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Güleç A, Türkoğlu S, Kocabaş R. The relationship between sphingomyelin and ceramide levels and soft neurological signs in ADHD. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2024:10.1007/s00702-024-02831-w. [PMID: 39249516 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-024-02831-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, has recently been associated with lipid metabolism. In particular, the roles of sphingomyelin, ceramide, andgalactosylceramidase in the pathophysiology of ADHD are being investigated. This study aims to explore the relationship between sphingolipid metabolism markers and soft neurological signs (SNS) in children diagnosed with ADHD who are not undergoing medication treatment. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 41 children and adolescents aged 7-12 years diagnosed with ADHD and 39 neurotypically developing controls. Plasma levels of ceramide, sphingomyelin, and galactosylceramidase were measuredusing Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). SNS were assessed using the Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft Signs (PANESS). Statistical analyses included Student's t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Multivariate Analysis ofCovariance (MANCOVA), along with logistic regression analysis. Plasma levels of ceramide and sphingomyelin in children with ADHD showed significant differences compared to the neurotypically developing control group; however, there were no significant differences in galactosylceramidase levels between the two groups. Positive correlations were found between plasma levels of ceramide and sphingomyelin and the PANESS subscales F1 (Total Gait and Station) and F3 (Total Dysrhythmia). Additionally, logistic regression analysis indicated that high ceramide levels were positively associated with ADHD. This study underscores a significant association between alterations in sphingolipid metabolism (specifically increased levels of ceramide and sphingomyelin) and the presence of SNS in children with ADHD. These findings elucidate the potential role of sphingolipid metabolism in the pathophysiology of ADHD and provide suggestions for future therapeutic research targeting sphingolipid metabolism in the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Güleç
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 209th Sk. No:26, 10100 Altıeylül/Balıkesir -Balıkesir Ataturk City Hospital, Gaziosmanpasa, Turkey.
| | - Serhat Türkoğlu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University Rectorate, Alaeddin Keykubat Campus, Academia District, New Istanbul Street No: 369, Selçuklu-Konya, Postal Code: 42130, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Kocabaş
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Selçuk University Rectorate, Alaeddin Keykubat Campus, Academia District, New Istanbul Street No: 369, Selçuklu-Konya, Postal Code: 42130, Turkey
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2
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Rice LC, Rochowiak RN, Plotkin MR, Rosch KS, Mostofsky SH, Crocetti D. Sex Differences and Behavioral Associations with Typically Developing Pediatric Regional Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:589-600. [PMID: 37382829 PMCID: PMC10986327 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum contributes to motor and higher-order control throughout neurodevelopment, with marked growth during childhood. Few studies have investigated differential associations of cerebellar morphometry with function in males and females. The present study examines sex differences in regional cerebellar gray matter volume (GMV) and the moderating effect of sex on the relationship between GMV and motor, cognitive, and emotional functions in a large cohort of typically developing (TD) children. Participants included 371 TD children (123 females, age 8-12 years). A convolutional neural network-based approach was employed for cerebellar parcellation. Volumes were harmonized using ComBat to adjust for hardware-induced variations. Regression analyses examined the effect of sex on GMV and whether sex moderated the relationship between GMV and motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. Males showed larger GMV in right lobules I-V, bilateral lobules VI, crus II/VIIb, and VIII, left lobule X, and vermis regions I-V and VIII-X. Greater motor function correlated with less vermis VI-VII GMV in females. Greater cognitive function correlated with greater left lobule VI GMV in females and less left lobule VI GMV in males. Finally, greater internalizing symptoms correlated with greater bilateral lobule IX GMV in females but less in males. These findings reveal sexually dimorphic patterns of cerebellar structure and associations with motor, cognitive, and emotional functions. Males generally show larger GMV than females. Larger GMV was associated with better cognitive functioning for females and better motor/emotional functioning for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Rice
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rebecca N Rochowiak
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Micah R Plotkin
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 716 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Wang Y, Ma L, Wang J, Liu N, Men W, Tan S, Gao JH, Qin S, He Y, Dong Q, Tao S. Association of emotional and behavioral problems with the development of the substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and red nucleus volumes and asymmetries from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal cohort study. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:117. [PMID: 38403656 PMCID: PMC10894865 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The substantia nigra (SN), subthalamic nucleus (STN), and red nucleus (RN) have been widely studied as important biomarkers of degenerative diseases. However, how they develop in childhood and adolescence and are affected by emotional behavior has not been studied thus far. This population-based longitudinal cohort study used data from a representative sample followed two to five times. Emotional and behavioral problems were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Linear mixed models were used to map developmental trajectories and behavioral regulation. Using an innovative automated image segmentation technique, we quantified the volumes and asymmetries of the SN, STN and RN with 1226 MRI scans of a large longitudinal sample of 667 subjects aged 6-15 years and mapped their developmental trajectories. The results showed that the absolute and relative volumes of the bilateral SN and right STN showed linear increases, while the absolute volume of the right RN and relative volume of the bilateral RN decreased linearly, these effects were not affected by gender. Hyperactivity/inattention weakened the increase in SN volume and reduced the absolute volume of the STN, conduct problems impeded the RN volume from decreasing, and emotional symptoms changed the direction of SN lateralization. This longitudinal cohort study mapped the developmental trajectories of SN, STN, and RN volumes and asymmetries from childhood to adolescence, and found the association of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, and hyperactivity/inattention with these trajectories, providing guidance for preventing and intervening in cognitive and emotional behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Leilei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ningyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Weiwei Men
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuping Tan
- Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing HuiLongGuan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100096, China
| | - Jia-Hong Gao
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Sha Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Tascioglu EN, Karademir S, Kara K, Tonak HA, Kara OK. Effectiveness of Power Exercises Compared to Traditional Strength Exercises on Motor Skills, Muscle Performance and Functional Muscle Strength of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Dev Neurorehabil 2024; 27:17-26. [PMID: 38650431 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2024.2345335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the impact of 8-weeks of power exercises compared to traditional strength exercises on motor abilities, muscle performance, and functional strength in children with ADHD. A total of 34 children with ADHD were randomized into two groups to receive functional power training (n = 17, M age: 121.2 ± 16.6 months) and traditional strength training (n = 17, M age: 116.1 ± 13.4 months). After the 8-week intervention, two-way ANOVA results with 95% confidence intervals showed no differences between the groups in motor skills, muscle power, or functional muscle strength. However, the functional power training group had larger effect sizes and greater increases in total motor composite score (10% vs 7%), body coordination (13.8% vs 4.9%) and bilateral coordination (38.8% vs 27.9%) than the traditional strength training group. The power training group also exhibited catch-up growth with typically developing peers. These findings suggest that power exercises may be more effective than strength exercises for rapid force generation in daily life, particularly for children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koray Kara
- University of Health Sciences, Antalya, Turkey
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Peterson RK, Duvall P, Crocetti D, Palin T, Robinson J, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. ADHD-related sex differences in frontal lobe white matter microstructure and associations with response control under conditions of varying cognitive load and motivational contingencies. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:674-688. [PMID: 37676408 PMCID: PMC11059212 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00795-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrate reduced response inhibition, increased response time variability, and atypical frontal lobe white matter microstructure with emerging evidence of sex differences. This study aims to examine whether frontal lobe white matter microstructure is differentially impacted in ADHD by sex and whether this relates to Go/No-Go (GNG) task performance. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) from 187 children (8-12 years), including ADHD (n = 94) and typically developing controls (TD; n = 93). Participants completed three GNG tasks with varying cognitive demands and incentives (standard, cognitive, and motivational). Fractional anisotropy (FA) was examined as an index of white matter microstructure within bilateral frontal lobe regions of interest. Children with ADHD showed reduced FA in primary motor (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) regardless of sex. Sex-based dissociation for the effect of diagnosis was observed in medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), with higher FA in girls with ADHD and lower FA in boys with ADHD. Both diagnosis and sex contributed to performance on measures of response inhibition and reaction time (RT) variability, with all children with ADHD demonstrating poorer performance on all GNG tasks, but boys with ADHD demonstrating more impulsivity on standard and motivational behavioral paradigms compared to girls with ADHD. Analyses revealed associations between reduced FA in M1, SMA, and mOFC and increased response inhibition and RT variability with some sex-based differences. These findings provide novel insights regarding the brain basis of ADHD and associated impairments in response inhibition and RT variability, and contribute to our understanding of sexual dimorphic behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Peterson
- Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 E. Fairmount Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Philip Duvall
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deana Crocetti
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tara Palin
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Robinson
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Neuropsychology Department, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 E. Fairmount Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Svingos AM, Hamner T, Huntington KB, Chen HW, Sweeney KL, Ellis-Stockley M, Denckla MB, Kalb LG, Slomine BS, Suskauer SJ. Inter-rater Reliability of the Revised Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs (PANESS) scored using video review. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:922-933. [PMID: 36356051 PMCID: PMC10201406 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2140797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs (PANESS) is a brief neuromotor exam designed for use in children. This study examined the inter-rater reliability of PANESS scoring using video review in 23 typically developing youth, aged 10-18 years, who were either never-concussed or evaluated following clinical recovery from concussion. Moderate to excellent inter-rater reliability was identified across PANESS subscores and total score. The strongest inter-rater reliability was observed for the Timed Motor portion of the PANESS (ICCs >.90) suggesting that this section in particular may be a strong candidate for video-based scoring or telehealth administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Svingos
- Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martha B Denckla
- Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | - Beth S Slomine
- Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Sex Differences in Substance Use, Prevalence, Pharmacological Therapy, and Mental Health in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050590. [PMID: 35624977 PMCID: PMC9139081 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences are poorly studied within the field of mental health, even though there is evidence of disparities (with respect to brain anatomy, activation patterns, and neurochemistry, etc.) that can significantly influence the etiology and course of mental disorders. The objective of this work was to review sex differences in adolescents (aged 13–18 years) diagnosed with ADHD (according to the DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 criteria) in terms of substance use disorder (SUD), prevalence, pharmacological therapy and mental health. We searched three academic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) and performed a narrative review of a total of 21 articles. The main conclusions of this research were (1) girls with ADHD are more at risk of substance use than boys, although there was no consensus on the prevalence of dual disorders; (2) girls are less frequently treated because of underdiagnosis and because they are more often inattentive and thereby show less disruptive behavior; (3) together with increased impairment in cognitive and executive functioning in girls, the aforementioned could be related to greater substance use and poorer functioning, especially in terms of more self-injurious behavior; and (4) early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, especially in adolescent girls, is essential to prevent early substance use, the development of SUD, and suicidal behavior.
