wu H, Lv W, Pan Q, Kalavagunta PK, Liu Q, Qin G, Cai M, Zhou L, Wang T, Xia Z, Shang J. Simvastatin therapy in adolescent mice attenuates HFD-induced depression-like behavior by reducing hippocampal neuroinflammation. J Affect Disord 2019; 243:83-95. [PMID: 30236762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity/hyperlipidemia is accompanied by hormonal and neurochemical changes that can be associated with depression. Emerging studies indicate that simvastatin (SMV, decreasing cholesterol levels) has therapeutic effects on neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases through hippocampal-dependent function. However, the studies on the HFD exposure in adolescent animals, which investigate the neuroprotective effects of SMV on the hippocampal morphology, serotonin (5-HT) system and inflammation, are limited. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether SMV attenuates HFD-induced major depressive disorders in adolescent animals and, more specifically, acts as an anti-neuroinflammatory response. METHODS Twenty-four male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control (n = 8), HFD (n = 8) and HFD + SMV (n = 8) for 14 weeks. In HFD + SMV group, SMV (10 mg/kg) was administrated from the 10th week of HFD feeding. The open field test (OFT) and the tail suspension test (TST) were used to examine the effect of SMV on behavioral performance. HE and Nissl staining were conducted to detect hippocampal morphology and neural survival. Expression of the inflammatory cytokine genes was assayed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). RESULTS Firstly, alterations in lipid parameters were minimized after SMV treatment. HFD-induced depression-like behavior, which was evidenced by an increase in immobility time in TST along with considerable decrease in locomotion activity, was significantly attenuated by SMV therapy for 4 weeks. Additionally, SMV could reduce HFD-induced structural abnormality, neuronal injury, serotonergic system disturbance and pro-inflammatory cytokine over-expression in the hippocampus. Neuroimmunological changes in central hippocampus displayed a similar characteristic (only IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) with that in periphery spleen, whereas they appeared in an entirely opposite trend with that in cerebral cortex. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that SMV may be a promising treatment for HFD-induced depression-like behavior during adolescent period through brain region-specific neuroninflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenting Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Praveen Kumar Kalavagunta
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qiongzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Guohong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Minxuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Liangliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhenjiang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Abstract
Population-based clinic-pathological studies have established that the most common pathological substrate of dementia in community-dwelling elderly people is mixed, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular ischemic disease (CVID), rather than pure AD. While these could be just two frequent unrelated comorbidities in the elderly, epidemiological research has reinforced the idea that mid-life (age <65 years) vascular risk factors increase the risk of late-onset (age ≥ 65 years) dementia, and specifically AD. By contrast, healthy lifestyle choices such as leisure activities, physical exercise, and Mediterranean diet are considered protective against AD. Remarkably, several large population-based longitudinal epidemiological studies have recently indicated that the incidence and prevalence of dementia might be decreasing in Western countries. Although it remains unclear whether these positive trends are attributable to neuropathologically definite AD versus CVID, based on these epidemiological data it has been estimated that a sizable proportion of AD cases could be preventable. In this review, we discuss the current evidence about modifiable risk factors for AD derived from epidemiological, preclinical, and interventional studies, and analyze the opportunities for therapeutic and preventative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H. Growdon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Schultz JL, Nopoulos PC, Killoran A, Kamholz JA. Statin use and delayed onset of Huntington's disease. Mov Disord 2018; 34:281-285. [PMID: 30576007 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence to suggest that 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) may be beneficial in Huntington's disease (HD). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if statin use was associated with delayed motor diagnosis in participants with premotor HD. METHODS Among premotor HD participants from the Enroll-HD database, statin users were propensity score matched with statin nonusers based on cytosine-adenine-guanine-age product score, cytosine-adenine-guanine repeat length, baseline age, sex, and region. A Cox regression survival analysis compared the annualized hazard ratio (HR) of receiving a motor diagnosis between the 2 groups. RESULTS The annualized HR of progressing to an HD motor diagnosis was lower in the statin users (n = 89) when compared with the statin nonusers (n = 89; HR = 0.27 [95% CI 0.18-0.50], P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with premotor HD, statin use was associated with a delayed motor diagnosis of HD. Further studies are warranted to investigate if statins would be an effective disease-modifying therapy for HD. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Care, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Peg C Nopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Stead Family Department of Pediatrics at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Annie Killoran
