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Pathak P, Ahn J. Application of vibration to the soles increases long-range correlations in the stride parameters during walking. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20946. [PMID: 37867835 PMCID: PMC10587532 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal fluctuations in the stride parameters during human walking exhibit long-range correlations, but these long-range correlations in the stride parameters decrease due to aging or neuromuscular diseases. These observations suggest that any quantified index of the long-range correlation can be regarded as an indicator of gait functionality. Considering the effect of task-relevant sensory feedback on augmenting human motor performance, we devised shoes with active insoles that could deliver noisy vibration to the soles of feet and assessed their efficacy in enhancing the long-range correlations in the stride parameters for healthy young adults. The vibration could be wirelessly controlled using a smartphone. The actuators, control unit, and battery in the devised shoes were light and embedded in the shoes. By virtue of this compactness, the shoes could be easily used for daily walking outside a laboratory. We performed walking experiments with 20 healthy adults and evaluated the effects of sub- and supra-threshold vibration on long-range correlations in stride interval and length. We performed detrended fluctuation analysis to quantify the long-range correlation of temporal changes in stride interval and length. We found that supra-threshold vibration, applied to the soles with the amplitude of 130 % of the sensory threshold, significantly increased the long-range correlations in stride interval and length by 10.3 % (p = 0.009) and 10.1 % (p = 0.021), respectively. On the other hand, sub-threshold vibration with the amplitude of 90 % of the sensory threshold had no significant effect. These results demonstrate that additional somatosensory feedback through barely detectable vibrations, which are supplied by compact shoes with active insoles, can enhance the indices of "healthy" complexity of locomotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Pathak
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jooeun Ahn
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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Bunyaratavej K, Wangsawatwong P. Rolandic Cortex Morphology: Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Three-Dimensional Cerebral Reconstruction Study and Intraoperative Usefulness. Asian J Neurosurg 2022; 17:31-37. [PMID: 35873857 PMCID: PMC9298582 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
During brain surgery, the neurosurgeon must be able to identify and avoid injury to the Rolandic cortex. However, when only a small part of the cortex is exposed, it may be difficult to identify the Rolandic cortex with certainty. Despite various advanced methods to identify it, visual recognition remains an important backup for neurosurgeons. The aim of the study was to find any specific morphology pattern that may help to identify the Rolandic cortex intraoperatively.
Materials and Methods
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain from patients with various conditions was used to create the three-dimensional cerebral reconstruction images. A total of 216 patients with 371 intact hemispheres were included. Each image was inspected to note the morphology of the Rolandic cortex and the suprasylvian cortex. Additionally, other two evaluators exclusively inspected the morphology of the suprasylvian cortex. Their observation results were compared to find the agreements.
Results
Several distinctive morphology patterns have been identified at the Rolandic cortex and the suprasylvian cortex including a genu, or a knob at the upper precentral gyrus, an angulation of the lower postcentral gyrus, a strip for pars opercularis, a rectangle for the lower precentral gyrus, and a triangle for the lower postcentral gyrus. Combined total and partial agreement of the suprasylvian cortex morphology pattern ranged from 60.4 to 85.2%.
Conclusion
The authors have demonstrated the distinctive morphology of the Rolandic cortex and the suprasylvian cortex. This information can provide visual guidance to identify the Rolandic cortex particularly during surgery with limited exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapundha Bunyaratavej
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyanat Wangsawatwong
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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MacDonald DB, Simon MV, Nuwer MR. Neurophysiology during epilepsy surgery. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 186:103-121. [PMID: 35772880 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819826-1.00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) complements modern presurgical investigations by providing information about the epileptic focus as well as real-time identification of critical functional tissue and assessment of ongoing neural integrity during resective epilepsy surgery. This chapter summarizes current IONM methods for mapping the epileptic focus and for mapping and monitoring functionally important structures with direct brain stimulation and evoked potentials. These techniques include electrocorticography, computerized high-frequency oscillation mapping, single-pulse electric stimulation, cortical and subcortical motor evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, visual evoked potentials, and cortico-cortical evoked potentials. They may help to maximize epileptic tissue resection while avoiding permanent postoperative neurologic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirela V Simon
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marc R Nuwer
- Departments of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, and Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Dziedzic TA, Bala A, Marchel A. Cortical and Subcortical Anatomy of the Parietal Lobe From the Neurosurgical Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:727055. [PMID: 34512535 PMCID: PMC8426580 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.727055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The anatomical structures of the parietal lobe at the cortical and subcortical levels are related mainly to sensory, visuospatial, visual and language function. The aim of this study was to present an intraoperative perspective of these critical structures in terms of the surgical treatment of intra-axial lesions. The study also discusses the results of the technique and the results of direct brain stimulation under awake conditions. Materials and Methods: Five adult brains were prepared according to the Klingler technique. Cortical assessments and all measurements were performed with the naked eye, while white matter dissection was performed with microscopic magnification. Results: Intra-axial lesions within the parietal lobe can be approached through a lateral or superior trajectory. This decision is based on the location of the lesions in relation to the arcuate fascicle/superior longitudinal fascicle (AF/SLF) complex and ventricular system. Regardless of the approach, the functional borders of the resection are defined by the postcentral gyrus anteriorly and Wernicke's speech area inferiorly. On the subcortical level, active identification of the AF/SLF complex and of the optic radiation within the sagittal stratum should be performed. The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is a reliable landmark for the AF/SLF complex in ~60% of cases. Conclusion: Knowledge of the cortical and subcortical anatomical and functional borders of the resection is crucial in preoperative planning, prediction of the risk of postoperative deficits, and intraoperative decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Bala
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marchel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Acute stress has substantial impact on white matter microstructure of people exposed to trauma. Its long-term consequence and how the brain changes from the stress remain unclear. In this study, we address this issue via diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Twenty-two trauma-exposed individuals who did not meet post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria were recruited from the most affected area of Wenchuan earthquake and scanned twice (within twenty-five days and two years after the quake, respectively). Their emotional distress was evaluated with the Self-Rating Anxiety/Depression Scales (SAS/SDS) at both scans. Automatic fiber quantification was used to examine brain microstructure alterations. Correlation analyses were also conducted to investigate relationships between brain microstructure changes and symptom improvement. A group of demographically matched healthy controls (N = 22) from another project were scanned once before the quake using the same imaging protocols as used with trauma-exposed non-PTSD (TENP) participants. Two years after the earthquake, TENP individuals exhibited significantly reduced FA in the parietal portion of left superior longitudinal fasciculus and high FA in the parietal portion of left corticospinal tract. Over the follow-up, increased FA of the left uncinate fasciculus and the left corticospinal tract with parallel reduction of SAS and SDS were observed in TENP. No significant association was found between brain microstructure changes and symptom improvement. These results indicate changes in WM microstructure integrity of TENP brains parallel with symptom improvement over time after acute stress. However, the change would be a long-term process without external intervention.