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Nikolaidis A, He X, Pekar J, Rosch K, Mostofsky SH. Frontal corticostriatal functional connectivity reveals task positive and negative network dysregulation in relation to ADHD, sex, and inhibitory control. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 54:101101. [PMID: 35338900 PMCID: PMC8956922 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal corticostriatal circuits (FCSC) are involved in self-regulation of cognition, emotion, and motor function. While these circuits are implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the literature establishing FCSC associations with ADHD is inconsistent. This may be due to study variability in considerations of how fMRI motion regression was handled between groups, or study specific differences in age, sex, or the striatal subregions under investigation. Given the importance of these domains in ADHD it is crucial to consider the complex interactions of age, sex, striatal subregions and FCSC in ADHD presentation and diagnosis. In this large-scale study of 362 8-12 year-old children with ADHD (n = 165) and typically developing (TD; n = 197) children, we investigate associations between FCSC with ADHD diagnosis and symptoms, sex, and go/no-go (GNG) task performance. Results include: (1) increased striatal connectivity with age across striatal subregions with most of the frontal cortex, (2) increased frontal-limbic striatum connectivity among boys with ADHD only, mostly in default mode network (DMN) regions not associated with age, and (3) increased frontal-motor striatum connectivity to regions of the DMN were associated with greater parent-rated inattention problems, particularly among the ADHD group. Although diagnostic group differences were no longer significant when strictly controlling for head motion, with motion possibly reflecting the phenotypic variance of ADHD itself, the spatial distribution of all symptom, age, sex, and other ADHD group effects were nearly identical to the initial results. These results demonstrate differential associations of FCSC between striatal subregions with the DMN and FPN in relation to age, ADHD, sex, and inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Nikolaidis
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, USA.
| | - Xiaoning He
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, USA
| | - James Pekar
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; F.M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Keri Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presence of excessive mirror overflow in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is discussed in numerous published reports. These reports, however, include a limited age range in their samples. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of diagnosis and sex on mirror overflow and standard deviation (SD) of tap time in children with and without ADHD across a larger age range (5-12 years) of children. METHODS One-hundred and forty-eight children with ADHD and 112 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children completed a finger sequencing task. Mirror overflow, SD of tap time, and mean tap time were measured using finger twitch transducers. RESULTS Results reveal a significant diagnostic effect on mirror overflow such that boys and girls with ADHD demonstrate increased overflow compared to same-sex TD children. Boys with ADHD demonstrated more variable tap times compared to TD boys; no diagnostic effect was observed in the girls. CONCLUSIONS Boys with ADHD exhibit anomalous motor variability; girls with ADHD show similar levels of variability as TD girls. Boys and girls with ADHD exhibit similar levels of excessive mirror overflow. This lack of sex differences on mirror overflow is distinct from reports finding sex effects on overflow and could result from an examination of a broader age range than is included in prior reports. Adolescent data would provide a greater understanding of the trajectory of anomalous mirror overflow across development. Examination of functional and structural connectivity would expand the current understanding of the neurobiological foundation of motor overflow.
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Carucci S, Narducci C, Bazzoni M, Balia C, Donno F, Gagliano A, Zuddas A. Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging findings, and neuropsychological functioning in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Sex differences. J Neurosci Res 2022; 101:704-717. [PMID: 35293009 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies, in both children/adolescents and adults, have shown the extreme neuropsychological heterogeneity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): specific neuropsychological deficits have been found only in a minority of individuals, with no direct correlation between discrete cognitive performances and the trajectory of clinical symptoms. Deficits in specific neuropsychological functions may be common in ADHD, but nevertheless no cognitive or neuropsychological profile may fully explain the disorder. Sex differences in the ADHD presentation, both at a neuropsychological and clinical level, also contribute to this clinical and neuropsychological heterogeneity. At a neuropsychological level, females with ADHD may show greater working memory problems, poorer vocabulary skills and worse visual spatial reasoning. Structural and functional imaging study also show discrete differences across sex; however, the great majority of clinical studies mainly or exclusively include male participants with insufficient data to draw firm conclusions on sex differences within the disorder. Here, we report the recent literature data, discussing still open research questions about the clinical presentation, neuroimaging findings, and neuropsychological functioning in ADHD with a focus on the impact of sex differences-a deeper insight in these unresolved issues may have relevant clinical and therapeutic implications for tailored, effective, and long-lasting interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Chiara Narducci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marzia Bazzoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Balia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Donno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Child & Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, "A.Cao" Paediatric Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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Fietsam AC, Tucker JR, Kamath MS, Huang-Pollock C, Wang Z, Neely KA. Manual dexterity and strength and in young adults with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Neurosci Lett 2022; 766:136349. [PMID: 34785312 PMCID: PMC9578534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Manual motor deficits are common in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, it is unclear whether these impairments persist into adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine manual dexterity and strength in young adults with ADHD aged 18-25 years. Sixty-one individuals with confirmed ADHD and 56 adults without ADHD completed Purdue Pegboard tasks for manual dexterity and maximal hand- and pinch-grip tests for strength. In the Purdue Pegboard task, participants placed pins using the right, left, and both-hands, respectively. In addition, participants built assemblies using pins, washers, and collars with alternating hand movements. The results demonstrated that women without ADHD out-performed the other three groups in the right-hand, bimanual, and assembly PPB tasks. Both maximal hand strength tests demonstrated that men were stronger than women, but no differences were observed between adults with and without ADHD. The current findings suggest that adults with ADHD may have deficits in manual dexterity and tasks requiring bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, FL, United States
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12
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Pitzianti M, Fagioli S, Pontis M, Pasini A. Attention Deficits Influence the Development of Motor Abnormalities in High Functioning Autism. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:1131-1142. [PMID: 33145671 PMCID: PMC8528792 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-01088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Early attentional dysfunction is one of the most consistent findings in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including the high functioning autism (HFA). There are no studies that assess how the atypical attentional processes affect the motor functioning in HFA. In this study, we evaluated attentional and motor functioning in a sample of 15 drug-naive patients with HFA and 15 healthy children (HC), and possible link between attentional dysfunction and motor impairment in HFA. Compared to HC, HFA group was seriously impaired in a considerable number of attentional processes and showed a greater number of motor abnormalities. Significant correlations between attention deficits and motor abnormalities were observed in HFA group. These preliminary findings suggest that deficit of attentional processes can be implied in motor abnormalities in HFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariabernarda Pitzianti
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatry, USL Umbria-2, Viale VIII Marzo, 05100, Terni, Italy
| | - Sabrina Fagioli
- Department of Education, University of "Roma Tre", Via del Castro Pretorio 20, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Pontis
- Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center Ctr Asl 8, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusto Pasini
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Systems Medicine, "Tor Vergata" University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Child Neuropsychiatry, USL Umbria-2, Viale VIII Marzo, 05100, Terni, Italy
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13
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Construct Validity and Reliability of the Revised Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs (PANESS) Gaits and Stations Measures. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2020-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To facilitate precise diagnosis and provide tailored treatment of postural anomalies in the pediatric population, appropriate assessments are essential. In light of the multicomponent structure of postural control, understanding underlying constructs of an assessment is valuable in selecting and interpreting assessments. This study investigates the construct validity of the Gaits and Stations variables in the Revised Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs, a measure used to evaluate standing postural control in youth with mild neurological deficits. Methods: Data were included from 350 healthy participants ages 10–19 years old. An exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed. Individual loadings of ≥0.4 were used for factor designation. Results: Three latent factors were identified and labeled, based on evidence, as dynamic stability, movement strategies/coordination, and underlying motor systems—musculoskeletal strength. Conclusions: These brief, easily administered Gaits and Stations measures of the Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs facilitate evaluation of three constructs of standing postural control relevant to youth with mild neuromotor impairments. This information will potentially assist in clinical practice to identify youth with postural control deficits and establish developmentally appropriate interventions and in research to refine understanding of pathology and the impact on components of postural control.