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Veteran's Affair Medical Center of Iowa City, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John A Kamholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Shakour N, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Barreto GE, Hadizadeh F, Sahebkar A. In silico evidence of direct interaction between statins and β‐amyloid. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4710-4715. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Shakour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - George E. Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá Colombia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Farzin Hadizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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Use of statins and the risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5804. [PMID: 29643479 PMCID: PMC5895617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether the use of statins could be associated with the risk of all-caused dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Major electronic databases were searched until December 27th, 2017 for studies investigating use of statins and incident cognitive decline in adults. Random-effects meta-analyses calculating relative risks (RRs) were conducted to synthesize effect sizes of individual studies. Twenty-five studies met eligibility criteria. Use of statins was significantly associated with a reduced risk of all-caused dementia (k = 16 studies, adjusted RR (aRR) = 0.849, 95% CI = 0.787–0.916, p = 0.000), AD (k = 14, aRR = 0.719, 95% CI = 0.576–0.899, p = 0.004), and MCI (k = 6, aRR = 0.737, 95% CI = 0.556–0.976, p = 0.033), but no meaningful effects on incident VaD (k = 3, aRR = 1.012, 95% CI = 0.620–1.652, p = 0.961). Subgroup analysis suggested that hydrophilic statins were associated with reduced risk of all-caused dementia (aRR = 0.877; CI = 0.818–0.940; p = 0.000) and possibly lower AD risk (aRR = 0.619; CI = 0.383–1.000; p = 0.050). Lipophilic statins were associated with reduced risk of AD (aRR = 0.639; CI = 0.449–0.908; p = 0.013) but not all-caused dementia (aRR = 0.738; CI = 0.475–1.146; p = 0.176). In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests that the use of statins may reduce the risk of all-type dementia, AD, and MCI, but not of incident VaD.
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Pelleieux S, Picard C, Lamarre-Théroux L, Dea D, Leduc V, Tsantrizos YS, Poirier J. Isoprenoids and tau pathology in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 65:132-139. [PMID: 29476987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway has been described to play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) physiopathology. Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are nonsterol isoprenoids derived from mevalonate, which serve as precursors to numerous human metabolites. They facilitate protein prenylation; hFPP and hGGPP synthases act as gateway enzymes to the prenylation of the small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ase proteins such as RhoA and cdc42 that have been shown to facilitate phospho-tau (p-Tau, i.e., protein tau phosphorylated) production in the brain. In this study, a significant positive correlation was observed between the synthases mRNA prevalence and disease status (FPPS, p < 0.001, n = 123; GGPPS, p < 0.001, n = 122). The levels of mRNA for hFPPS and hGGPPS were found to significantly correlate with the amount of p-Tau protein levels (p < 0.05, n = 34) and neurofibrillary tangle density (p < 0.05, n = 39) in the frontal cortex. Interestingly, high levels of hFPPS and hGGPPS mRNA prevalence are associated with earlier age of onset in AD (p < 0.05, n = 58). Together, these results suggest that accumulation of p-Tau in the AD brain is related, at least in part, to increased levels of neuronal isoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pelleieux
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cynthia Picard
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Doris Dea
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Valérie Leduc
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Youla S Tsantrizos
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Judes Poirier
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Center for Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Ramanan VK, Przybelski SA, Graff-Radford J, Castillo AM, Lowe VJ, Mielke MM, Roberts RO, Reid RI, Knopman DS, Jack CR, Petersen RC, Vemuri P. Statins and Brain Health: Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebrovascular Disease Biomarkers in Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:1345-1352. [PMID: 30149450 PMCID: PMC6260813 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins have been proposed to reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE Assess whether long-term statin use was associated with neuroimaging biomarkers of aging and dementia. METHODS Methods: We analyzed neuroimaging biomarkers in 1,160 individuals aged 65+ from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging, a population-based prospective longitudinal study of cognitive aging. RESULTS Statin-treated (5+ years of therapy) individuals had greater burden of mid-and late-life cardiovascular disease (p < 0.001) than statin-untreated (≤3 months) individuals. Lower fractional anisotropy in the genu of the corpus callosum, an early marker of cerebrovascular disease, was associated with long-term statin exposure (p < 0.035). No significant associations were identified between long-term statin exposure and cerebral amyloid or tau burden, AD pattern neurodegeneration, or white matter hyperintensity burden. CONCLUSIONS Long-term statin therapy was not associated with differences in AD biomarkers. Individuals with long-term statin exposure had worse white matter integrity in the genu of the corpus callosum, consistent with the coexistence of higher cerebrovascular risk factor burden in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Ramanan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Scott A. Przybelski
