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Ohene-Nyako M, Nass SR, Richard HT, Lukande R, Nicol MR, McRae M, Knapp PE, Hauser KF. Casein Kinase 2 Mediates HIV- and Opioid-Induced Pathologic Phosphorylation of TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 in the Basal Ganglia. ASN Neuro 2023; 15:17590914231158218. [PMID: 36890725 PMCID: PMC9998424 DOI: 10.1177/17590914231158218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT HIV/HIV-1 Tat and morphine independently increase pathologic phosphorylation of TAR DNA binding protein 43 in the striatum. HIV- and opioid-induced pathologic phosphorylation of TAR DNA binding protein 43 may involve enhanced CK2 activity and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sara R Nass
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hope T Richard
- Pathology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert Lukande
- Pathology, College of Health Sciences, 58589Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Melanie R Nicol
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, 15515University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, 15535Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, 6886Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Cilliers K, Muller CJF. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on the brain: A review. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1389-1399. [PMID: 33231355 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thirty million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is one of the most common comorbidities of HIV. However, the effect of HIV on the brain has not been fully investigated. This article aimed to review the changes to the brain due to HIV in terms of atrophy, diffusion changes, and hyperintensities. Studies have observed significant atrophy in subcortical gray matter, as well as in cortical white and gray matter. Moreover, the ventricles enlarge, and the sulci widen. Although HIV causes changes to the white and gray matter of the brain, few diffusion tensor imaging studies have investigated the changes to gray matter integrity. White and gray matter hyperintensities have frequently been observed in HIV-positive individuals, with the subcortical gray matter (caudate nucleus and putamen) and periventricular white matter frequently affected. In conclusion, subcortical gray matter is the first brain region to be affected and is affected most severely. Additionally, this review highlights the gaps in the literature, since the effect of HIV on the brain is not fully known. Future studies should continue to investigate the effect of HIV on the brain in different stages of the disease, and alternate therapies should be developed since highly active antiretroviral therapy is currently ineffective at treating HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cilliers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa
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Mukerji SS, Gonzalez RG, Gandhi RT, Kraft S. Case 20-2017 - A 48-Year-Old Man with Weight Loss, Confusion, Skin Lesions, and Pancytopenia. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:2580-2589. [PMID: 28657866 PMCID: PMC9165433 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1616401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shibani S Mukerji
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.S.M.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Medicine (R.T.G.), and Pathology (S.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (S.S.M.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Medicine (R.T.G.), and Pathology (S.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - R Gilberto Gonzalez
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.S.M.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Medicine (R.T.G.), and Pathology (S.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (S.S.M.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Medicine (R.T.G.), and Pathology (S.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.S.M.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Medicine (R.T.G.), and Pathology (S.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (S.S.M.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Medicine (R.T.G.), and Pathology (S.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Stefan Kraft
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.S.M.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Medicine (R.T.G.), and Pathology (S.K.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (S.S.M.), Radiology (R.G.G.), Medicine (R.T.G.), and Pathology (S.K.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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Dash S, Balasubramaniam M, Villalta F, Dash C, Pandhare J. Impact of cocaine abuse on HIV pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1111. [PMID: 26539167 PMCID: PMC4611962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 1.2 million people in the United States are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Tremendous progress has been made over the past three decades on many fronts in the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 disease. However, HIV-1 infection is incurable and antiretroviral drugs continue to remain the only effective treatment option for HIV infected patients. Unfortunately, only three out of ten HIV-1 infected individuals in the US have the virus under control. Thus, majority of HIV-1 infected individuals in the US are either unaware of their infection status or not connected/retained to care or are non-adherent to antiretroviral therapy (ART). This national public health crisis, as well as the ongoing global HIV/AIDS pandemic, is further exacerbated by substance abuse, which serves as a powerful cofactor at every stage of HIV/AIDS including transmission, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clinical studies indicate that substance abuse may increase viral load, accelerate disease progression and worsen AIDS-related mortality even among ART-adherent patients. However, confirming a direct causal link between substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in human patients remains a highly challenging endeavor. In this review we will discuss the recent and past developments in clinical and basic science research on the effects of cocaine abuse on HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fernando Villalta