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14
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Increased interhemispheric somatomotor functional connectivity and mirror overflow in ADHD. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102759. [PMID: 34280835 PMCID: PMC8319349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resting state fMRI study of the neurobiological basis of mirror overflow in ADHD. Children with ADHD show greater interhemispheric motor functional connectivity. Children with ADHD show greater mirror overflow during finger sequencing. Interhemispheric functional connectivity correlates with mirror overflow in ADHD. Greater interhemispheric motor connectivity may impede overflow inhibition in ADHD.
Mirror overflow is a developmental phenomenon defined as unintentional movements that mimic the execution of intentional movements in homologous muscles on the opposite side of the body. In children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mirror overflow is commonly excessive, abnormally persistent, and correlated with ADHD symptom severity. As such, it represents a promising clinical biomarker for disinhibited behavior associated with ADHD. Yet, the neural underpinnings of mirror overflow in ADHD remain unclear. Our objective was to test whether intrinsic interhemispheric functional connectivity between homologous regions of the somatomotor network (SMN) is associated with mirror overflow in school age children with and without ADHD using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. To this end, we quantified mirror overflow in 119 children (8–12 years old, 62 ADHD) during a finger sequencing task using finger twitch transducers affixed to the index and ring fingers. Group ICA was used to identify right- and left-lateralized SMNs and subject-specific back reconstructed timecourses were correlated to obtain a measure of SMN interhemispheric connectivity. We found that children with ADHD showed increased mirror overflow (p < 0.001; d = 0.671) and interhemispheric SMN functional connectivity (p = 0.023; d = 0.521) as compared to typically developing children. In children with ADHD, but not the typically developing children, there was a significant relationship between interhemispheric SMN functional connectivity and mirror overflow (t = 2.116; p = 0.039). Our findings of stronger interhemispheric functional connectivity between homologous somatomotor regions in children with ADHD is consistent with previous transcranial magnetic stimulation and diffusion-tractography imaging studies suggesting that interhemispheric cortical inhibitory mechanisms may be compromised in children with ADHD. The observed brain-behavior correlation further suggests that abnormally strong interhemispheric SMN connectivity in children with ADHD may diminish their ability to suppress overflow movements.
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15
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Ewen JB, Puts NA, Mostofsky SH, Horn PS, Gilbert DL. Associations between Task-Related Modulation of Motor-Evoked Potentials and EEG Event-Related Desynchronization in Children with ADHD. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5526-5535. [PMID: 34231840 PMCID: PMC8568000 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have previously shown a decreased magnitude of event-related desynchronization (ERD) during a finger-tapping task, with a large between-group effect. Because the neurobiology underlying several transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures have been studied in multiple contexts, we compared ERD and 3 TMS measures (resting motor threshold [RMT], short-interval cortical inhibition [SICI], and task-related up-modulation [TRUM]) within 14 participants with ADHD (ages 8-12 years) and 17 control children. The typically developing (TD) group showed a correlation between greater RMT and greater magnitude of alpha (10-13 Hz, here) ERD, and there was no diagnostic interaction effect, consistent with a rudimentary model of greater needed energy input to stimulate movement. Similarly, inhibition measured by SICI was also greater in the TD group when the magnitude of movement-related ERD was higher; there was a miniscule diagnostic interaction effect. Finally, TRUM during a response-inhibition task showed an unanticipated pattern: in TD children, the greater TMS task modulation (TRUM) was associated with a smaller magnitude of ERD during finger-tapping. The ADHD group showed the opposite direction of association: Greater TRUM was associated with larger magnitude of ERD. Prior EEG results have demonstrated specific alterations of task-related modulation of cortical physiology, and the current results provide a fulcrum for multimodal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Ewen
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicolaas A Puts
- Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Pediatrics and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul S Horn
- Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Donald L Gilbert
- Department of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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16
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Crasta JE, Raja AE, Caffo BS, Hluchan CM, Suskauer SJ. The Effect of Age and Competition Level on Subtle Motor Performance in Adolescents Medically Cleared Postconcussion: Preliminary Findings. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:563-569. [PMID: 32932362 PMCID: PMC8744001 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effect of age and level of competition on subtle motor performance in adolescents who have recently been medically cleared postconcussion and never-injured controls. DESIGN Thirty adolescents who were recently medically cleared postconcussion (12-18 yrs) and 30 never-concussed, typically developing controls were examined using the Revised Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs (PANESS) and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing. RESULTS Older age was associated with better Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing scores in both groups, whereas only the control group showed improved motor performance on the PANESS with increasing age. Adolescents across both groups participating at a higher level of competition (school or travel level) had better motor performance on the PANESS than those participating at a lower level of competition (recreational level or no sports participation). Adolescents medically cleared postconcussion had greater motor deficits on the PANESS than controls did. CONCLUSION After medical clearance, adolescents with a history of recent concussion demonstrate alterations in the relationship between motor function and age. The PANESS merits further exploration as a measure that is sensitive to factors affecting motor performance, such as age and level of athletic competition, as well as to persistent subtle motor deficits in adolescents medically cleared postconcussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel E Crasta
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, The Ohio State University
- Division of Occupational Therapy, The Ohio State University
| | - Altamash E Raja
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Brian S Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Christine M Hluchan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, The Ohio State University
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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17
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Shappell HM, Duffy KA, Rosch KS, Pekar JJ, Mostofsky SH, Lindquist MA, Cohen JR. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder spend more time in hyperconnected network states and less time in segregated network states as revealed by dynamic connectivity analysis. Neuroimage 2021; 229:117753. [PMID: 33454408 PMCID: PMC7979530 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have observed functional brain network disruption on a whole-brain level, as well as on a sub-network level, particularly as related to the default mode network, attention-related networks, and cognitive control-related networks. Given behavioral findings that children with ADHD have more difficulty sustaining attention and more extreme moment-to-moment fluctuations in behavior than typically developing (TD) children, recently developed methods to assess changes in connectivity over shorter time periods (i.e., "dynamic functional connectivity"), may provide unique insight into dysfunctional network organization in ADHD. Thus, we performed a dynamic functional connectivity (FC) analysis on resting state fMRI data from 38 children with ADHD and 79 TD children. We used Hidden semi-Markov models (HSMMs) to estimate six network states, as well as the most probable sequence of states for each participant. We quantified the dwell time, sojourn time, and transition probabilities across states. We found that children with ADHD spent less total time in, and switched more quickly out of, anticorrelated states involving the default mode network and task-relevant networks as compared to TD children. Moreover, children with ADHD spent more time in a hyperconnected state as compared to TD children. These results provide novel evidence that underlying dynamics may drive the differences in static FC patterns that have been observed in ADHD and imply that disrupted FC dynamics may be a mechanism underlying the behavioral symptoms and cognitive deficits commonly observed in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Shappell
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Kelly A Duffy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James J Pekar
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin A Lindquist
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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18
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Doidge JL, Flora DB, Toplak ME. A Meta-Analytic Review of Sex Differences on Delay of Gratification and Temporal Discounting Tasks in ADHD and Typically Developing Samples. J Atten Disord 2021; 25:540-561. [PMID: 30596297 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718815588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine whether males and females with ADHD differ in their preferences for delayed rewards, since there is some evidence that suggests a sex difference with typically developing (TD) samples. Method: We used meta-analyses to examine sex differences on delay of gratification and temporal discounting tasks in both TD and ADHD samples. We identified 28 papers with 52 effect sizes for children and adults, and calculated the average effect size for sex comparisons within TD and ADHD samples. Results: The estimated mean difference between TD males and TD females was negligible, but males with ADHD were more likely to choose the larger delayed rewards than females with ADHD. Meta-regressions indicated that task type, age, and reward type did not significantly predict sex differences. Conclusion: These findings suggest that females referred for ADHD may make less adaptive choices by preferring smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards more often than males with ADHD. Implications of our findings are discussed.