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Sun F, Zhang G, Yu T, Zhang X, Wang X, Yan X, Qiao L, Ma K, Zhang X. Functional characteristics of the human primary somatosensory cortex: An electrostimulation study. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 118:107920. [PMID: 33770611 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The common knowledge of the functional organization of the human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) had been primarily established by Penfield who electrically stimulated the exposed surface [referred as Brodmann area (BA)1] of S1 under neurosurgical conditions. Nevertheless, the functional information regarding the deep surface (BA 2 and 3) of S1 is poorly understood. We retrospectively analyzed all the clinical manifestations induced by extra-operative cortical electrical stimulation (ES) in 33 patients with medically intractable epilepsy who underwent stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) monitoring for presurgical assessment. Demographic and clinical data were gathered and evaluated to delineate the determinants of the occurrence of positive responses, types of responses, and size of body regions involved. The stimulation of 244 sites in S1 yielded 198 positive sites (81.1%), most of which were located in the sulcal cortex. In multivariable analyses, no clinical or demographic factors predicted the occurrence of responses or their threshold levels. The size of body region involved in the responses had ordinal association with the stimulated BA sites (p < 0.001). Various types of responses elicited from the S1 were documented and classified, and the predictors of those responses were also assessed. Our analysis revealed the functional characteristics of the entire S1 and proved the multiplicity of functions of S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiao Sun
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Tao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xueyuan Wang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
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Yin F, Ni D, Xu C, Yan X, Ma K, Zhang X, Gao R, Zhang G. Auras in intractable frontal lobe epilepsy: Clinical characteristics, values, and limitations. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 115:107724. [PMID: 33423014 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Auras are essential in preoperative evaluation and can provide valuable information for delineating seizure onset zones. Frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) is the second most common focal epilepsy, while a few studies have focused on auras in FLE. To better understand FLE, we analyzed the clinical characteristics, values, and limitations of auras in FLE. The incidence rate of aura in FLE was 37.9% in our study. We included 54 patients and 76 auras in 11 categories were reported. The rate of auras in the decreasing order are as follows: autonomic aura; emotional aura; somatosensory aura; psychic aura; cephalic aura; abdominal aura; whole-body sensory aura, visual aura; auditory aura; and vestibular and unclassified aura. A significant number of aura types can be reported by FLE patients; autonomic aura was the most frequent category and somatosensory auras are most likely associated with the contralateral motor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhao Yin
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Functional Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Duanyu Ni
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Functional Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Cuiping Xu
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Functional Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Functional Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Functional Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Functional Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Runshi Gao
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Functional Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China; Department of Functional Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
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8
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Sun F, Zhang G, Ren L, Yu T, Ren Z, Gao R, Zhang X. Functional organization of the human primary somatosensory cortex: A stereo-electroencephalography study. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:487-497. [PMID: 33465535 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The classical homunculus of the human primary somatosensory cortex (S1) established by Penfield has mainly portrayed the functional organization of convexial cortex, namely Brodmann area (BA) 1. However, little is known about the functions in fissural cortex including BA2 and BA3. We aim at drawing a refined and detailed somatosensory homunculus of the entire S1. METHODS We recruited 20 patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy who underwent stereo-electroencephalography for preoperative assessments. Direct electrical stimulation was performed for functional mapping. Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates of the stimulation sites lying in S1 were acquired. RESULTS Stimulation of 177 sites in S1 yielded 149 positive sites (84%), most of which were located in the sulcal cortex. The spatial distribution of different body-part representations across the S1 surface revealed that the gross medial-to-lateral sequence of body representations within the entire S1 was consistent with the classical "homunculus". And we identified several unreported body-part representations from the sulcal cortex, such as forehead, deep elbow and wrist joints, and some dorsal body regions. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal general somatotopical characteristics of the entire S1 cortex and differences with the previous works of Penfield. SIGNIFICANCE The classical S1 homunculus was extended by providing further refinement and additional detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiao Sun
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Liankun Ren
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhiwei Ren
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Runshi Gao
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 45, Changchun Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China
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Shum J, Fanda L, Dugan P, Doyle WK, Devinsky O, Flinker A. Neural correlates of sign language production revealed by electrocorticography. Neurology 2020; 95:e2880-e2889. [PMID: 32788249 PMCID: PMC7734739 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The combined spatiotemporal dynamics underlying sign language production remain largely unknown. To investigate these dynamics compared to speech production, we used intracranial electrocorticography during a battery of language tasks. METHODS We report a unique case of direct cortical surface recordings obtained from a neurosurgical patient with intact hearing who is bilingual in English and American Sign Language. We designed a battery of cognitive tasks to capture multiple modalities of language processing and production. RESULTS We identified 2 spatially distinct cortical networks: ventral for speech and dorsal for sign production. Sign production recruited perirolandic, parietal, and posterior temporal regions, while speech production recruited frontal, perisylvian, and perirolandic regions. Electrical cortical stimulation confirmed this spatial segregation, identifying mouth areas for speech production and limb areas for sign production. The temporal dynamics revealed superior parietal cortex activity immediately before sign production, suggesting its role in planning and producing sign language. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal a distinct network for sign language and detail the temporal propagation supporting sign production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Shum
- From the Department of Neurology (J.S., L.F., P.D., W.K.D., O.D., A.F.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, and Department of Neurosurgery (W.K.D.), New York University School of Medicine, NY.
| | - Lora Fanda
- From the Department of Neurology (J.S., L.F., P.D., W.K.D., O.D., A.F.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, and Department of Neurosurgery (W.K.D.), New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Patricia Dugan
- From the Department of Neurology (J.S., L.F., P.D., W.K.D., O.D., A.F.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, and Department of Neurosurgery (W.K.D.), New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Werner K Doyle
- From the Department of Neurology (J.S., L.F., P.D., W.K.D., O.D., A.F.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, and Department of Neurosurgery (W.K.D.), New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- From the Department of Neurology (J.S., L.F., P.D., W.K.D., O.D., A.F.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, and Department of Neurosurgery (W.K.D.), New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Adeen Flinker
- From the Department of Neurology (J.S., L.F., P.D., W.K.D., O.D., A.F.), Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, and Department of Neurosurgery (W.K.D.), New York University School of Medicine, NY
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Rech F, Wassermann D, Duffau H. New insights into the neural foundations mediating movement/language interactions gained from intrasurgical direct electrostimulations. Brain Cogn 2020; 142:105583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Electrical Cortical Stimulation: Mapping for Function and Seizures. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2020; 31:435-448. [PMID: 32475491 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Surgical procedures for the treatment of epilepsy and brain tumors can involve resection of regions closed or merged to functionally eloquent cortical areas. Removal of language, primary motor, or sensory areas can be associated with transient or permanent functional deficits, which should be avoided if possible. Functional electrical cortical stimulation is a reliable technique to prevent or minimize motor, sensory and language deficits and has been used in humans since the 1950s to identify functional cortex, and it can also localize epileptogenic regions. This article discusses functional electrical stimulation in adults and children for different functional modalities.