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College , Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Psychostimulants are a diverse group of substances with their main psychomotor effects resembling those of amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, or cathinone. Due to their potential as drugs of abuse, recreational use of most of these substances is illegal since 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. In recent years, new psychoactive substances have emerged mainly as synthetic cathinones with new molecules frequently complementing the list. Psychostimulant related movement disorders are a known entity often seen in emergency rooms around the world. These admissions are becoming more frequent as are fatalities associated with drug abuse. Still the legal constraints of the novel synthetic molecules are bypassed. At the same time, chronic and permanent movement disorders are much less frequently encountered. These disorders frequently manifest as a combination of movement disorders. The more common symptoms include agitation, tremor, hyperkinetic and stereotypical movements, cognitive impairment, and also hyperthermia and cardiovascular dysfunction. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind the clinical manifestations have been researched for decades. The common denominator is the monoaminergic signaling. Dopamine has received the most attention but further research has demonstrated involvement of other pathways. Common mechanisms linking psychostimulant use and several movement disorders exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Asser
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review familiarizes clinicians with the symptoms of overdose and withdrawal, as well as neurologic complications, associated with particular illicit drugs. RECENT FINDINGS Recent arrivals on the recreational drug scene include synthetic cathinone analogs, synthetic cannabinoid agonists, and a variety of novel hallucinogens. SUMMARY Clinicians need to be aware of neurologic disorders associated with particular illicit drugs and should consider drug abuse in any patient with unexplained symptoms and signs.In addition to tobacco and alcohol, a large number of substances, legal and illegal, are used recreationally. Broad categories include opioids, psychostimulants, marijuana and related agents, sedatives, hallucinogens, inhalants, phencyclidine and related agents, and anticholinergics. Each type of agent has its own characteristic symptoms of overdose and withdrawal, and many agents are associated with trauma, infection, seizures, stroke, cognitive impairment, and teratogenicity. Some drugs have unique neurologic complications not encountered with other agents. A history of recreational drug use should be sought in any neurologic patient regardless of age or socioeconomic status.
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Kranick SM, Nath A. Neurologic complications of HIV-1 infection and its treatment in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2013; 18:1319-37. [PMID: 23221843 DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000423849.24900.ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neurologic complications of HIV infection are unfortunately common, even in the era of effective antiretroviral treatment (ART). The consulting neurologist is often asked to distinguish among neurologic deterioration due to opportunistic infection (OI), immune reconstitution, or the effect of the virus itself, and to comment on the role of immunomodulatory agents in patients with HIV infection. Additionally, as successful virologic control has extended the life span of patients with HIV infection, neurologists are called upon to manage long-term complications, such as neurocognitive disorders and peripheral neuropathy. RECENT FINDINGS Despite the use of ART, significant numbers of patients continue to be affected by HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, although with milder forms compared to the pre-ART era. Regimens of ART have been ranked according to CNS penetration and are being studied with regard to neuropsychological outcomes. Nucleoside analogs with the greatest potential for peripheral neurotoxicity are no longer considered first-line agents for HIV treatment. Efavirenz, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has the greatest frequency of neurologic side effects among newer ART regimens. The spectrum of clinical manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) continues to grow, including IRIS without underlying OI. A greater understanding of pathophysiology and risk factors has shown that while HIV should be treated early to prevent severe immunocompromise, delayed initiation of ART may be helpful while treating OIs. SUMMARY This article reviews the neurologic complications of HIV infection, or its treatment, most commonly encountered by neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Kranick
- National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 6-5700, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Bekiesinska-Figatowska M, Mierzewska H, Jurkiewicz E. Basal ganglia lesions in children and adults. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82:837-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Substance Abuse Treatment, HIV/AIDS, and the Continuum of Response for People Who Inject Drugs. Adv Prev Med 2012; 2012:541489. [PMID: 23243517 PMCID: PMC3517826 DOI: 10.1155/2012/541489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuum of response (CoR) to HIV/AIDS is a framework for implementation of HIV prevention, care, and treatment programs based on a national strategic plan for HIV/AIDS services. The CoR for people who inject drugs (PWID) is an important extension of the developed CoR to HIV/AIDS. The CoR-PWID employs stakeholders who together plan, develop, pilot, and provide a full range of services that address the various prevention, care/support, and treatment needs of people, families, and communities infected or affected by HIV/AIDS and injection drug use. The CoR-PWID comprises a broad range of services that include but are not limited to the World Health Organization priority interventions for HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment, and care in the health sector and the package of essential interventions for the prevention, treatment, and care of HIV for people who inject drugs. Implementation of these well-defined, essential prevention, care/support, and treatment services, in addition to locally defined needed services, in a coordinated fashion is important to clients, their families, and communities. The CoR-PWID is, therefore, a necessary framework essential for service development for countries that address HIV/AIDS in populations of PWID.