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19
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Hadar Y, Hocherman S, Lamm O, Tirosh E. The Visuo-Motor Attention Test in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Methylphenidate-Placebo Randomized Controlled Trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:96-103. [PMID: 32342235 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-00993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To assess the visuomotor attention ability in children with ADHD and controls and their response to placebo and Methylphenidate (MPH) treatment. 36 boys with ADHD and 36 age matched typical controls were administered the visuomotor attention test (VMAT) as a baseline and following a week of MPH(IR) or placebo administered to the study group, in a randomized crossover design. A significant difference between the study and control groups was found on several VMAT measures. No performance difference between ADHD dimensional sub-types was observed at the baseline assessment. Under MPH treatment a significant improvement in VMAT measures was observed and particularly in the combined and predominantly hyperactive (C\HI) type. The VMAT results obtained in the present study are consistent with previous findings. ADHD subtypes appear similarly short of visuomotor attention resources; a visuomotor test can be used in the assessment of gains derived from MPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaffa Hadar
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shraga Hocherman
- The Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oren Lamm
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
| | - Emanuel Tirosh
- The Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, The Technion, Haifa, Israel.,The Hannah Khoushy Child Development Center, Bnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Crasta JE, Zhao Y, Seymour KE, Suskauer SJ, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. Developmental trajectory of subtle motor signs in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A longitudinal study from childhood to adolescence. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 27:317-332. [PMID: 33243074 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1847265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the developmental trajectory of neurodevelopmental motor signs among boys and girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically-developing (TD) children. Seventy children with ADHD and 48 TD children, aged 8-17 years, were evaluated on at least two time-points using the Physical and Neurological Assessment of Subtle Signs (PANESS). Age-related changes in subtle motor signs (overflow, dysrhythmia, speed) were modeled using linear mixed-effects models to compare the developmental trajectories among four subgroups (ADHD girls and boys and TD girls and boys). Across visits, both boys and girls with ADHD showed greater overflow, dysrhythmia, and slower speed on repetitive motor tasks compared to TD peers; whereas, only girls with ADHD were slower on sequential motor tasks than TD girls. Developmental trajectory analyses revealed a greater reduction in overflow with age among boys with ADHD than TD boys; whereas, trajectories did not differ among girls with and without ADHD, or among boys and girls with ADHD. For dysrhythmia and speed, there were no trajectory differences between the subgroups, with all groups showing similar reductions with age. Children with ADHD show developmental trajectories of subtle motor signs that are consistent with those of TD children, with one clear exception: Boys with ADHD show more significant reductions in overflow from childhood to adolescence than do their TD peers. Our findings affirm the presence of subtle motor signs in children with ADHD and suggest that some of these signs, particularly motor overflow in boys, resolve through adolescence while dysrhythmia and slow speed, may persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel E Crasta
- Occupational Therapy Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karen E Seymour
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- Brain Injury Clinical Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Departments of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Hoyos PM, Kim NY, Cheng D, Finkelston A, Kastner S. Development of spatial biases in school-aged children. Dev Sci 2020; 24:e13053. [PMID: 33091223 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the adult brain, biases in the allocation of spatial attention can be measured using a line bisection task and are directly relatable to neural attention signals in the fronto-parietal attention network. Behavioral studies on the development of spatial biases have yielded a host of inconsistent results, likely due to variance in sample size, definition of experimental groups, and motor confounds introduced by using a paper-and-pencil version of a line bisection task. Here, we used a perceptual, computerized version of this task and examined the development of spatial biases in 459 children from grades 1-8 and 61 college freshmen. We found that children in early elementary grades exerted a significant leftward bias that gradually diminished with advancing grade level. We further show that among children in early elementary school grades, the degree of leftward spatial bias predicted better performance on a rapid automatized naming test, a predictor of reading ability. Significant leftward biases in early elementary school grades may be due to reading experience, thereby reflecting an interaction of the attention network with the evolving reading network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Hoyos
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Debby Cheng
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Abigail Finkelston
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sabine Kastner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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22
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Musálek M, Scharoun Benson SM, Lejcarova A, Bryden PJ. Cross-lateralisation in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and motor skill performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 55:973-982. [PMID: 31986554 PMCID: PMC7754478 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cross‐lateralisation and increased motor difficulties have been reported in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nevertheless, the question of how crossed (i.e. mixed preference) or uncrossed (i.e. same side preference) lateralisation impacts motor performance in children with ADHD has yet to be examined. In this study, previously validated observational measures of hand and foot preference were used to identify right‐handed children with ADHD who display cross‐ (n = 29) and uncross‐lateralisation (n = 31). An uncross‐lateralised typically developing (TD) group (n = 32) was also identified, and included as a control. Motor performance was assessed with seven valid and reliable fine and gross motor tasks performed with both preferred and non‐preferred limbs. Group, task and sex‐related effects were examined. Findings revealed that male (but not female) cross‐lateralised children with ADHD performed significantly worse, respectively, in two of the fine motor tasks (spiral tracing [p < .01], and dot filling [p < .05]). Results suggest that cross‐lateralised hand and foot preference may affect complex motor skills in male children with ADHD. Furthermore, characteristics of ADHD may manifest differently in male and female children. Findings highlight the importance of considering both hand and foot preference when targeting motor interventions for children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Musálek
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Alena Lejcarova
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela J Bryden
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Pitzianti MB, Spiridigliozzi S, Bartolucci E, Esposito S, Pasini A. New Insights on the Effects of Methylphenidate in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:531092. [PMID: 33132928 PMCID: PMC7561436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.531092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review describes an overview of the multiple effects of methylphenidate (MPH) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its potential neurobiological targets. It addressed the following aspects: 1) MPH effects on attention and executive functions in ADHD; 2) the relation between MPH efficacy and dopamine transporter gene (DAT) polymorphism; and 3) the role of MPH as an epigenetic modulator in ADHD. Literature analysis showed that MPH, the most commonly used psychostimulant in the therapy of ADHD, acts on multiple components of the disorder. Marked improvements in attentional and executive dysfunction have been observed in children with ADHD during treatment with MPH, as well as reductions in neurological soft signs. MPH efficacy may be influenced by polymorphisms in the DAT, and better responses to treatment were associated with the 10/10 genotype. Innovative lines of research have suggested that ADHD etiopathogenesis and its neuropsychological phenotypes also depend on the expression levels of human endogenous retrovirus (HERV). In particular, several studies have revealed that ADHD is associated with HERV-H over-expression and that MPH administration results in decreased expression levels of this retroviral family and a reduction in the main symptoms of the disorder. In conclusion, there is a confirmed role for MPH as an elective drug in the therapy of ADHD alone or in association with behavioral therapy. Its effectiveness can vary based on DAT polymorphisms and can act as a modulator of HERV-H gene expression, pointing to targets for a precision medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bernarda Pitzianti
- Division of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, USL Umbria 2, Terni, Italy
| | - Simonetta Spiridigliozzi
- Division of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Esposito
- Paediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Augusto Pasini
- Division of Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, USL Umbria 2, Terni, Italy
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24
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McAuliffe D, Hirabayashi K, Adamek JH, Luo Y, Crocetti D, Pillai AS, Zhao Y, Crone NE, Mostofsky SH, Ewen JB. Increased mirror overflow movements in ADHD are associated with altered EEG alpha/beta band desynchronization. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:1815-1826. [PMID: 31821643 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Children with ADHD show developmentally abnormal levels of mirror overflow-unintentional movements occurring symmetrically opposite of intentional movements. Because mirror overflow correlates with ADHD behavioral symptoms, the study of disinhibition in motor control may shed light on physiologic mechanisms underlying impaired behavioral/cognitive control. This is a case-controlled study of EEG recording from 25 children with ADHD and 25 typically developing (TD) controls performing unilateral sequential finger tapping, with overflow movements measured using electronic goniometers. Consistent with previously published findings, children with ADHD showed increased mirror overflow as compared with TD peers. EEG findings revealed less lateralized alpha modulation (event-related desynchronization; ERD) and decreased magnitude of beta ERD in ADHD; both alpha and beta ERD reflect cortical activation. Moderation analysis revealed a significant association between beta ERD and overflow, independent of diagnosis; and an equivocal (p = .08) effect of diagnosis on the relationship between alpha ERD and overflow, with a significant effect in children with ADHD but not TD children. These results suggest two mechanisms involved with mirror overflow: one reflected in beta ipsilateral to the intentional movement and relevant to both children with ADHD and controls, and the other seemingly more specific to ADHD (alpha, contralateral to movement).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu Luo
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Beihan University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ajay S Pillai
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua B Ewen