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Voets NL, Plaha P, Parker Jones O, Pretorius P, Bartsch A. Presurgical Localization of the Primary Sensorimotor Cortex in Gliomas : When is Resting State FMRI Beneficial and Sufficient? Clin Neuroradiol 2020; 31:245-256. [PMID: 32274518 PMCID: PMC7943510 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-020-00879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has an established role in neurosurgical planning; however, ambiguity surrounds the comparative value of resting and task-based fMRI relative to anatomical localization of the sensorimotor cortex. This study was carried out to determine: 1) how often fMRI adds to prediction of motor risks beyond expert neuroradiological review, 2) success rates of presurgical resting and task-based sensorimotor mapping, and 3) the impact of accelerated resting fMRI acquisitions on network detectability. METHODS Data were collected at 2 centers from 71 patients with a primary brain tumor (31 women; mean age 41.9 ± 13.9 years) and 14 healthy individuals (6 women; mean age 37.9 ± 12.7 years). Preoperative 3T MRI included anatomical scans and resting fMRI using unaccelerated (TR = 3.5 s), intermediate (TR = 1.56 s) or high temporal resolution (TR = 0.72 s) sequences. Task fMRI finger tapping data were acquired in 45 patients. Group differences in fMRI reproducibility, spatial overlap and success frequencies were assessed with t‑tests and χ2-tests. RESULTS Radiological review identified the central sulcus in 98.6% (70/71) patients. Task-fMRI succeeded in 100% (45/45). Resting fMRI failed to identify a sensorimotor network in up to 10 patients; it succeeded in 97.9% (47/48) of accelerated fMRIs, compared to only 60.9% (14/23) of unaccelerated fMRIs ([Formula: see text](2) = 17.84, p < 0.001). Of the patients 12 experienced postoperative deterioration, largely predicted by anatomical proximity to the central sulcus. CONCLUSION The use of fMRI in patients with residual or intact presurgical motor function added value to uncertain anatomical localization in just a single peri-Rolandic glioma case. Resting fMRI showed high correspondence to task localization when acquired with accelerated sequences but offered limited success at standard acquisitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Voets
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Headington, Oxford, UK. .,Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
| | - Puneet Plaha
- Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Oiwi Parker Jones
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Pieter Pretorius
- Department of Neuroradiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Bartsch
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Bhattacharjee S, Kashyap R, Abualait T, Annabel Chen SH, Yoo WK, Bashir S. The Role of Primary Motor Cortex: More Than Movement Execution. J Mot Behav 2020; 53:258-274. [PMID: 32194004 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2020.1738992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The predominant role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in motor execution is well acknowledged. However, additional roles of M1 are getting evident in humans owing to advances in noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques. This review collates such studies in humans and proposes that M1 also plays a key role in higher cognitive processes. The review commences with the studies that have investigated the nature of connectivity of M1 with other cortical regions in light of studies based on NIBS. The review then moves on to discuss the studies that have demonstrated the role of M1 in higher cognitive processes such as attention, motor learning, motor consolidation, movement inhibition, somatomotor response, and movement imagery. Overall, the purpose of the review is to highlight the additional role of M1 in motor cognition besides motor control, which remains unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajan Kashyap
- Center for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Turki Abualait
- Physical Therapy Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shen-Hsing Annabel Chen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKC Medicine), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Office of Educational Research, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Neshige S, Kobayashi K, Matsuhashi M, Togo M, Sakamoto M, Shimotake A, Hitomi T, Kikuchi T, Yoshida K, Kunieda T, Matsumoto R, Maruyama H, Takahashi R, Miyamoto S, Ikeda A. A score to map the lateral nonprimary motor area: Multispectrum intrinsic brain activity versus cortical stimulation. Epilepsia 2019; 60:2294-2305. [PMID: 31612479 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multispectrum electrocorticographic components are critical for mapping the nonprimary motor area (NPMA). The objective of this study was to derive and validate a reliable scoring system for electrocorticography-based NPMA mapping (NPMA score) to replace electrical cortical stimulation (ECS) during brain surgery. METHODS We analyzed 14 consecutive epilepsy patients with subdural electrodes implanted in the frontal lobe at Kyoto University Hospital. The NPMA score was retrospectively derived from multivariate analysis in the derivation group (patients = 7, electrodes = 713, during 2010-2013) and validated in the validation group (patients = 7, electrodes = 772, during 2014-2017). We assessed the accuracy and reliability of the score relative to ECS in determining the NPMA and predicting postoperative functional outcomes. RESULTS Multivariate analysis in the derivation group led to an 8-point score for predicting ECS-based NPMA (1 point for anatomical localization of the electrode and 1 or 2 points for movement-related electrocorticographic components regardless of somatotopy in very slow cortical potential shifts [<0.5 Hz], 40-80-Hz band power increase, and 8-24-Hz band power decrease), which was validated in the validation group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.89 in the derivation group. Good prediction (specificity = 94%, sensitivity = 100%) and discrimination (AUC = 0.87) were reproduced in the validation group. Overall, higher NPMA scores identified 2 patients with postoperative deficits after frontal lobe resection. SIGNIFICANCE The NPMA score is reliable for NPMA mapping, potentially replacing ECS. It is a potential prognostic marker for postoperative functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Neshige
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuhashi
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaya Togo
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimotake
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Hitomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Riki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders, and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Branco MP, de Boer LM, Ramsey NF, Vansteensel MJ. Encoding of kinetic and kinematic movement parameters in the sensorimotor cortex: A Brain-Computer Interface perspective. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:2755-2772. [PMID: 30633413 PMCID: PMC6625947 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
For severely paralyzed people, Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) can potentially replace lost motor output and provide a brain-based control signal for augmentative and alternative communication devices or neuroprosthetics. Many BCIs focus on neuronal signals acquired from the hand area of the sensorimotor cortex, employing changes in the patterns of neuronal firing or spectral power associated with one or more types of hand movement. Hand and finger movement can be described by two groups of movement features, namely kinematics (spatial and motion aspects) and kinetics (muscles and forces). Despite extensive primate and human research, it is not fully understood how these features are represented in the SMC and how they lead to the appropriate movement. Yet, the available information may provide insight into which features are most suitable for BCI control. To that purpose, the current paper provides an in-depth review on the movement features encoded in the SMC. Even though there is no consensus on how exactly the SMC generates movement, we conclude that some parameters are well represented in the SMC and can be accurately used for BCI control with discrete as well as continuous feedback. However, the vast evidence also suggests that movement should be interpreted as a combination of multiple parameters rather than isolated ones, pleading for further exploration of sensorimotor control models for accurate BCI control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Branco
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Nick F. Ramsey
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Mariska J. Vansteensel
- Brain Center Rudolf MagnusDepartment of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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16
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Viganò L, Fornia L, Rossi M, Howells H, Leonetti A, Puglisi G, Conti Nibali M, Bellacicca A, Grimaldi M, Bello L, Cerri G. Anatomo-functional characterisation of the human “hand-knob”: A direct electrophysiological study. Cortex 2019; 113:239-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Ostergard TA, Miller JP. Surgery for epilepsy in the primary motor cortex: A critical review. Epilepsy Behav 2019; 91:13-19. [PMID: 30049575 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone within the frontal lobe can be a very effective treatment for medically refractory epilepsy originating from this area. While much of the frontal lobe consists of highly eloquent tissue, surgery is not necessarily contraindicated as long as the epileptogenic zone is well-localized and the tissue resected is limited. Resection of the primary motor cortex was described by Victor Horsley in the 19th century and was used frequently in the early 20th century for a variety of neurological disorders including epilepsy; improvements in surgical techniques and mapping has led to a resurgence of its use in the past few decades. Although many surgeons are hesitant to resect tissue adjacent to the primary hand area based on fears of new motor deficits, there is extensive evidence that focal resections are well-tolerated over the long-term with residual weakness that is fairly mild: some patients experience postoperative weakness, including hemiparesis, but a stereotypical recovery of strength from proximal to distal muscles occurs over months, and only one quarter will have a permanent neurologic deficit, usually consisting of difficulty with fine motor movements. The main alternative to surgical resection is subpial transection, characterized by a small decrease in postoperative deficits and significantly worse seizure outcomes. The treatment of patients with seizures originating from this region requires a solid understanding of the structural and functional anatomy of the frontal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Ostergard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan P Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Breshears JD, Southwell DG, Chang EF. Inhibition of Manual Movements at Speech Arrest Sites in the Posterior Inferior Frontal Lobe. Neurosurgery 2018; 85:E496-E501. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Intraoperative stimulation of the posterior inferior frontal lobe (IFL) induces speech arrest, which is often interpreted as demonstration of essential language function. However, prior reports have described “negative motor areas” in the IFL, sites where stimulation halts ongoing limb motor activity.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the spatial and functional relationship between IFL speech arrest areas and negative motor areas (NMAs).
METHODS
In this retrospective cohort study, intraoperative stimulation mapping was performed to localize speech and motor function, as well as arrest of hand movement, hand posture, and guitar playing in a set of patients undergoing awake craniotomy for dominant hemisphere pathologies. The incidence and localization of speech arrest and motor inhibition was analyzed.
RESULTS
Eleven patients underwent intraoperative localization of speech arrest sites and inhibitory motor areas. A total of 17 speech arrest sites were identified in the dominant frontal lobe, and, of these, 5 sites (29.4%) were also identified as NMAs. Speech arrest and arrest of guitar playing was also evoked by a single IFL site in 1 subject.