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | | | - Anna M. Castillo
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Val J. Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Rosebud O. Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Robert I. Reid
- Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - David S. Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Clifford R. Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Ronald C. Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vemuri
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
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Vemuri P, Lesnick TG, Przybelski SA, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Graff-Radford J, Roberts RO, Mielke MM, Machulda MM, Petersen RC, Jack CR. Age, vascular health, and Alzheimer disease biomarkers in an elderly sample. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:706-718. [PMID: 29023983 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between age, vascular health, and Alzheimer disease (AD) imaging biomarkers in an elderly sample. METHODS We identified 430 individuals along the cognitive continuum aged >60 years with amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), tau PET, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from the population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. A subset of 329 individuals had fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET. We ascertained presently existing cardiovascular and metabolic conditions (CMC) from health care records and used the summation of presence/absence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and stroke as a surrogate for vascular health. We used global amyloid from Pittsburgh compound B PET, entorhinal cortex tau uptake (ERC-tau) from tau-PET, and neurodegeneration in AD signature regions from MRI and FDG-PET as surrogates for AD pathophysiology. We dichotomized participants into CMC = 0 (CMC- ) versus CMC > 0 (CMC+ ) and tested for age-adjusted group differences in AD biomarkers. Using structural equation models (SEMs), we assessed the impact of vascular health on AD biomarker cascade (amyloid leads to tau leads to neurodegeneration) after considering the direct and indirect age, sex, and apolipoprotein E effects. RESULTS CMC+ participants had significantly greater neurodegeneration than CMC- participants but did not differ by amyloid or ERC-tau. The SEMs showed that (1) vascular health had a significant direct and indirect impact on neurodegeneration but not on amyloid; and (2) vascular health, specifically the presence of hyperlipidemia, had a significant direct impact on ERC-tau. INTERPRETATION Vascular health had quantifiably greater impact on neurodegeneration in AD regions than on amyloid deposition. Longitudinal studies are warranted to clarify the relationship between tau deposition and vascular health. Ann Neurol 2017;82:706-718.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Li G, Mayer CL, Morelli D, Millard SP, Raskind WH, Petrie EC, Cherrier M, Fagan AM, Raskind MA, Peskind ER. Effect of simvastatin on CSF Alzheimer disease biomarkers in cognitively normal adults. Neurology 2017; 89:1251-1255. [PMID: 28821686 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine potential disease-modifying effects of statin drugs, we conducted a 12-month randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of simvastatin in cognitively normal adults using change in CSF Alzheimer disease biomarkers as primary outcome measure. METHODS Participants were 45-64 years old and statin-naive with normal cognition and normal or mildly elevated cholesterol. Forty-six participants completed the 1-year study per protocol (25 in the simvastatin and 21 in the placebo group). Simvastatin was titrated to 40 mg/d. CSF Aβ42, total tau, and p-tau181 were measured at baseline and after 12 months of treatment using the INNO-BIA AlzBio3 assay. We used analysis of covariance to assess differences in biomarker change from baseline between treatment groups, adjusting for age, sex, and APOE ε4 status. RESULTS Changes from baseline did not differ significantly between treatment groups for any CSF biomarker, with p values of 0.53, 0.36, and 0.25 for CSF Aβ42, total tau, and p-tau181, respectively. There was no significant modifying effect of sex, APOE ε4, or baseline high-density lipoprotein or triglycerides on treatment group for any of the biomarkers (all p > 0.18). However, a significant interaction between treatment group and baseline low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was observed for p-tau181 (p = 0.003), where greater decreases from baseline in CSF p-tau181 concentrations were associated with higher baseline LDL level for the simvastatin group. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin-related reductions in CSF p-tau181 concentrations may be modulated by LDL cholesterol. The potential disease-modifying effects of simvastatin on CSF phospho-tau should be further investigated in persons with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO.