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Robertson MM, Furlong S, Voytek B, Donoghue T, Boettiger CA, Sheridan MA. EEG power spectral slope differs by ADHD status and stimulant medication exposure in early childhood. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:2427-2437. [PMID: 31619109 PMCID: PMC6966317 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00388.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattentiveness. Efforts toward the development of a biologically based diagnostic test have identified differences in the EEG power spectrum; most consistently reported is an increased ratio of theta to beta power during resting state in those with the disorder, compared with controls. Current approaches calculate theta/beta ratio using fixed frequency bands, but the observed differences may be confounded by other relevant features of the power spectrum, including shifts in peak oscillation frequency and altered slope or offset of the aperiodic 1/f-like component of the power spectrum. In the present study, we quantify the spectral slope and offset, peak alpha frequency, and band-limited and band-ratio oscillatory power in the resting-state EEG of 3- to 7-yr-old children with and without ADHD. We found that medication-naive children with ADHD had higher alpha power, greater offsets, and steeper slopes compared with typically developing children. Children with ADHD who were treated with stimulants had comparable slopes and offsets to the typically developing group despite a 24-h medication-washout period. We further show that spectral slope correlates with traditional measures of theta/beta ratio, suggesting the utility of slope as a neural marker over and above traditional approaches. Taken with past research demonstrating that spectral slope is associated with executive functioning and excitatory/inhibitory balance, these results suggest that altered slope of the power spectrum may reflect pathology in ADHD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article highlights the clinical utility of comprehensively quantifying features of the EEG power spectrum. Using this approach, we identify, for the first time, differences in the aperiodic components of the EEG power spectrum in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and provide evidence that spectral slope is a robust indictor of an increase in low- relative to high-frequency power in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Robertson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sarah Furlong
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bradley Voytek
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Thomas Donoghue
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Charlotte A Boettiger
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Peyre H, Albaret JM, Bernard JY, Hoertel N, Melchior M, Forhan A, Taine M, Heude B, De Agostini M, Galéra C, Ramus F. Developmental trajectories of motor skills during the preschool period. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019; 28:1461-1474. [PMID: 30864072 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-019-01311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Children with developmental coordination disorder also manifest difficulties in non-motor domains (attentional, emotional, behavioral and socialization skills). Longitudinal studies can help disentangle the complex relationships between the development of motor skills and other cognitive domains. This study aims to examine the contribution of early cognitive factors to changes in motor skills during the preschool period. Children (N = 1144) from the EDEN mother-child cohort were assessed for motor skills with the Copy Design task (NEPSY battery) and the parent-rated Ages and Stages Questionnaire (fine and gross motor skills scores) at ages 3 and 5-6 years. At 3 years, language skills were evaluated using tests from the NEPSY and ELOLA batteries. Emotional problems, conduct problems, inattention and hyperactivity symptoms, peer relationships and pro-social behavior were assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) also at 3 years. Linear and logistic regression models were performed to examine whether positive and negative changes in motor skills between 3 and 5-6 years are associated with specific cognitive skills at 3 years, while adjusting for a broad range of pre- and postnatal environmental factors. In the linear regression model, the SDQ Inattention symptoms score at 3 years was associated with negative changes in motor skills (standardized β = - 0.09, SD = 0.03, p value = 0.007) and language skills at 3 years were associated with positive changes in motor skills (standardized β = 0.05, SD = 0.02, p value = 0.041) during the preschool period. In logistic regression models, the SDQ Inattention symptoms score at 3 years was associated with a higher likelihood of a declining trajectory of motor skills (OR [95% CI] = 1.37 [1.02-1.84]). A higher language skills score at 3 years was associated with an increased likelihood of a resilient trajectory (1.67 [1.17-2.39]). This study provides a better understanding of the natural history of developmental coordination delays by identifying cognitive factors that predict changes in motor skills between the ages of 3 and 5-6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Peyre
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Robert Debré Hospital, APHP, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique (ENS, EHESS, CNRS), Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMRS, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1141, Paris, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Albaret
- INSERM, UPS, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, ToNIC, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jonathan Y Bernard
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Research team on Early life origins of health (EAROH), Villejuif, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Hoertel
- INSERM, UMR 894, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Corentin Celton Hospital, APHP, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Anne Forhan
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Research team on Early life origins of health (EAROH), Villejuif, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Marion Taine
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Research team on Early life origins of health (EAROH), Villejuif, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Research team on Early life origins of health (EAROH), Villejuif, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Maria De Agostini
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Research team on Early life origins of health (EAROH), Villejuif, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Galéra
- The Bordeaux School of Public Health (Institut de Santé Publique, d'Epidémiologie et de Développement), Centre INSERM U1219, Epidemiology-Biostatistics, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Franck Ramus
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique (ENS, EHESS, CNRS), Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
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27
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Pitzianti M, Pontillo M, Vicari S, Armando M, Pasini A. 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and ultra-high risk for psychosis: The role of neurological soft signs as an independent marker of vulnerability for psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:1191-1198. [PMID: 30478947 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM 22q11 microdeletion syndrome has an increased risk for psychosis, similar to subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Neurological soft signs are considered an endophenotype of psychotic disorders and a marker of vulnerability to Schizophrenia, consisting of overflow movements, dysrhythmia and speed of timed activities. To date, there are no studies that have evaluated the presence of the neurological soft signs in subjects with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and there are a few studies that have analysed this issue in subjects at ultra-high risk. METHODS We sought to measure neurological soft signs in these two conditions, compared to healthy controls and to analyse the possible correlation between neurological soft signs and positive/negative symptoms both in 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and ultra-high-risk groups. 54 drug-naive patients (29 with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and 25 at ultra-high risk for psychosis) and 25 healthy controls were evaluated for neurological soft signs. RESULTS Both clinical groups showed a greater number of neurological soft signs compared to healthy control, although the two clinical groups did not differ for the number of neurological soft signs. Positive correlation between speed of timed activities and negative symptoms was found in subjects at ultra-high risk. CONCLUSION Neurological soft signs could represent a marker of atypical neurodevelopment in the two populations examined. Since we did not found a strong correlation between neurological soft signs and positive/negative symptoms, we suggest that neurological soft signs could be indicators of vulnerability to psychosis independent from the psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariabernarda Pitzianti
- Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of neuroscience, USL Umbria 2, Terni, Italy
| | - Maria Pontillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Armando
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Pasini
- Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, "Tor Vergata" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of neuroscience, USL Umbria 2, Terni, Italy
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28
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Crasta JE, Sibel J, Slomine BS, Mahone EM, Mostofsky SH, Suskauer SJ. Subtle Motor Signs in Children With Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2019; 98:737-744. [PMID: 30550451 PMCID: PMC6986431 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to characterize subtle motor signs in children with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury in the chronic phase of injury. DESIGN Fourteen children with moderate (n = 6) or severe (n = 8) traumatic brain injury, ages 11-18 yrs, who had sustained their injury at least 1-yr before study participation (range 1-14 yrs since injury), and 14 matched typically developing controls were examined using the Physical and Neurological Examination of Subtle Signs (PANESS). To examine the neural correlates of subtle motor signs, measures of total cerebral volume and motor/premotor volume were derived from magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Children with traumatic brain injury had significantly poorer PANESS performance than controls on the total timed subscore, proximal overflow, and the PANESS total score. Participants with severe traumatic brain injury had greater proximal overflow than those with moderate injury, after controlling for age at injury. Across all participants, greater proximal overflow correlated with reduced total cerebral volume, whereas within the traumatic brain injury group, reduced motor/premotor volume correlated with lower PANESS total score. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the importance of examining subtle motor signs including overflow during clinical evaluation of chronic pediatric traumatic brain injury and establishes the clinical utility of the PANESS as a measure sensitive to chronic subtle motor signs in this population. TO CLAIM CME CREDITS Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Define subtle motor signs including motor overflow; (2) Identify subtle motor signs such as motor overflow during clinical evaluation of children with brain injury; and (3) Explain the relevance of examining subtle motor signs in chronic pediatric brain injury during clinical evaluations. LEVEL Advanced. ACCREDITATION The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel E Crasta
- From the Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland (JEC, JS, BSS, EMM, SHM, SJS); Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (JEC, BSS, SJS); Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (SHM); Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (SJS); and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (BSS, EMM)
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29
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Tang X, Seymour KE, Crocetti D, Miller MI, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. Response control correlates of anomalous basal ganglia morphology in boys, but not girls, with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:117-127. [PMID: 30914308 PMCID: PMC6520987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Anomalous basal ganglia morphology may contribute to deficient motor response control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study expands upon recent evidence of sex differences in subcortical morphology and motor response control deficits among children with ADHD to examine basal ganglia volume and shape in relation to motor response control. Participants included 8-12 year-old children with ADHD (n = 52, 21 girls) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 45, 19 girls). High resolution T1-weighted 3D MPRAGE images covering the whole brain were acquired for all participants on a 3 T scanner. Participants performed two computer-based go/no-go tasks that differed in the extent to which working memory was necessary to guide response selection. Shape-based morphometric analyses were performed in addition to traditional volumetric comparisons and correlations with measures of motor response control were examined. Boys with ADHD consistently demonstrated increased commission error rate and response variability, regardless of task demands, suggesting broad response control deficits. In contrast, response control deficits among girls with ADHD varied depending on task demands and performance measures. Volumetric reductions and inward deformation (compression) on the dorsal surface of the globus pallidus and within subregions of the putamen receiving projections from limbic, executive and motor cortices were observed in boys, but not girls, with ADHD relative to TD children. Mediation analyses revealed that putamen and globus pallidus volumes mediated the relationship between diagnosis and commission error rate. Furthermore, reduced volumes of these structures and localized inward deformation within executive and motor circuits correlated with poorer response control, particularly under conditions of increased cognitive load. These findings suggest that anomalous basal ganglia morphology is related to impaired motor response control among boys with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Tang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Karen E Seymour