CONCLUSION
Inferior frontal gyrus speech arrest sites do not function solely in speech production. These findings provide further evidence for the complexity of language organization, and suggest the need for refined mapping strategies that discern between language-specific sites and inhibitory motor areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Breshears
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Derek G Southwell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Parmigiani S, Cattaneo L. Stimulation of the Dorsal Premotor Cortex, But Not of the Supplementary Motor Area Proper, Impairs the Stop Function in a STOP Signal Task. Neuroscience 2018; 394:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Selective Inhibition of Volitional Hand Movements after Stimulation of the Dorsoposterior Parietal Cortex in Humans. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3303-3309.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Ripp I, zur Nieden A, Blankenagel S, Franzmeier N, Lundström JN, Freiherr J. Multisensory integration processing during olfactory-visual stimulation-An fMRI graph theoretical network analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3713-3727. [PMID: 29736907 PMCID: PMC6866557 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to understand how whole-brain neural networks compute sensory information integration based on the olfactory and visual system. Task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was obtained during unimodal and bimodal sensory stimulation. Based on the identification of multisensory integration processing (MIP) specific hub-like network nodes analyzed with network-based statistics using region-of-interest based connectivity matrices, we conclude the following brain areas to be important for processing the presented bimodal sensory information: right precuneus connected contralaterally to the supramarginal gyrus for memory-related imagery and phonology retrieval, and the left middle occipital gyrus connected ipsilaterally to the inferior frontal gyrus via the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus including functional aspects of working memory. Applied graph theory for quantification of the resulting complex network topologies indicates a significantly increased global efficiency and clustering coefficient in networks including aspects of MIP reflecting a simultaneous better integration and segregation. Graph theoretical analysis of positive and negative network correlations allowing for inferences about excitatory and inhibitory network architectures revealed-not significant, but very consistent-that MIP-specific neural networks are dominated by inhibitory relationships between brain regions involved in stimulus processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ripp
- Department Biology II NeurobiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
- Department of Sensory AnalyticsFraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVVFreisingGermany
| | - Anna‐Nora zur Nieden
- Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Sonja Blankenagel
- Department of Sensory AnalyticsFraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVVFreisingGermany
- Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University MunichMunichGermany
| | - Johan N. Lundström
- Monell Chemical Senses CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Department of Sensory AnalyticsFraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVVFreisingGermany
- Diagnostic and Interventional NeuroradiologyUniversity Hospital, RWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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22
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Neshige S, Matsuhashi M, Kobayashi K, Sakurai T, Shimotake A, Hitomi T, Kikuchi T, Yoshida K, Kunieda T, Matsumoto R, Takahashi R, Miyamoto S, Maruyama H, Matsumoto M, Ikeda A. Multi-component intrinsic brain activities as a safe alternative to cortical stimulation for sensori-motor mapping in neurosurgery. Clin Neurophysiol 2018; 129:2038-2048. [PMID: 29935961 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of multi-component electrocorticography (ECoG)-based mapping using "wide-spectrum, intrinsic-brain activities" for identifying the primary sensori-motor area (S1-M1). METHODS We evaluated 14 epilepsy patients with 1514 subdural electrodes implantation covering the perirolandic cortices at Kyoto University Hospital between 2011 and 2016. We performed multi-component, ECoG-based mapping (band-pass filter, 0.016-300/600 Hz) involving combined analyses of the single components: movement-related cortical potential (<0.5-1 Hz), event-related synchronization (76-200 Hz), and event-related de-synchronization (8-24 Hz) to identify the S1-M1. The feasibility of multi-component mapping was assessed through comparisons with single-component mapping and electrical cortical stimulation (ECS). RESULTS Among 54 functional areas evaluation, ECoG-based maps showed significantly higher rate of localization concordances with ECS maps when the three single-component maps were consistent than when those were inconsistent with each other (p < 0.001 in motor, and p = 0.02 in sensory mappings). Multi-component mapping revealed high sensitivity (89-90%) and specificity (94-97%) as compared with ECS. CONCLUSIONS Wide-spectrum, multi-component ECoG-based mapping is feasible, having high sensitivity/specificity relative to ECS. SIGNIFICANCE This safe (non-stimulus) mapping strategy, alternative to ECS, would allow clinicians to rule in/out the possibility of brain function prior to resection surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Neshige
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuhashi
- Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Katsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeyo Sakurai
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shimotake
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takefumi Hitomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Riki Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Masayasu Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Japan
| | - Akio Ikeda
- Department of Epilepsy, Movement Disorders and Physiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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23
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Baldwin MKL, Cooke DF, Krubitzer L. Intracortical Microstimulation Maps of Motor, Somatosensory, and Posterior Parietal Cortex in Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri) Reveal Complex Movement Representations. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1439-1456. [PMID: 26759478 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-train intracortical microstimulation (LT-ICMS) is a popular method for studying the organization of motor and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in mammals. In primates, LT-ICMS evokes both multijoint and multiple-body-part movements in primary motor, premotor, and PPC. In rodents, LT-ICMS evokes complex movements of a single limb in motor cortex. Unfortunately, very little is known about motor/PPC organization in other mammals. Tree shrews are closely related to both primates and rodents and could provide insights into the evolution of complex movement domains in primates. The present study investigated the extent of cortex in which movements could be evoked with ICMS and the characteristics of movements elicited using both short train (ST) and LT-ICMS in tree shrews. We demonstrate that LT-ICMS and ST-ICMS maps are similar, with the movements elicited with ST-ICMS being truncated versions of those elicited with LT-ICMS. In addition, LT-ICMS-evoked complex movements within motor cortex similar to those in rodents. More complex movements involving multiple body parts such as the hand and mouth were also elicited in motor cortex and PPC, as in primates. Our results suggest that complex movement networks present in PPC and motor cortex were present in mammals prior to the emergence of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K L Baldwin
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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25
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Abstract
The motor cortex is a large frontal structure in the cerebral cortex of eutherian mammals. A vast array of evidence implicates the motor cortex in the volitional control of motor output, but how does the motor cortex exert this 'control'? Historically, ideas regarding motor cortex function have been shaped by the discovery of cortical 'motor maps' - that is, ordered representations of stimulation-evoked movements in anaesthetized animals. Volitional control, however, entails the initiation of movements and the ability to suppress undesired movements. In this article, we highlight classic and recent findings that emphasize that motor cortex neurons have a role in both processes.
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26
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DelDonno SR, Jenkins LM, Crane NA, Nusslock R, Ryan KA, Shankman SA, Phan KL, Langenecker SA. Affective traits and history of depression are related to ventral striatum connectivity. J Affect Disord 2017. [PMID: 28633048 PMCID: PMC5562158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studying remitted Major Depressive Disorder (rMDD) facilitates a better understanding of neural mechanisms for risk, given that confounding effects of active symptoms are removed. Disrupted functional connectivity has been reported in multiple networks in MDD. However, no study to date of rMDD has specifically examined connectivity of the ventral striatum (VS), a region highly implicated in reward and motivation. We investigated functional connectivity of the VS in individuals with and without a history of MDD, and in relation to affective personality traits. METHODS Forty-two individuals with rMDD and 28 healthy controls across two sites completed resting-state fMRI and the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System Scale. Voxel-wise, whole-brain comparisons were conducted across and between groups for four seeds: left and right inferior VS (VSi), left and right superior VS (VSs). RESULTS VSs connectivity to temporal and subcortical regions including the putamen and amygdala was positive and greater in HCs compared to rMDD individuals. Across groups, VSi connectivity was positively correlated with trait reward-responsiveness in somatomotor regions. Across groups, VSs connectivity was positively correlated with trait drive, particularly in the putamen, parahippocampal, and inferior temporal gyrus, and was negatively associated with trait behavioral inhibition in the anterior cingulate, frontal gyri, and insula. LIMITATIONS Limitations include scanning at two sites and using multiple comparisons. DISCUSSION Group connectivity differences emerged from the VSs rather than VSi. VSs showed associations with trait drive and behavioral inhibition, whereas VSi corrrelated with reward-responsiveness. Depression history and affective traits contribute meaningful and specific information about VS connectivity in understanding risk for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - K. Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Scott A. Langenecker
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago,Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago,Corresponding author: 1601 W Taylor St., M/C 912, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. P: (312) 996-0085.