| | - Cynthia L Mayer
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Morelli
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Steven P Millard
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Wendy H Raskind
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Eric C Petrie
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Monique Cherrier
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Anne M Fagan
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Murray A Raskind
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- From the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., W.H.R.) and Northwest Network (VISN-20) Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (G.L., C.L.M., D.M., S.P.M., E.C.P., M.A.R., E.R.P.), Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System; Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (G.L., E.C.P., M.C., M.A.R., E.R.P.) and Medicine (W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Neurology (A.M.F.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO
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Saeedi Saravi SS, Saeedi Saravi SS, Arefidoust A, Dehpour AR. The beneficial effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in the processes of neurodegeneration. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:949-965. [PMID: 28578514 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins, cholesterol lowering drugs, have been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects in other conditions such as primary and progressing neurodegenerative diseases beyond their original role. Observation that statins ameliorate the neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and cerebral ischemic stroke, the neuroprotective effects of these drugs are thought to be linked to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-excitotoxic properties. Despite the voluminous literature on the clinical advantages of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-enzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors (statins) in cardiovascular system, the neuroprotective effects and the underlying mechanisms are little understood. Hence, the present review tries to provide a critical overview on the statin-induced neuroprotection, which are presumed to be associated with the ability to reduce cholesterol, Amyloid-β and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels, decrease reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) formation, inhibit excitotoxicity, modulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and increase cerebral blood perfusion. This review is also aimed to illustrate that statins protect neurons against the neuro-inflammatory processes through balancing pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ultimately, the beneficial role of statins in ameliorating the development of PD, AD, MS and cerebral ischemic stroke has been separately reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Sobhan Saeedi Saravi
- Department of Toxicology-Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Arefidoust
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Roy S, Weinstock JL, Ishino AS, Benites JF, Pop SR, Perez CD, Gumbs EA, Rosenbaum JA, Roccato MK, Shah H, Contino G, Hunter K. Association of Cognitive Impairment in Patients on 3-Hydroxy-3-Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9:638-649. [PMID: 28611866 PMCID: PMC5458663 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3066w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States. A reduction in cholesterol with 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statin) significantly reduces mortality and morbidity. Statins may be associated with cognitive impairment or dementia. Our aim was to study the association of cognitive impairment or dementia in patients who were on a statin. METHODS Electronic medical records of 3,500 adult patients in our suburban internal medicine office were reviewed. RESULTS There were 720 (20.6%) patients in the statin treatment group. Dementia or cognitive impairment was an associated comorbid condition in 7.9% patients in the statin treatment group compared to 3.1% patients in the non-statin group (P < 0.001). Analysis of all of the patients with cognitive impairment or dementia showed that among the age ranges of 51 years through 100 years, the patients in the statin treatment group had a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment or dementia compared to the non-statin group. In the statin treatment group, we found significantly higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia (86.3%), hypertension (69.6%), diabetes mellitus (36.0%), osteoarthritis (31.5%), coronary artery disease (26.1%), hypothyroidism (21.5%) and depression (19.3%) compared to the non-statin group (P < 0.001). About 39.9% of the patients with dementia or cognitive impairment were on statin therapy compared to 18.9% patients who