- The Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deana Crocetti
- The Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael I Miller
- The Center for Imaging Science, the Institute for Computational Medicine, and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- The Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- The Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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30
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Gilbert DL, Huddleston DA, Wu SW, Pedapati EV, Horn PS, Hirabayashi K, Crocetti D, Wassermann EM, Mostofsky SH. Motor cortex inhibition and modulation in children with ADHD. Neurology 2019; 93:e599-e610. [PMID: 31315973 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Compared to typically developing (TD) peers, children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently demonstrate impaired transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-evoked short interval cortical inhibition (SICI) of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in resting motor cortex (M1). To determine whether perturbed M1 physiology also reflects clinically relevant behavioral dysfunction, we evaluated M1 physiology during a cognitive control task taxing motor response selection/inhibition. METHODS In this case-control study, behavioral ratings, motor skill (assessed using standardized examination), and left M1 physiology were evaluated in 131 right-handed, 8- to 12-year-old children (66 ADHD: mean 10.5 years, 43 male; 65 TD: mean 10.6 years, 42 male). The primary outcomes were MEP amplitudes and SICI, evaluated during rest and during a modified "racecar" Slater-Hammel stop signal reaction task, with TMS pulses administered 150 ms prior to the target go action and after the dynamic stop cue. RESULTS Go responses were significantly slower (p = 0.01) and more variable (p = 0.002) in ADHD. Children with ADHD showed less M1 SICI at rest (p = 0.02) and during go (p = 0.03) and stop trials (p = 0.02). Rest M1 excitability increased during response inhibition task engagement (p < 0.0001). This Task-Related Up-Modulation (TRUM) was less robust across and within groups, with diminished task upmodulation associated with significantly more severe ADHD behavioral ratings and slower stop signal reaction times. CONCLUSION Children with ADHD show anomalous motor cortex physiology, with deficient SICI across behavioral states and less TRUM from rest to action selection. Associations of these physiologic measures with ADHD symptoms and cognitive control measures support further investigation into biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Gilbert
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
| | - David A Huddleston
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steve W Wu
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ernest V Pedapati
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Paul S Horn
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathryn Hirabayashi
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Deanna Crocetti
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- From the Division of Neurology (D.L.G., D.A.H., S.W.W., E.V.P., P.S.H.) and Department of Psychiatry (E.V.P.), Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH; Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research (K.H., D.C., S.H.M.), Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore; Behavioral Neurology Unit (E.M.W.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda; and Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry (S.H.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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31
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Microglia along sex lines: From brain colonization, maturation and function, to implication in neurodevelopmental disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:152-163. [PMID: 31201858 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their traditional role as immune sentinels, recent discoveries over the last decade have shown that microglial functions now include regulation of neuronal/glial cell migration, differentiation and maturation, as well as neuronal network formation. It was thus proposed that disruption of these microglial roles, during critical periods of brain development, could lead to the pathological onset of several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. The prevalence of these disorders exhibits a clear distinction along sex lines with very little known about the mechanisms underlying this difference. One of the fundamental discoveries that arose from recent research into the physiological roles of microglia in neurodevelopment is their sexual dimorphism, raising the intriguing possibility that sex differences in microglial colonization, maturation and/or function in the developing brain could underlie the emergence of various neurodevelopmental disorders. This review discusses the physiological roles of microglia across neurodevelopment, these roles in the two sexes, and the recent evidence that microglial sexually dimorphic nature may contribute, at least partially, to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Antipsychotics Do Not Influence Neurological Soft Signs in Children and Adolescents at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis: A Pilot Study. J Psychiatr Pract 2019; 25:186-191. [PMID: 31083030 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR) is considered as the condition that temporally precedes the onset of psychotic symptoms. In addition to the core symptoms, patients with schizophrenia show motor abnormalities, also known as neurological soft signs (NSS), that are considered an endophenotype for psychotic disorders and particularly for schizophrenia. Antipsychotic medications do not appear to influence NSS in individuals with schizophrenia. However, NSS in UHR subjects have been poorly studied and, to date, we do not know what effects antipsychotics have in early treated UHR subjects. Therefore, we evaluated NSS in treated UHR subjects in comparison with drug-naive UHR subjects and a group of healthy control subjects and the effect of pharmacological treatment on early treated UHR children and adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen UHR subjects receiving pharmacological treatment, 15 drug-naive UHR subjects, and 25 healthy control subjects were evaluated for NSS to analyze any differences between clinical subjects and healthy controls and to evaluate the effect of antipsychotic medications in early treated UHR subjects. RESULTS Both clinical groups showed a greater number of NSS compared with the healthy control subjects. However, no significant differences in NSS were found between treated and drug-naive UHR subjects. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with what has been observed in the population of patients with a first psychotic episode and/or with schizophrenia, our results support the conclusion that antipsychotic medications do not influence NSS in children and adolescents who are at high risk for psychosis.
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Duda TA, Casey JE, O'Brien AM, Frost N, Phillips AM. Reduced graphomotor procedural learning in children and adolescents with ADHD. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 65:S0167-9457(18)30340-3. [PMID: 30853258 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study sought to determine if children and adolescents with ADHD demonstrate reduced procedural learning of a graphomotor program. METHOD Thirty-two children and adolescents between age 9 and 15 with (n = 16) and without ADHD (n = 16) participated in the study. Each group of participants practiced a novel grapheme on a digitizing tablet 30 times. Participants with ADHD were off stimulant medication or were medication naïve. RESULTS Control participants demonstrated significant improvement in graphomotor fluency from the beginning to the end of practice, T = 2, z = -2.534, p = .009, whereas participants with ADHD did not, T = 4, z = -1.810, p = .074. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with findings in adults with ADHD, results indicate that graphomotor procedural learning in children and adolescents with ADHD is attenuated. Findings have implications for future research that may inform remediation of handwriting difficulties, academic accommodations, and using digitizing technology for neuropsychological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Duda
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Joseph E Casey
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Amanda M O'Brien
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Natalie Frost
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Amanda M Phillips
- University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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Differences in Oculomotor Function between Children with Sensory Processing Disorder and Typical Development. Optom Vis Sci 2019; 96:172-179. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Rosch KS, Mostofsky SH, Nebel MB. ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting. J Neurodev Disord 2018; 10:34. [PMID: 30541434 PMCID: PMC6292003 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-018-9254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with atypical fronto-subcortical neural circuitry and heightened delay discounting, or a stronger preference for smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards. Recent evidence of ADHD-related sex differences in brain structure and function suggests anomalies in fronto-subcortical circuitry may differ among girls and boys with ADHD. The current study examined whether the functional connectivity (FC) within fronto-subcortical neural circuitry differs among girls and boys with ADHD compared to same-sex typically developing (TD) controls and relates to delay discounting. Methods Participants include 8–12-year-old children with ADHD (n = 72, 20 girls) and TD controls (n = 75, 21 girls). Fronto-subcortical regions of interest were functionally defined by applying independent component analysis to resting-state fMRI data. Intrinsic FC between subcortical components, including the striatum and amygdala, and prefrontal components, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), was compared across diagnostic groups overall and within sex. Correlations between intrinsic FC of the six fronto-subcortical pairs and delay discounting were also examined. Results Both girls and boys with ADHD show atypical FC between vmPFC and subcortical regions including the striatum (stronger positive FC in ADHD) and amygdala (weaker negative FC in ADHD), with the greatest diagnostic effects among girls. In addition, girls with ADHD show atypical intrinsic FC between the striatum and dlPFC components, including stronger positive FC with ACC and stronger negative FC with dlPFC. Further, girls but not boys, with ADHD, show heightened real-time delay discounting. Brain–behavior correlations suggest (1) stronger negative FC between the striatal and dlPFC components correlated with greater money delay discounting across all participants and (2) stronger FC between the amygdala with both the dlPFC and ACC components was differentially related to heightened real-time discounting among girls and boys with and without ADHD. Conclusions Our findings suggest fronto-subcortical functional networks are affected in children with ADHD, particularly girls, and relate to delay discounting. These results also provide preliminary evidence of greater disruptions in fronto-subcortical FC among girls with ADHD that is not due to elevated inattention symptom severity, intellectual reasoning ability, age, or head motion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s11689-018-9254-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri S Rosch
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sweeney KL, Ryan M, Schneider H, Ferenc L, Denckla MB, Mahone EM. Developmental Trajectory of Motor Deficits in Preschool Children with ADHD. Dev Neuropsychol 2018; 43:419-429. [PMID: 29757012 PMCID: PMC5991607 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1466888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Motor deficits persisting into childhood (>7 years) are associated with increased executive and cognitive dysfunction, likely due to parallel neural circuitry. This study assessed the longitudinal trajectory of motor deficits in preschool children with ADHD, compared to typically developing (TD) children, in order to identify individuals at risk for anomalous neurological development. Participants included 47 children (21 ADHD, 26 TD) ages 4-7 years who participated in three visits (V1, V2, V3), each one year apart (V1=48-71 months, V2=60-83 months, V3=72-95 months). Motor variables assessed included speed (finger tapping and sequencing), total overflow, and axial movements from the Revised Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs (PANESS). Effects for group, visit, and group-by-visit interaction were examined. There were significant effects for group (favoring TD) for finger tapping speed and total axial movements, visit (performance improving with age for all 4 variables), and a significant group-by-visit interaction for finger tapping speed. Motor speed (repetitive finger tapping) and quality of axial movements are sensitive markers of anomalous motor development associated with ADHD in children as young as 4 years. Conversely, motor overflow and finger sequencing speed may be less sensitive in preschool, due to ongoing wide variations in attainment of these milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L Sweeney