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27
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Flouty O, Reddy C, Holland M, Kovach C, Kawasaki H, Oya H, Greenlee J, Hitchon P, Howard M. Precision surgery of rolandic glioma and insights from extended functional mapping. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017; 163:60-66. [PMID: 29073500 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Electrical cortical stimulation mapping (ECSM) is the current gold standard functional mapping technique; however, it is burdened by several limitations. Our objective in this study is to show that extended functional mapping modalities can (1) allow neurosurgeons to map and preserve eloquent regions that are inaccessible by the traditional ECSM technique and (2) factor into the operative decision-making process and surgical trajectory during resection of Rolandic brain tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS A 55year old patient having a right Rolandic glioblastoma underwent subdural grid implantation followed by surgical resection. Multimodal functional mapping including electrical stimulation, high gamma power mapping, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging were performed to define the location of the patient's eloquent cortex and white matter tracts in relation to the tumor and determine the optimal surgical trajectory prior to resection. RESULTS The patient tolerated a safe surgical resection without any new postoperative deficits. ECSM mapping successfully delineated safe areas for resection as well as eloquent areas related to motor control and speech production. High gamma power analysis successfully mapped areas involved in arm reach. Functional MRI showed the regions related to finger tapping. DTI demonstrated the corticospinal tract and its relation to the hand motor cortex and the tumor. CONCLUSION Adjunct mapping techniques used to supplement the data offered by ECSM can help advance the field of functional mapping and Rolandic surgery via broadening our accessibility to the human brain and providing a comprehensive map of eloquent grey and white matter structures and their relation to the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Flouty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Chandan Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marshall Holland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Christopher Kovach
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hiroto Kawasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Oya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jeremy Greenlee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick Hitchon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Matthew Howard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Lee YJ, Yum MS, Kim MJ, Shim WH, Yoon HM, Yoo IH, Lee J, Lim BC, Kim KJ, Ko TS. Large-scale structural alteration of brain in epileptic children with SCN1A mutation. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 15:594-600. [PMID: 28664031 PMCID: PMC5479971 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective Mutations in SCN1A gene encoding the alpha 1 subunit of the voltage gated sodium channel are associated with several epilepsy syndromes including genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS +) and severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI). However, in most patients with SCN1A mutation, brain imaging has reported normal or non-specific findings including cerebral or cerebellar atrophy. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in brain morphometry in epileptic children with SCN1A mutation compared to healthy control subjects. Methods We obtained cortical morphology (thickness, and surface area) and brain volume (global, subcortical, and regional) measurements using FreeSurfer (version 5.3.0, https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu) and compared measurements of children with epilepsy and SCN1A gene mutation (n = 21) with those of age and gender matched healthy controls (n = 42). Results Compared to the healthy control group, children with epilepsy and SCN1A gene mutation exhibited smaller total brain, total gray matter and white matter, cerebellar white matter, and subcortical volumes, as well as mean surface area and mean cortical thickness. A regional analysis revealed significantly reduced gray matter volume in the patient group in the bilateral inferior parietal, left lateral orbitofrontal, left precentral, right postcentral, right isthmus cingulate, right middle temporal area with smaller surface area and white matter volume in some of these areas. However, the regional cortical thickness was not significantly different in two groups. Significance This study showed large-scale developmental brain changes in patients with epilepsy and SCN1A gene mutation, which may be associated with the core symptoms of the patients. Further longitudinal MRI studies with larger cohorts are required to confirm the effect of SCN1A gene mutation on structural brain development. Surface-based morphometry was performed in epileptic children with SCN1A mutation. Cortical GM and WM volumes, cerebellar WM volume and surface area are smaller. Patients group showed similar age effect on total brain volume and GM volume. No significant difference were obtained in regional cortical thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Yum
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jee Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Shim
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Mang Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Han Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Sung Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lebedev MA, Nicolelis MAL. Brain-Machine Interfaces: From Basic Science to Neuroprostheses and Neurorehabilitation. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:767-837. [PMID: 28275048 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) combine methods, approaches, and concepts derived from neurophysiology, computer science, and engineering in an effort to establish real-time bidirectional links between living brains and artificial actuators. Although theoretical propositions and some proof of concept experiments on directly linking the brains with machines date back to the early 1960s, BMI research only took off in earnest at the end of the 1990s, when this approach became intimately linked to new neurophysiological methods for sampling large-scale brain activity. The classic goals of BMIs are 1) to unveil and utilize principles of operation and plastic properties of the distributed and dynamic circuits of the brain and 2) to create new therapies to restore mobility and sensations to severely disabled patients. Over the past decade, a wide range of BMI applications have emerged, which considerably expanded these original goals. BMI studies have shown neural control over the movements of robotic and virtual actuators that enact both upper and lower limb functions. Furthermore, BMIs have also incorporated ways to deliver sensory feedback, generated from external actuators, back to the brain. BMI research has been at the forefront of many neurophysiological discoveries, including the demonstration that, through continuous use, artificial tools can be assimilated by the primate brain's body schema. Work on BMIs has also led to the introduction of novel neurorehabilitation strategies. As a result of these efforts, long-term continuous BMI use has been recently implicated with the induction of partial neurological recovery in spinal cord injury patients.
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Decoding hand gestures from primary somatosensory cortex using high-density ECoG. Neuroimage 2016; 147:130-142. [PMID: 27926827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrocorticography (ECoG) based Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have been proposed as a way to restore and replace motor function or communication in severely paralyzed people. To date, most motor-based BCIs have either focused on the sensorimotor cortex as a whole or on the primary motor cortex (M1) as a source of signals for this purpose. Still, target areas for BCI are not confined to M1, and more brain regions may provide suitable BCI control signals. A logical candidate is the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), which not only shares similar somatotopic organization to M1, but also has been suggested to have a role beyond sensory feedback during movement execution. Here, we investigated whether four complex hand gestures, taken from the American sign language alphabet, can be decoded exclusively from S1 using both spatial and temporal information. For decoding, we used the signal recorded from a small patch of cortex with subdural high-density (HD) grids in five patients with intractable epilepsy. Notably, we introduce a new method of trial alignment based on the increase of the electrophysiological response, which virtually eliminates the confounding effects of systematic and non-systematic temporal differences within and between gestures execution. Results show that S1 classification scores are high (76%), similar to those obtained from M1 (74%) and sensorimotor cortex as a whole (85%), and significantly above chance level (25%). We conclude that S1 offers characteristic spatiotemporal neuronal activation patterns that are discriminative between gestures, and that it is possible to decode gestures with high accuracy from a very small patch of cortex using subdurally implanted HD grids. The feasibility of decoding hand gestures using HD-ECoG grids encourages further investigation of implantable BCI systems for direct interaction between the brain and external devices with multiple degrees of freedom.
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Gibson WS, Jo HJ, Testini P, Cho S, Felmlee JP, Welker KM, Klassen BT, Min HK, Lee KH. Functional correlates of the therapeutic and adverse effects evoked by thalamic stimulation for essential tremor. Brain 2016; 139:2198-210. [PMID: 27329768 PMCID: PMC4958905 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for essential tremor. Gibson et al. use functional MRI to reveal patterns of activation that correlate with stimulation-induced therapeutic and adverse effects. Their results suggest that thalamic DBS controls tremor, and induces paraesthesias, through distal modulation of tremor-related network nodes. Deep brain stimulation is an established neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders including essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease. While typically highly effective, deep brain stimulation can sometimes yield suboptimal therapeutic benefit and can cause adverse effects. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that intraoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging could be used to detect deep brain stimulation-evoked changes in functional and effective connectivity that would correlate with the therapeutic and adverse effects of stimulation. Ten patients receiving deep brain stimulation of the ventralis intermedius thalamic nucleus for essential tremor underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during stimulation applied at a series of stimulation localizations, followed by evaluation of deep brain stimulation-evoked therapeutic and adverse effects. Correlations between the therapeutic effectiveness of deep brain stimulation (3 months postoperatively) and deep brain stimulation-evoked changes in functional and effective connectivity were assessed using region of interest-based correlation analysis and dynamic causal modelling, respectively. Further, we investigated whether brain regions might exist in which activation resulting from deep brain stimulation might correlate with the presence of paraesthesias, the most common deep brain stimulation-evoked adverse effect. Thalamic deep brain stimulation resulted in activation within established nodes of the tremor circuit: sensorimotor cortex, thalamus, contralateral cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei (FDR q < 0.05). Stimulation-evoked activation in all these regions of interest, as well as activation within the supplementary motor area, brainstem, and inferior frontal gyrus, exhibited significant correlations with the long-term therapeutic effectiveness of deep brain stimulation (P < 0.05), with the strongest correlation (P < 0.001) observed within the contralateral cerebellum. Dynamic causal modelling revealed a correlation between therapeutic effectiveness and attenuated within-region inhibitory connectivity in cerebellum. Finally, specific subregions of sensorimotor cortex were identified in which deep brain stimulation-evoked activation correlated with the presence of unwanted paraesthesias. These results suggest that thalamic deep brain stimulation in tremor likely exerts its effects through modulation of both olivocerebellar and thalamocortical circuits. In addition, our findings indicate that deep brain stimulation-evoked functional activation maps obtained intraoperatively may contain predictive information pertaining to the therapeutic and adverse effects induced by deep brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Gibson
- 1 Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
| | - Hang Joon Jo
- 1 Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
| | - Paola Testini
- 1 Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
| | - Shinho Cho
- 1 Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
| | - Joel P Felmlee
- 2 Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
| | - Kirk M Welker
- 2 Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
| | - Bryan T Klassen