had no dementia or cognitive impairment and were on statin therapy (P < 0.001). Among the patients with cognitive deficit or dementia in the statin treatment group, the majority of the patients were either on atorvastatin (43.9%) or simvastatin (35.1%), followed by rosuvastatin (12.2%) and pravastatin (8.8%). We found greater odds of dementia or cognitive impairment with each year increase in age (1.3 times), in women (2.2 times), African American race (2.7 times), non-consumption of moderate amount of alcohol (two times), diabetes mellitus (1.6 times), hypothyroidism (1.7 times), cerebrovascular accident (3.2 times), and other rheumatological diseases (1.8 times). CONCLUSIONS The association of dementia or cognitive impairment was significantly higher in the patients who were on statin therapy compared to the patients who were not on a statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Roy
- Department of Medicine, Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hely Shah
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Krystal Hunter
- Cooper Research Institute, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Theobald RJ. Role of centrally active cardiovascular agents in cognitive disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 33:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Santos CY, Snyder PJ, Wu WC, Zhang M, Echeverria A, Alber J. Pathophysiologic relationship between Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular risk: A review and synthesis. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 7:69-87. [PMID: 28275702 PMCID: PMC5328683 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages due to demographic trends and gains in life expectancy, the incidence and prevalence of dementia increases, and the need to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of dementia becomes ever more urgent. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a complex disease, the mechanisms of which are poorly understood. The more we learn about AD, the more questions are raised about our current conceptual models of disease. In the absence of a cure or the means by which to slow disease progress, it may be prudent to apply our current knowledge of the intersection between AD, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease to foster efforts to delay or slow the onset of AD. This review discusses our current understanding of the epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of AD, the intersection between AD and vascular causes of dementia, and proposes future directions for research and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Y. Santos
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Peter J. Snyder
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wen-Chih Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mia Zhang
- Griffith University School of Medicine, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ana Echeverria
- University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Jessica Alber
- Lifespan Clinical Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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41
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Lam V, Hackett M, Takechi R. Antioxidants and Dementia Risk: Consideration through a Cerebrovascular Perspective. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8120828. [PMID: 27999412 PMCID: PMC5188481 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of natural and chemical compounds that exert anti-oxidative properties are demonstrated to be beneficial for brain and cognitive function, and some are reported to reduce the risk of dementia. However, the detailed mechanisms by which those anti-oxidative compounds show positive effects on cognition and dementia are still unclear. An emerging body of evidence suggests that the integrity of the cerebrovascular blood-brain barrier (BBB) is centrally involved in the onset and progression of cognitive impairment and dementia. While recent studies revealed that some anti-oxidative agents appear to be protective against the disruption of BBB integrity and structure, few studies considered the neuroprotective effects of antioxidants in the context of cerebrovascular integrity. Therefore, in this review, we examine the mechanistic insights of antioxidants as a pleiotropic agent for cognitive impairment and dementia through a cerebrovascular axis by primarily focusing on the current available data from physiological studies. Conclusively, there is a compelling body of evidence that suggest antioxidants may prevent cognitive decline and dementia by protecting the integrity and function of BBB and, indeed, further studies are needed to directly examine these effects in addition to underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Mark Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Ryusuke Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth WA 6845, Australia.