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Hauser KF, Fitting S, Dever SM, Podhaizer EM, Knapp PE. Opiate drug use and the pathophysiology of neuroAIDS. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:435-52. [PMID: 22591368 PMCID: PMC3431547 DOI: 10.2174/157016212802138779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Opiate abuse and HIV-1 have been described as interrelated epidemics, and even in the advent of combined anti-retroviral therapy, the additional abuse of opiates appears to result in greater neurologic and cognitive deficits. The central nervous system (CNS) is particularly vulnerable to interactive opiate-HIV-1 effects, in part because of the unique responses of microglia and astroglia. Although neurons are principally responsible for behavior and cognition, HIV-1 infection and replication in the brain is largely limited to microglia, while astroglia and perhaps glial progenitors can be latently infected. Thus, neuronal dysfunction and injury result from cellular and viral toxins originating from HIV-1 infected/exposed glia. Importantly, subsets of glial cells including oligodendrocytes, as well as neurons, express µ-opioid receptors and therefore can be direct targets for heroin and morphine (the major metabolite of heroin in the CNS), which preferentially activate µ-opioid receptors. This review highlights findings that neuroAIDS is a glially driven disease, and that opiate abuse may act at multiple glial-cell types to further compromise neuron function and survival. The ongoing, reactive cross-talk between opiate drug and HIV-1 co-exposed microglia and astroglia appears to exacerbate critical proinflammatory and excitotoxic events leading to neuron dysfunction, injury, and potentially death. Opiates enhance synaptodendritic damage and a loss of synaptic connectivity, which is viewed as the substrate of cognitive deficits. We especially emphasize that opioid signaling and interactions with HIV-1 are contextual, differing among cell types, and even within subsets of the same cell type. For example, astroglia even within a single brain region are heterogeneous in their expression of µ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors, as well as CXCR4 and CCR5, and Toll-like receptors. Thus, defining the distinct targets engaged by opiates in each cell type, and among brain regions, is critical to an understanding of how opiate abuse exacerbates neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1217 East Marshall Street, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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Pottiez G, Jagadish T, Yu F, Letendre S, Ellis R, Duarte NA, Grant I, Gendelman HE, Fox HS, Ciborowski P. Plasma proteomic profiling in HIV-1 infected methamphetamine abusers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31031. [PMID: 22359561 PMCID: PMC3281056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We wanted to determine whether methamphetamine use affects a subset of plasma proteins in HIV-infected persons. Plasma samples from two visits were identified for subjects from four groups: HIV+, ongoing, persistent METH use; HIV+, short-term METH abstinent; HIV+, long term METH abstinence; HIV negative, no history of METH use. Among 390 proteins identified, 28 showed significant changes in expression in the HIV+/persistent METH+ group over the two visits, which were not attributable to HIV itself. These proteins were involved in complement, coagulation pathways and oxidative stress. Continuous METH use is an unstable condition, altering levels of a number of plasma proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenael Pottiez
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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