- 3 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- 1 Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA 2 Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA 4 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- 1 Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA 55905, USA 4 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Desmurget M, Sirigu A. Revealing humans' sensorimotor functions with electrical cortical stimulation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:20140207. [PMID: 26240422 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct electrical stimulation (DES) of the human brain has been used by neurosurgeons for almost a century. Although this procedure serves only clinical purposes, it generates data that have a great scientific interest. Had DES not been employed, our comprehension of the organization of the sensorimotor systems involved in movement execution, language production, the emergence of action intentionality or the subjective feeling of movement awareness would have been greatly undermined. This does not mean, of course, that DES is a gold standard devoid of limitations and that other approaches are not of primary importance, including electrophysiology, modelling, neuroimaging or psychophysics in patients and healthy subjects. Rather, this indicates that the contribution of DES cannot be restricted, in humans, to the ubiquitous concepts of homunculus and somatotopy. DES is a fundamental tool in our attempt to understand the human brain because it represents a unique method for mapping sensorimotor pathways and interfering with the functioning of localized neural populations during the performance of well-defined behavioural tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Desmurget
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, CNRS, UMR 5229, 67 boulevard Pinel, Bron 69500, France Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - Angela Sirigu
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, CNRS, UMR 5229, 67 boulevard Pinel, Bron 69500, France Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69100, France
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Ahdab R, Ayache SS, Brugières P, Farhat WH, Lefaucheur JP. The Hand Motor Hotspot is not Always Located in the Hand Knob: A Neuronavigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. Brain Topogr 2016; 29:590-7. [PMID: 26980192 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The hand motor hot spot (hMHS) is one of the most salient parameters in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) practice, notably used for targeting. It is commonly accepted that the hMHS corresponds to the hand representation within the primary motor cortex (M1). Anatomical and imaging studies locate this representation in a region of the central sulcus called the "hand knob". The aim of this study was to determine if the hMHS location corresponds to its expected location at the hand knob. Twelve healthy volunteers and eleven patients with chronic neuropathic pain of various origins, but not related to a brain lesion, were enrolled. Morphological magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was normal in all participants. Both hemispheres were studied in all participants except four (two patients and two healthy subjects). Cortical mapping of the hand motor area was conducted using a TMS-dedicated navigation system and recording motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the contralateral first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. We then determined the anatomical position of the hMHS, defined as the stimulation site providing the largest FDI-MEPs. In 45 % of hemispheres of normal subjects and 25 % of hemispheres of pain patients, the hMHS was located over the central sulcus, most frequently at the level of the hand knob. However, in the other cases, the hMHS was located outside M1, most frequently anteriorly over the precentral or middle frontal gyrus. This study shows that the hMHS does not always correspond to the hand knob and M1 location in healthy subjects or patients. Therefore, image-guided navigation is needed to improve the anatomical accuracy of TMS targeting, even for M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rechdi Ahdab
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France.,Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 51 avenue de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France.,Neurology Division, University Medical Center Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar S Ayache
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France. .,Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 51 avenue de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France. .,Neurology Division, University Medical Center Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Pierre Brugières
- Service de Neuroradiologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | - Wassim H Farhat
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France.,Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 51 avenue de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- EA 4391, Excitabilité Nerveuse et Thérapeutique, Université Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France.,Service de Physiologie - Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 51 avenue de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France
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Wang Y, Fifer MS, Flinker A, Korzeniewska A, Cervenka MC, Anderson WS, Boatman-Reich DF, Crone NE. Spatial-temporal functional mapping of language at the bedside with electrocorticography. Neurology 2016; 86:1181-9. [PMID: 26935890 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility and clinical utility of using passive electrocorticography (ECoG) for online spatial-temporal functional mapping (STFM) of language cortex in patients being monitored for epilepsy surgery. METHODS We developed and tested an online system that exploits ECoG's temporal resolution to display the evolution of statistically significant high gamma (70-110 Hz) responses across all recording sites activated by a discrete cognitive task. We illustrate how this spatial-temporal evolution can be used to study the function of individual recording sites engaged during different language tasks, and how this approach can be particularly useful for mapping eloquent cortex. RESULTS Using electrocortical stimulation mapping (ESM) as the clinical gold standard for localizing language cortex, the average sensitivity and specificity of online STFM across 7 patients were 69.9% and 83.5%, respectively. Moreover, relative to regions of interest where discrete cortical lesions have most reliably caused language impairments in the literature, the sensitivity of STFM was significantly greater than that of ESM, while its specificity was also greater than that of ESM, though not significantly so. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the feasibility and clinical utility of online STFM for mapping human language function, particularly under clinical circumstances in which time is limited and comprehensive ESM is impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wang
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York.
| | - Matthew S Fifer
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York
| | - Adeen Flinker
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York
| | - Anna Korzeniewska
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York
| | - Mackenzie C Cervenka
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York
| | - William S Anderson
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York
| | - Dana F Boatman-Reich
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York
| | - Nathan E Crone
- From the Departments of Neurology (Y.W., A.K., M.C.C., D.F.B.-R., N.E.C.), Biomedical Engineering (M.S.F.), and Neurosurgery (W.S.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Fischell Department of Bioengineering (Y.W.), University of Maryland College Park; and Department of Psychology (A.F.), New York University, New York
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Wahnoun R, Benson M, Helms-Tillery S, Adelson PD. Delineation of somatosensory finger areas using vibrotactile stimulation, an ECoG study. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00369. [PMID: 26516605 PMCID: PMC4614049 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In surgical planning for epileptic focus resection, functional mapping of eloquent cortex is attained through direct electrical stimulation of the brain. This procedure is uncomfortable, can trigger seizures or nausea, and relies on subjective evaluation. We hypothesize that a method combining vibrotactile stimulation and statistical clustering may provide improved somatosensory mapping. METHODS Seven pediatric candidates for surgical resection underwent a task in which their fingers were independently stimulated using a custom designed finger pad, during electrocorticographic monitoring. A cluster-based statistical analysis was then performed to localize the elicited activity on the recording grids. RESULTS Mid-Gamma clusters (65-115 Hz) arose in areas consistent with anatomical predictions as well as clinical findings, with five subjects presenting a somatotopic organization of the fingers. This process allowed us to delineate finger representation even in patients who were sleeping, with strong interictal activity, or when electrical stimulation did not successfully locate eloquent areas. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that this scheme, relying on the endogenous neural response rather than exogenous electrical activation, could eventually be extended to map other sensory areas and provide a faster and more objective map to better anticipate outcomes of surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Wahnoun
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital Children's Neuroscience Research Phoenix Arizona ; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Michelle Benson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital Children's Neuroscience Research Phoenix Arizona
| | - Stephen Helms-Tillery
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - P David Adelson
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital Children's Neuroscience Research Phoenix Arizona ; School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
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Hänselmann S, Schneiders M, Weidner N, Rupp R. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for individual identification of the best electrode position for a motor imagery-based brain-computer interface. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2015; 12:71. [PMID: 26303933 PMCID: PMC4547425 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-015-0063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For the translation of noninvasive motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) from the lab environment to end users at their homes, their handling must be improved. As a key component, the number of electroencephalogram (EEG)-recording electrodes has to be kept at a minimum. However, due to inter-individual anatomical and physiological variations, reducing the number of electrodes bares the risk of electrode misplacement, which will directly translate into a limited BCI performance of end users. The aim of the study is to evaluate the use of focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an easy tool to individually optimize electrode positioning for a MI-based BCI. For this, the area of MI-induced mu-rhythm modulation was compared with the motor hand representation area in respect to their localization and to the control performance of a MI-based BCI. Methods Focal TMS was applied to map the motor hand areas and a 48-channel high-resolution EEG was used to localize MI-induced mu-rhythm modulations in 11 able-bodied, right-handed subjects (5 male, age: 23–31). The online BCI performances of the study participants were assessed with a single next-neighbor Laplace channel consecutively placed over the motor hand area and over the area of the strongest mu-modulation. Results For most subjects, a consistent deviation between the position of the mu-modulation center and the corresponding motor hand areas well above the localization error could be observed in mediolateral and to a lesser degree in anterior-posterior direction. On an individual level, the MI-induced mu-rhythm modulation was at average found 1.6 cm (standard deviation (SD) = 1.30 cm) lateral and 0.31 cm anterior (SD = 1.39 cm) to the motor hand area and enabled a significantly better online BCI performance than the motor hand areas. Conclusion On an individual level a trend towards a consistent average spatial distance between motor hand area and mu-rhythm modulation center was found indicating that TMS may be used as a simple tool for quick individual optimization of EEG-recording electrode positions of MI-based BCIs. The study results indicate that motor hand areas of the primary motor cortex determined by TMS are not the main generators of the cortical mu-rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Hänselmann
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schneiders
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weidner
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Rupp
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Breshears JD, Molinaro AM, Chang EF. A probabilistic map of the human ventral sensorimotor cortex using electrical stimulation. J Neurosurg 2015; 123:340-9. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.11.jns14889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
The human ventral sensorimotor cortex (vSMC) is involved in facial expression, mastication, and swallowing, as well as the dynamic and highly coordinated movements of human speech production. However, vSMC organization remains poorly understood, and previously published population-driven maps of its somatotopy do not accurately reflect the variability across individuals in a quantitative, probabilistic fashion. The goal of this study was to describe the responses to electrical stimulation of the vSMC, generate probabilistic maps of function in the vSMC, and quantify the variability across individuals.
METHODS
Photographic, video, and stereotactic MRI data of intraoperative electrical stimulation of the vSMC were collected for 33 patients undergoing awake craniotomy. Stimulation sites were converted to a 2D coordinate system based on anatomical landmarks. Motor, sensory, and speech stimulation responses were reviewed and classified. Probabilistic maps of stimulation responses were generated, and spatial variance was quantified.