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Crane PK, Walker RL, Sonnen J, Gibbons LE, Melrose R, Hassenstab J, Keene CD, Postupna N, Montine TJ, Larson EB. Glucose levels during life and neuropathologic findings at autopsy among people never treated for diabetes. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 48:72-82. [PMID: 27644076 PMCID: PMC5441884 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated associations between glucose and dementia-related neuropathologic findings among people without diabetes treatment history to elucidate mechanisms of glucose's potential effect on dementia. We used glucose and hemoglobin A1c values to characterize glucose exposures over 5 years before death (primary) and age bands from 55-59 through 80-84 (secondary). Autopsy evaluations included Braak stage for neurofibrillary tangles, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease grade for neuritic plaques, macroscopic infarcts including lacunar infarcts, Lewy bodies, cerebral microinfarcts, and hippocampal sclerosis. Of 529 who came to autopsy, we included 430 with no history of diabetes treatment. We found no associations between glucose levels and Braak stage or Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease grade. There was a suggestion of a relationship between glucose and hippocampal sclerosis, although this was inconsistent across analyses. There was higher risk of Lewy bodies in substantia nigra and locus ceruleus with higher glucose levels in age band analyses. We did not find interactions between glucose levels, neuropathologic findings, and dementia. The mechanism by which glucose may impact dementia risk is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul K Crane
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Rod L Walker
- Group Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua Sonnen
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Laura E Gibbons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca Melrose
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason Hassenstab
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadia Postupna
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Colin J, Gregory-Pauron L, Lanhers MC, Claudepierre T, Corbier C, Yen FT, Malaplate-Armand C, Oster T. Membrane raft domains and remodeling in aging brain. Biochimie 2016; 130:178-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The issue of statin-associated cognitive impairment has been a hot topic among both patients and health care providers, especially since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a statement regarding rare postmarketing reports of ill-defined cognitive impairment associated with statin use. This statement was based on case reports, and no objective measures of cognitive function were used. Nevertheless, many patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease have expressed concerns about possible cognitive decline and may have opted to forgo statin therapy. In this overview, the evidence leading to the statement by the FDA is reviewed. Potential mechanisms of the effect of LDL cholesterol reduction and statin therapy on cognition are discussed. Evidence from observational and prospective randomized trials is summarized, leading to the conclusion that as for now, there is no good evidence that statins cause cognitive impairment to a significant degree. Reported cases seem to be rare, and a causal relationship has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bitzur
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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45
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Löffler T, Schweinzer C, Flunkert S, Sántha M, Windisch M, Steyrer E, Hutter-Paier B. Brain cortical cholesterol metabolism is highly affected by human APP overexpression in mice. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 74:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
Lifestyle factors in midlife have an important influence on the risk of developing a neurodegenerative disease during later life. Data on lifestyle factors exist for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Continuous physical and cognitive activity, a balanced or Mediterranean diet with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, the pharmacological treatment of arterial hypertension, sufficient and unfragmented sleep and possibly treatment with lipophilic statins reduce the risk of developing dementia later in life. Several studies in recent years have provided evidence that during the last decades the age-adjusted incidence of dementia has decreased. This is probably due to a healthier lifestyle and the treatment of risk factors. Continuous physical activity also decreases the likelihood of developing Parkinson's disease. Whether lifestyle factors also have an influence on the course and the progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases in the symptomatic stages is unknown.
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Eger GA, Ferreira VV, Batista CR, Bonde HL, de Lima DD, Rodrigues AF, da Cruz JGP, Magro DDD. Acute Administration of Diazepam Provokes Redox Homeostasis Imbalance in the Rat Brain: Prevention by Simvastatin. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 30:506-512. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme André Eger
- Department of Medicine; Regional University of Blumenau; Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140 Blumenau SC Brazil
| | - Vinícius Vialle Ferreira
- Department of Medicine; Regional University of Blumenau; Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140 Blumenau SC Brazil
| | - Camila Ribeiro Batista
- Department of Medicine; Regional University of Blumenau; Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140 Blumenau SC Brazil
| | - Henrique LuisPetrek Bonde
- Department of Medicine; Regional University of Blumenau; Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140 Blumenau SC Brazil
| | - Daniela Delwing de Lima
- Department of Medicine, University of Joinville Region; Campus Universitário; Bairro Bom Retiro Joinville SC Brazil
| | - André Felipe Rodrigues
- Department of Natural Sciences; Regional University of Blumenau; Rua Antônio da Veiga Blumenau SC Brazil
| | | | - Débora Delwing Dal Magro
- Department of Natural Sciences; Regional University of Blumenau; Rua Antônio da Veiga Blumenau SC Brazil
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48
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Membrane Lipids in Presynaptic Function and Disease. Neuron 2016; 90:11-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Hamel E, Royea J, Ongali B, Tong XK. Neurovascular and Cognitive failure in Alzheimer’s Disease: Benefits of Cardiovascular Therapy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 36:219-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Glimepiride protects neurons against amyloid-β-induced synapse damage. Neuropharmacology 2016; 101:225-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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