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Matthew Ryan
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Heather Schneider
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Lisa Ferenc
- a Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Yurtbaşi P, Aldemir S, Bakır MGT, Aktaş Ş, Ayvaz FB, Satılmış ŞP, Münir K. Comparison of Neurological and Cognitive Deficits in Children With ADHD and Anxiety Disorders. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:472-485. [PMID: 26078398 PMCID: PMC4818207 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715578003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the neuro-cognitive profiles among initial clinic referred medication naive sample of children with anxiety disorders (ANXs) and ADHD in a youth sample. METHOD Three groups of patients, ANX ( n = 40), ADHD ( n = 48), and ANX + ADHD ( n = 33), aged 7 to 12 years, were compared with respect to their Physical and Neurological Examination for Subtle Signs (PANESS) and cognitive measures (digit span, digit symbol, Trail Making Test [TMT]-A and TMT-B, Stroop test). RESULTS ADHD group performed worse than the other two groups with regard to soft signs and cognitive test performance; ANX + ADHD were impaired relative to ANX but better than ADHD. Significant differences were found for gait and station problems, overflows and timed movements, TMT error points, and Stroop interference scores. ADHD patients had more difficulty in warding off irrelevant responses and lower speed of time-limited movements. CONCLUSION This clinical evaluation study suggested that ANX and ADHD seem to have significantly different neuro-cognitive features: Poorest outcomes were observed among children with ADHD; rather than problems of attention, inhibitory control deficits were the most prominent differences between ANX and ADHD; and the presence of ANX appears to have mitigating effect on ADHD-related impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Yurtbaşi
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey,Fogarty International Center Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Program, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seçil Aldemir
- Department of Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şule Aktaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betül Ayvaz
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şeyma Piştav Satılmış
- Department of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, Turgut Özal University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kerim Münir
- Fogarty International Center Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities Program, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Atypical structural and functional motor networks in autism. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 238:207-248. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The behavior patterns of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention that would ultimately become recognized as Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have been described for centuries. Nevertheless, in the past 35 years, advances in diagnostic methods, identification of biomarkers, and treatments have advanced at an exponential rate. ADHD is now recognized as the most common behavioral disorder of childhood, with risks extending well into adulthood for both males and females, leading to its identification as a significant public health issue. This historical neuropsychological review of ADHD emphasizes scientific highlights in the past 35 years related to ADHD, including the evolution of the diagnosis (from Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood to ADHD), influential theories (executive functions, cognitive-energetic, delay aversion), landmark treatment studies (Multimodal Treatment of ADHD [MTA] and Preschool ADHD Treatment Study [PATS]), and advances in brain mapping techniques (anatomic, functional, and resting state magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging). The review concludes by highlighting the challenges of studying and treating a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder like ADHD, with emphasis on associated disorders and conditions (learning disabilities, sluggish cognitive tempo), special populations (girls, preschoolers, adults), and recommendations for scientific inquiry in the next 35 years. Neuropsychologists are well positioned to address the clinical and research challenges of the next generation of studies, especially involving advances in understanding the sexual dimor.phism, full developmental course, and dynamic risks associated with ADHD. (JINS, 2017, 23, 916-929).
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mark Mahone
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Martha B. Denckla
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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40
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Neurological soft signs, but not theory of mind and emotion recognition deficit distinguished children with ADHD from healthy control. Psychiatry Res 2017. [PMID: 28628794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with social cognition impairment, executive dysfunction and motor abnormalities, consisting in the persistence of neurological soft signs (NSS). Theory of mind (ToM) and emotion recognition (ER) deficit of children with ADHD have been interpreted as a consequence of their executive dysfunction, particularly inhibitory control deficit. To our knowledge, there are not studies that evaluate the possible correlation between the ToM and ER deficit and NSS in the population with ADHD, while this association has been studied in other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate ToM and ER and NSS in a sample of 23 drug-naïve children with ADHD and a sample of 20 healthy children and the possible correlation between social cognition dysfunction and NSS in ADHD. Our findings suggest that ToM and ER dysfunction is not a constant feature in the population with ADHD, while NSS confirmed as a markers of atypical neurodevelopment and predictors of the severity of functional impairment in children with ADHD.
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Patros CHG, L Sweeney K, Mahone EM, Mostofsky SH, Rosch KS. Greater delay discounting among girls, but not boys, with ADHD correlates with cognitive control. Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:1026-1046. [PMID: 28768457 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1359525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive neuroscience models suggest both reward valuation and cognitive control contribute to reward-based decision-making. The current study examined the relationship between cognitive control and delay discounting (i.e., choosing smaller, immediate over larger, delayed rewards) in a large sample of boys and girls diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; N = 95) and typically developing control children (TD; N = 59). Specifically, we examined performance on multiple measures of cognitive control (i.e., Go/No-Go task, Stop Signal task, and Spatial Span task) and delay discounting (i.e., Classic Delay Discounting and Real-Time Delay Discounting tasks), as well as the relationship between these measures. Results indicated that sex moderated the effects of group on task performance. Specifically, girls with ADHD, but not boys with the disorder, exhibited atypical delay discounting of real-time rewards. Results from correlational analyses indicated that delay discounting and cognitive control were not significantly correlated in the overall sample. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that among girls with ADHD poorer spatial working memory and inhibitory control predicted greater real-time discounting. Collectively, findings provide support for distinct patterns of cognitive control and delay discounting among school-aged girls and boys with ADHD. Additionally, findings suggest that among girls with ADHD, those who exhibit relatively poor working memory and inhibitory control might be a particularly vulnerable subgroup with the greatest propensity to exhibit maladaptive decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor H G Patros
- a Department of Psychology , Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kristie L Sweeney
- b Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - E Mark Mahone
- b Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- b Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,e Department of Neurology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Keri S Rosch
- b Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Neuropsychology , Kennedy Krieger Institute , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Dirlikov B, Younes L, Nebel MB, Martinelli MK, Tiedemann AN, Koch CA, Fiorilli D, Bastian AJ, Denckla MB, Miller MI, Mostofsky SH. Novel automated morphometric and kinematic handwriting assessment: A validity study in children with ASD and ADHD. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY SCHOOLS AND EARLY INTERVENTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19411243.2017.1304841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Korman M, Levy I, Karni A. Procedural Memory Consolidation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Is Promoted by Scheduling of Practice to Evening Hours. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:140. [PMID: 28824471 PMCID: PMC5540945 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In young adults without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) training on a novel movement sequence results not only in large within-session (online) gains in task performance but also in additional (delayed, off-line) gains in the performance, expressed after an interval of sleep. In contrast, young people with ADHD, given an identical practice, were shown to improve online but expressed much smaller delayed gains overnight. As delayed gains in performance are taken to reflect procedural ("how to") memory consolidation processes, this may explain skill learning deficits in persons with ADHD. However, motor training is usually provided in morning sessions, and, given that persons with ADHD are often evening types, chronobiological constraints may constitute a hidden factor. Here, we tested the hypothesis that evening training, compared to morning training, would result in larger overnight consolidation gains following practice on a novel motor task in young women with ADHD. Participants with (N = 25) and without (N = 24) ADHD were given training on a finger opposition sequence tapping task, either in the morning or at evening. Performance was assessed before and immediately after training, overnight, and at 2 weeks post-training. Individuals with ADHD reported a general preference for evening hours. Evening training was equally effective in participants with and without ADHD, both groups showing robust consolidation gains in task performance overnight. However, the ability to express delayed gains overnight was significantly reduced in participants with ADHD if trained in the morning. Typical peers were as effective in expressing overnight consolidation phase gains irrespective of the time-of-day wherein the training session was afforded. Nevertheless, even after morning training, participants with ADHD fully retained the gains acquired within the first 24 h over an interval of about 2 weeks. Our results suggest that procedural memory consolidation processes are extant and effective in ADHD, but require that specific biobehavioral conditions be met. The affordance of training in the evening hours can relax some of the constraints on these processes in ADHD. The current results are in line with the notion that the control of what is to be retained in procedural memory is atypical or more stringent in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Korman
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,E. J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ishay Levy
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,E. J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Karni