RESULTS
In 33 patients, the authors identified 194 motor, 212 sensory, 61 speech-arrest, and 27 mixed responses. Responses were complex, stereotyped, and mostly nonphysiological movements, involving hand, orofacial, and laryngeal musculature. Within individuals, the presence of oral movement representations varied; however, the dorsal-ventral order was always preserved. The most robust motor responses were jaw (probability 0.85), tongue (0.64), lips (0.58), and throat (0.52). Vocalizations were seen in 6 patients (0.18), more dorsally near lip and dorsal throat areas. Sensory responses were spatially dispersed; however, patients' subjective reports were highly precise in localization within the mouth. The most robust responses included tongue (0.82) and lips (0.42). The probability of speech arrest was 0.85, highest 15–20 mm anterior to the central sulcus and just dorsal to the sylvian fissure, in the anterior precentral gyrus or pars opercularis.
CONCLUSIONS
The authors report probabilistic maps of function in the human vSMC based on intraoperative cortical electrical stimulation. These results define the expected range of mapping outcomes in the vSMC of a single individual and shed light on the functional organization of the vSMC supporting speech motor control and nonspeech functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edward F. Chang
- Departments of 1Neurological Surgery,
- 3Physiology, and
- 4Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco; and
- 5Center for Neural Engineering and Prostheses, University of California, Berkeley and San Francisco, California
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Asymmetries of the central sulcus in young adults: Effects of gender, age and sulcal pattern. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 44:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Frigeri T, Paglioli E, de Oliveira E, Rhoton AL. Microsurgical anatomy of the central lobe. J Neurosurg 2015; 122:483-98. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.11.jns14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
Central Lobe consists of the pre- and postcentral gyri on the lateral surface and the Paracentral Lobule on the medial surface and corresponds to the sensorimotor cortex. The objective of the present study was to define the neural features, craniometric relationships, arterial supply, and venous drainage of the central lobe.
METHODS
Cadaveric hemispheres dissected using microsurgical techniques provided the material for this study.
RESULTS
The coronal suture is closer to the precentral gyrus and central sulcus at its lower rather than at its upper end, but they are closest at a point near where the superior temporal line crosses the coronal suture. The arterial supply of the lower two-thirds of the lateral surface of the central lobe was from the central, precentral, and anterior parietal branches that arose predominantly from the superior trunk of the middle cerebral artery. The medial surface and the superior third of the lateral surface were supplied by the posterior interior frontal, paracentral, and superior parietal branches of the pericallosal and callosomarginal arteries. The venous drainage of the superior two-thirds of the lateral surface and the central lobe on the medial surface was predominantly through the superior sagittal sinus, and the inferior third of the lateral surface was predominantly through the superficial sylvian veins to the sphenoparietal sinus or the vein of Labbé to the transverse sinus.
CONCLUSIONS
The pre- and postcentral gyri and paracentral lobule have a morphological and functional anatomy that differentiates them from the remainder of their respective lobes and are considered by many as a single lobe. An understanding of the anatomical relationships of the central lobe can be useful in preoperative planning and in establishing reliable intraoperative landmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Frigeri
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Eliseu Paglioli
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre; and
| | - Evandro de Oliveira
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto de Ciências Neurológicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Albert L. Rhoton
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Yao J, Chen A, Kuiken T, Carmona C, Dewald J. Sensory cortical re-mapping following upper-limb amputation and subsequent targeted reinnervation: A case report. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2015; 8:329-36. [PMID: 26106558 PMCID: PMC4473101 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This case study demonstrates the change of sensory cortical representations of the residual parts of the arm in an individual who underwent a trans-humeral amputation and subsequent targeted reinnervation (TR). As a relatively new surgical technique, TR restores a direct neural connection from amputated sensorimotor nerves to specific target muscles. This method has been successfully applied to upper-limb and lower-limb amputees, and has shown effectiveness in regaining control signals via the newly re-innervated muscles. Correspondingly, recent study results have shown that motor representations for the missing limb move closer to their original locations following TR. Besides regaining motor control signals, TR also restores the sensation in the re-innervated skin areas. We therefore hypothesize that TR causes analogous cortical sensory remapping that may return closer to their original locations. In order to test this hypothesis, cortical activity in response to sensory-level electrical stimulation in different parts of the arm was studied longitudinally in one amputated individual before and up to 2 years after TR. Our results showed that 1) before TR, the cortical response to sensory electrical stimulation in the residual limb showed a diffuse bilateral pattern without a clear focus in either the time or spatial domain; and 2) 2 years after TR, the sensory map of the reinnervated median nerve reorganized, showing predominant activity over the contralateral S1 hand area as well as moderate activity over the ipsilateral S1. Therefore, this work provides new evidence for long-term sensory cortical plasticity in the human brain after TR. We studied sensory cortical mapping before and after targeted reinnervation (TR). EEG was recorded when stimulating the intact finger and the residual nerve. The experiment was repeated longitudinally through 2 years in a single subject. The missing finger representation changed back to a more normal pattern post-TR. Neural mechanisms underlying TR-induced sensory cortical remapping are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Albert Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, IL, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Todd Kuiken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL, USA ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, IL, USA ; Center for Bionic Medicine, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carolina Carmona
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Julius Dewald
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, IL, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, IL, USA ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, IL, USA
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Pfenning AR, Hara E, Whitney O, Rivas MV, Wang R, Roulhac PL, Howard JT, Wirthlin M, Lovell PV, Ganapathy G, Mouncastle J, Moseley MA, Thompson JW, Soderblom EJ, Iriki A, Kato M, Gilbert MTP, Zhang G, Bakken T, Bongaarts A, Bernard A, Lein E, Mello CV, Hartemink AJ, Jarvis ED. Convergent transcriptional specializations in the brains of humans and song-learning birds. Science 2014; 346:1256846. [PMID: 25504733 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Song-learning birds and humans share independently evolved similarities in brain pathways for vocal learning that are essential for song and speech and are not found in most other species. Comparisons of brain transcriptomes of song-learning birds and humans relative to vocal nonlearners identified convergent gene expression specializations in specific song and speech brain regions of avian vocal learners and humans. The strongest shared profiles relate bird motor and striatal song-learning nuclei, respectively, with human laryngeal motor cortex and parts of the striatum that control speech production and learning. Most of the associated genes function in motor control and brain connectivity. Thus, convergent behavior and neural connectivity for a complex trait are associated with convergent specialized expression of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R Pfenning
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Erina Hara
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Osceola Whitney
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Miriam V Rivas
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Petra L Roulhac
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason T Howard
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Morgan Wirthlin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Peter V Lovell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ganeshkumar Ganapathy
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Mouncastle
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - J Will Thompson
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Atsushi Iriki
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masaki Kato
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Guojie Zhang
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China. Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trygve Bakken
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | | | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Claudio V Mello
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Erich D Jarvis
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Mous SE, Muetzel RL, El Marroun H, Polderman TJC, van der Lugt A, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H, Posthuma D, White T. Cortical thickness and inattention/hyperactivity symptoms in young children: a population-based study. Psychol Med 2014; 44:3203-3213. [PMID: 25065362 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many neuroimaging studies have investigated the neurobiological basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), few have studied the neurobiology of attention problems in the general population. The ability to pay attention falls along a continuum within the population, with children with ADHD at one extreme of the spectrum and, therefore, a dimensional perspective of evaluating attention problems has an added value to the existing literature. Our goal was to investigate the relationship between cortical thickness and inattention and hyperactivity symptoms in a large population of young children. METHOD This study is embedded within the Generation R Study and includes 6- to 8-year-old children (n = 444) with parent-reported attention and hyperactivity measures and high-resolution structural imaging data. We investigated the relationship between cortical thickness across the entire brain and the Child Behavior Checklist Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Problems score. RESULTS We found that greater attention problems and hyperactivity were associated with a thinner right and left postcentral gyrus. When correcting for potential confounding factors and multiple testing, these associations remained significant. CONCLUSIONS In a large, population-based sample we showed that young (6- to 8-year-old) children who show more attention problems and hyperactivity have a thinner cortex in the region of the right and left postcentral gyrus. The postcentral gyrus, being the primary somatosensory cortex, reaches its peak growth early in development. Therefore, the thinner cortex in this region may reflect either a deviation in cortical maturation or a failure to reach the same peak cortical thickness compared with children without attention or hyperactivity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Mous
- The Generation R Study Group,Erasmus Medical Center,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - R L Muetzel
- The Generation R Study Group,Erasmus Medical Center,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - H El Marroun
- The Generation R Study Group,Erasmus Medical Center,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - T J C Polderman