- E. J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, Haifa, Israel.,Laboratory for Functional Brain Imaging and Learning Research, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Wadsworth HM, Maximo JO, Lemelman AR, Clayton K, Sivaraman S, Deshpande HD, Ver Hoef L, Kana RK. The Action Imitation network and motor imitation in children and adolescents with autism. Neuroscience 2016; 343:147-156. [PMID: 27956067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While deficits in imitation had been reported in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), its exact nature remains unclear. A dysfunction in mirroring mechanisms (through action imitation) has been proposed by some studies to explain this, although some recent evidence points against this hypothesis. The current study used behavior and functional MRI to examine the integrated functioning of the regions that are considered part of the Action Imitation network (AIN) in children and adolescents with ASD during a motor imitation task. Fourteen ASD and 15 age-and-IQ-matched typically developing (TD) children were asked to imitate a series of hand gestures in the MRI scanner. Intact performance on imitation (accurate imitation of hand gestures outside the scanner) in both ASD and TD groups was accompanied by significantly lower activity in ASD participants, relative to TD, in right angular gyrus, precentral gyrus, and left middle cingulate. In addition, autism traits were found to be significantly correlated with activation in the right angular gyrus. Overall, the findings of this study support the role of AIN in imitation and a potential difference in the recruitment of this network in ASD children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wadsworth
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Jose O Maximo
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Amy R Lemelman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Kacy Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Soumya Sivaraman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Ver Hoef
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Rajesh K Kana
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
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Fox O, Adi-Japha E, Karni A. Motor memory consolidation processes in young female adults with ADHD may be less susceptible to interference. Neurosci Lett 2016; 637:91-95. [PMID: 27888044 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Young adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may have an atypical procedural ("how to") memory consolidation phase, after practicing a movement sequence, with smaller gains in speed and some costs in accuracy, compared to typical peers, at 24h post-training. Here we tested the susceptibility of performance gains retained after motor practice by young female adults with (N=16) and without (N=16) ADHD to post-training interference. Participants were trained on the finger-to-thumb opposition sequence learning task with performance speed and accuracy recorded before training, immediately after, and at 24h post-training. Two hour after the initial training, participants practiced a second, similarly constructed but differently ordered sequence of movements. Typical young adults showed a significant interference effect, with only the performance of the second sequence showing robust gains in speed, with no costs in accuracy, in the 24h post-training consolidation phase. Participants with ADHD showed only small additional speed gains in the post-training consolidation phase but for both sequences. Altogether these results suggest that motor memory consolidation processes in young adults with ADHD may be less susceptible to interference compared to typical peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Fox
- The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Israel; The E.J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Esther Adi-Japha
- School of Education and the Gonda (Goldschmied) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
| | - Avi Karni
- The E.J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; The lab of Human Brain & Learning the Department of Human Biology and the Sagol, Department of Neurobiology & Ethology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Pitzianti M, D'Agati E, Casarelli L, Pontis M, Kaunzinger I, Lange KW, Tucha O, Curatolo P, Pasini A. Neurological soft signs are associated with attentional dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2016; 21:475-493. [PMID: 27690748 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2016.1235029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inattention is one of the core symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Most of patients with ADHD show motor impairment, consisting in the persistence of neurological soft signs (NSS). Our aim was to evaluate attentional and motor functioning in an ADHD sample and healthy children (HC) and possible link between attentional dysfunction and motor impairment in ADHD. METHOD Twenty-seven drug-naive patients with ADHD and 23 HC were tested with a test battery, measuring different aspects of attention. Motor evaluation has provided three primary variables: overflow movements (OM), dysrhythmia and total speed of timed activities. RESULTS Compared to HC, patients were impaired in a considerable number of attentional processes and showed a greater number of NSS. Significant correlations between disturbances of attention and motor abnormalities were observed in ADHD group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that attentional processes could be involved in the pathophysiology of the NSS and add scientific evidence to the predictive value of NSS as indicators of the severity of functional impairment in ADHD. Given the marked improvement or complete resolution of NSS following treatment with methylphenidate, we suggest that evaluation of NSS is useful to monitor the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment with MPH in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariabernarda Pitzianti
- a Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry , "Tor Vergata" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Elisa D'Agati
- a Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry , "Tor Vergata" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Livia Casarelli
- a Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry , "Tor Vergata" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Marco Pontis
- b Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center, Ctr Asl 8 , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Ivo Kaunzinger
- c Department of Experimental Psychology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Klaus W Lange
- c Department of Experimental Psychology , University of Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- d Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Curatolo
- a Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry , "Tor Vergata" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Augusto Pasini
- a Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry , "Tor Vergata" University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Cognitive Load Differentially Impacts Response Control in Girls and Boys with ADHD. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 44:141-54. [PMID: 25624066 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-015-9976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently show impaired response control, including deficits in response inhibition and increased intrasubject variability (ISV) compared to typically-developing (TD) children. However, significantly less research has examined factors that may influence response control in individuals with ADHD, such as task or participant characteristics. The current study extends the literature by examining the impact of increasing cognitive demands on response control in a large sample of 81children with ADHD (40 girls) and 100 TD children (47 girls), ages 8-12 years. Participants completed a simple Go/No-Go (GNG) task with minimal cognitive demands, and a complex GNG task with increased cognitive load. Results showed that increasing cognitive load differentially impacted response control (commission error rate and tau, an ex-Gaussian measure of ISV) for girls, but not boys, with ADHD compared to same-sex TD children. Specifically, a sexually dimorphic pattern emerged such that boys with ADHD demonstrated higher commission error rate and tau on both the simple and complex GNG tasks as compared to TD boys, whereas girls with ADHD did not differ from TD girls on the simple GNG task, but showed higher commission error rate and tau on the complex GNG task. These findings suggest that task complexity influences response control in children with ADHD in a sexually dimorphic manner. The findings have substantive implications for the pathophysiology of ADHD in boys versus girls with ADHD.
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49
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Shaw P, Weingart D, Bonner T, Watson B, Park MTM, Sharp W, Lerch JP, Chakravarty MM. Defining the neuroanatomic basis of motor coordination in children and its relationship with symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2016; 46:2363-2373. [PMID: 27282929 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291716000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When children have marked problems with motor coordination, they often have problems with attention and impulse control. Here, we map the neuroanatomic substrate of motor coordination in childhood and ask whether this substrate differs in the presence of concurrent symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD Participants were 226 children. All completed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5)-based assessment of ADHD symptoms and standardized tests of motor coordination skills assessing aiming/catching, manual dexterity and balance. Symptoms of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) were determined using parental questionnaires. Using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance data, four latent neuroanatomic variables (for the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia and thalamus) were extracted and mapped onto each motor coordination skill using partial least squares pathway modeling. RESULTS The motor coordination skill of aiming/catching was significantly linked to latent variables for both the cerebral cortex (t = 4.31, p < 0.0001) and the cerebellum (t = 2.31, p = 0.02). This effect was driven by the premotor/motor cortical regions and the superior cerebellar lobules. These links were not moderated by the severity of symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. In categorical analyses, the DCD group showed atypical reduction in the volumes of these regions. However, the group with DCD alone did not differ significantly from those with DCD and co-morbid ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The superior cerebellar lobules and the premotor/motor cortex emerged as pivotal neural substrates of motor coordination in children. The dimensions of these motor coordination regions did not differ significantly between those who had DCD, with or without co-morbid ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shaw
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research,Social and Behavioral Research Branch,National Human Genome Research Institute,Bethesda, MD,USA
| | - D Weingart
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research,Social and Behavioral Research Branch,National Human Genome Research Institute,Bethesda, MD,USA
| | - T Bonner
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research,Social and Behavioral Research Branch,National Human Genome Research Institute,Bethesda, MD,USA
| | - B Watson
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research,Social and Behavioral Research Branch,National Human Genome Research Institute,Bethesda, MD,USA
| | - M T M Park
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry,Western University,London,Canada
| | - W Sharp
- Section on Neurobehavioral Clinical Research,Social and Behavioral Research Branch,National Human Genome Research Institute,Bethesda, MD,USA
| | - J P Lerch
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, the Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Medical Biophysics,The University of Toronto,Toronto,Canada
| | - M M Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre,Douglas Mental Health University Institute,Montreal, QC,Canada
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Memory-guided force output is associated with self-reported ADHD symptoms in young adults. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:3203-3212. [PMID: 27394915 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder in childhood and persists into adulthood in up to 65 % of cases. ADHD is associated with adverse outcomes such as the ability to gain and maintain employment and is associated with an increased risk for substance abuse obesity workplace injuries and traffic accidents A majority of diagnosed children have motor deficits; however, few studies have examined motor deficits in young adults. This study provides a novel examination of visuomotor control of grip force in young adults with and without ADHD. Participants were instructed to maintain force production over a 20-second trial with and without real-time visual feedback about their performance. The results demonstrated that when visual feedback was available, adults with ADHD produced slightly higher grip force than controls. However, when visual feedback was removed, adults with ADHD had a faster rate of decay of force, which was associated with ADHD symptom severity and trait impulsivity. These findings suggest that there may be important differences in the way that adults with ADHD integrate visual feedback during continuous motor tasks. These may account for some of the motor impairments reported in children with ADHD. These deficits could result from (1) dysfunctional sensory motor integration and/or (2) deficits in short-term visuomotor memory.
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