- Complex Trait Genetics, Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA),VU University,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - A van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology,Erasmus Medical Center,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - V W Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group,Erasmus Medical Center,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology,Erasmus Medical Center,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - F C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology,Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology,Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - D Posthuma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology,Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
| | - T White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology,Erasmus Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital,Rotterdam,The Netherlands
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Hayashi Y, Nakada M, Kinoshita M, Hamada JI. Functional Reorganization in the Patient with Progressing Glioma of the Pure Primary Motor Cortex: A Case Report with Special Reference to the Topographic Central Sulcus Defined by Somatosensory-Evoked Potential. World Neurosurg 2014; 82:536.e1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hamberger MJ, Williams AC, Schevon CA. Extraoperative neurostimulation mapping: results from an international survey of epilepsy surgery programs. Epilepsia 2014; 55:933-9. [PMID: 24816083 DOI: 10.1111/epi.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extraoperative electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) to identify functional cortex is performed prior to neurosurgical resection at epilepsy surgery programs worldwide. However, the procedure remains unstandardized, with no established clinical guidelines. We sought to determine the current range in ESM practice parameters across established epilepsy surgery centers. METHODS We developed and distributed a 31-question survey to 220 epilepsy centers worldwide regarding current practice parameters of ESM. Questions addressed preoperative assessment, technical stimulation parameters, language testing protocols, criteria for identification of positive or negative functional sites, management of mapping complications, and postoperative functional outcome. RESULTS Survey responses were obtained from 56 centers. These revealed marked practice variability in virtually all aspects of the ESM procedure. These aspects included critical procedure components such as electrical stimulation settings, the types of language functions tested, the operational definition of a language error, size of surgical resection margin, cortical locations mapped for language, testing in the presence of afterdischarges, and medical management of mapping complications. Forty-one percent of centers reported at least one persistent adverse language outcome despite preserving all eloquent sites defined by their stimulation mapping procedure. SIGNIFICANCE The striking variations in practice across centers are likely to influence mapping results, which directly affect the boundaries of cortical resection and, consequently, might worsen either seizure or functional outcomes. Clearly, adverse functional outcomes occur despite mapping procedures that were perceived to be adequate. Investigation of critical technical and procedural aspects of stimulation mapping is warranted, with the ultimate goal of establishing empirically based practice guidelines to improve the safety and efficacy of ESM and resective epilepsy surgery. A PowerPoint slide summarizing this article is available for download in the Supporting Information section here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla J Hamberger
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, U.S.A
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Gharabaghi A, Naros G, Walter A, Roth A, Bogdan M, Rosenstiel W, Mehring C, Birbaumer N. Epidural electrocorticography of phantom hand movement following long-term upper-limb amputation. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:285. [PMID: 24834047 PMCID: PMC4018546 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostheses for upper-limb amputees are currently controlled by either myoelectric or peripheral neural signals. Performance and dexterity of these devices is still limited, particularly when it comes to controlling hand function. Movement-related brain activity might serve as a complementary bio-signal for motor control of hand prosthesis. METHODS We introduced a methodology to implant a cortical interface without direct exposure of the brain surface in an upper-limb amputee. This bi-directional interface enabled us to explore the cortical physiology following long-term transhumeral amputation. In addition, we investigated neurofeedback of electrocorticographic brain activity related to the patient's motor imagery to open his missing hand, i.e., phantom hand movement, for real-time control of a virtual hand prosthesis. RESULTS Both event-related brain activity and cortical stimulation revealed mutually overlapping cortical representations of the phantom hand. Phantom hand movements could be robustly classified and the patient required only three training sessions to gain reliable control of the virtual hand prosthesis in an online closed-loop paradigm that discriminated between hand opening and rest. CONCLUSION Epidural implants may constitute a powerful and safe alternative communication pathway between the brain and external devices for upper-limb amputees, thereby facilitating the integrated use of different signal sources for more intuitive and specific control of multi-functional devices in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Gharabaghi
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery and Division of Translational Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany ; Neuroprosthetics Research Group, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georgios Naros
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery and Division of Translational Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany ; Neuroprosthetics Research Group, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Armin Walter
- Department of Computer Engineering, Wilhelm-Schickard Institute for Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Roth
- Department of Computer Engineering, Wilhelm-Schickard Institute for Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Bogdan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Wilhelm-Schickard Institute for Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany ; Department of Computer Engineering, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rosenstiel
- Department of Computer Engineering, Wilhelm-Schickard Institute for Computer Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Mehring
- Institute for Biology III, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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Mandonnet E, Duffau H. Understanding entangled cerebral networks: a prerequisite for restoring brain function with brain-computer interfaces. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:82. [PMID: 24834030 PMCID: PMC4018536 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, cerebral processing has been conceptualized as a framework based on statically localized functions. However, a growing amount of evidence supports a hodotopical (delocalized) and flexible organization. A number of studies have reported absence of a permanent neurological deficit after massive surgical resections of eloquent brain tissue. These results highlight the tremendous plastic potential of the brain. Understanding anatomo-functional correlates underlying this cerebral reorganization is a prerequisite to restore brain functions through brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) in patients with cerebral diseases, or even to potentiate brain functions in healthy individuals. Here, we review current knowledge of neural networks that could be utilized in the BCIs that enable movements and language. To this end, intraoperative electrical stimulation in awake patients provides valuable information on the cerebral functional maps, their connectomics and plasticity. Overall, these studies indicate that the complex cerebral circuitry that underpins interactions between action, cognition and behavior should be throughly investigated before progress in BCI approaches can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Mandonnet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Lariboisière Paris, France ; Department of Neurosurgery, Université Paris Diderot Paris, France ; IMNC, UMR 8165 Orsay, France
| | - Hugues Duffau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center Montpellier, France ; Team "Plasticity of Central Nervous System, Stem Cells and Glial Tumors," INSERM U1051, Institute for Neuroscience of Montpellier, Montpellier University Medical Center Montpellier, France
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Desmurget M, Song Z, Mottolese C, Sirigu A. Re-establishing the merits of electrical brain stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci 2013; 17:442-9. [PMID: 23932195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, direct electrical stimulation (DES) has been a key method not only in determining the organization of brain networks mediating movement, language, and cognition but also in establishing many central concepts of modern neuroscience, such as the electrical nature of neural transmission, the localization of brain functions, and the homuncular arrangement of sensorimotor areas. However, recent criticisms have questioned the utility of DES and argued that data collected with this technique may be flawed and unreliable. As with every other neuroscientific method, DES does have limitations. However, existing evidence argues strongly for its validity and usefulness by demonstrating that DES produces highly specific outcomes at well-defined anatomical sites and significantly minimizes postoperative deficits in brain-damaged patients.
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Magro E, Moreau T, Seizeur R, Zemmoura I, Gibaud B, Morandi X. Connectivity within the primary motor cortex: a DTI tractography study. Surg Radiol Anat 2013; 36:125-35. [PMID: 23820893 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-013-1160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Because of the motor function of the precentral area, the connections of the primary motor cortex by white matter fiber bundles have been widely studied in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Nevertheless, the connections within the primary motor cortex have yet to be explored. We have studied the connectivity between the different regions of the precentral gyrus in a population of subjects. METHODS Based on T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and on individual sulco-gyral anatomy, we defined a parcellation of the right and the left precentral gyri in 20 healthy subjects (10 right-handers; 10 left-handers). This parcellation gave us the opportunity to study MRI tracks reconstructed by tractography within the precentral gyrus and to compare these connections across subjects. We also performed a classical dissection of post-mortem brain tissue to isolate this pattern of connectivity. RESULTS We showed MRI tracks connecting the different parts of the same precentral gyrus. This result was reproducible and was found in the left and right hemispheres of the 20 subjects. A quantitative description of the bilateral distribution of the MRI tracks was performed, based on statistical analysis and asymmetry indices, to compare asymmetry and handedness. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this pattern of connectivity has never before been detailed in the literature. Its functional meaning remains to be determined, which requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Magro
- Service de Neurochirurgie, CHRU Cavale Blanche, 29200, Brest, France,
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Mäkelä JP, Vitikainen AM, Lioumis P, Paetau R, Ahtola E, Kuusela L, Valanne L, Blomstedt G, Gaily E. Functional Plasticity of the Motor Cortical Structures Demonstrated by Navigated TMS in Two Patients with Epilepsy. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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50
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Su DK, Ojemann JG. Electrocorticographic sensorimotor mapping. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1044-8. [PMID: 23601701 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.02.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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