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Odorčić I, Hamed MB, Lismont S, Chávez-Gutiérrez L, Efremov RG. Apo and Aβ46-bound γ-secretase structures provide insights into amyloid-β processing by the APH-1B isoform. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4479. [PMID: 38802343 PMCID: PMC11130327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48776-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Aβs are generated through sequential proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein by the γ-secretase complexes (GSECs). Aβ peptide length, modulated by the Presenilin (PSEN) and APH-1 subunits of GSEC, is critical for Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Despite high relevance, mechanistic understanding of the proteolysis of Aβ, and its modulation by APH-1, remain incomplete. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of human GSEC (PSEN1/APH-1B) reconstituted into lipid nanodiscs in apo form and in complex with the intermediate Aβ46 substrate without cross-linking. We find that three non-conserved and structurally divergent APH-1 regions establish contacts with PSEN1, and that substrate-binding induces concerted rearrangements in one of the identified PSEN1/APH-1 interfaces, providing structural basis for APH-1 allosteric-like effects. In addition, the GSEC-Aβ46 structure reveals an interaction between Aβ46 and loop 1PSEN1, and identifies three other H-bonding interactions that, according to functional validation, are required for substrate recognition and efficient sequential catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Odorčić
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Belal Hamed
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Lismont
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rouslan G Efremov
- Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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2
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Leitner DF, Kanshin E, Faustin A, Thierry M, Friedman D, Devore S, Ueberheide B, Devinsky O, Wisniewski T. Localized proteomic differences in the choroid plexus of Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy patients. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1221775. [PMID: 37521285 PMCID: PMC10379643 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1221775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) and epilepsy are reciprocally related. Among sporadic AD patients, clinical seizures occur in 10-22% and subclinical epileptiform abnormalities occur in 22-54%. Cognitive deficits, especially short-term memory impairments, occur in most epilepsy patients. Common neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms occur in AD and epilepsy. The choroid plexus undergoes pathological changes in aging, AD, and epilepsy, including decreased CSF turnover, amyloid beta (Aβ), and tau accumulation due to impaired clearance and disrupted CSF amino acid homeostasis. This pathology may contribute to synaptic dysfunction in AD and epilepsy. Methods We evaluated control (n = 8), severe AD (n = 8; A3, B3, C3 neuropathology), and epilepsy autopsy cases (n = 12) using laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by label-free quantitative mass spectrometry on the choroid plexus adjacent to the hippocampus at the lateral geniculate nucleus level. Results Proteomics identified 2,459 proteins in the choroid plexus. At a 5% false discovery rate (FDR), 616 proteins were differentially expressed in AD vs. control, 1 protein in epilepsy vs. control, and 438 proteins in AD vs. epilepsy. There was more variability in the epilepsy group across syndromes. The top 20 signaling pathways associated with differentially expressed proteins in AD vs. control included cell metabolism pathways; activated fatty acid beta-oxidation (p = 2.00 x 10-7, z = 3.00), and inhibited glycolysis (p = 1.00 x 10-12, z = -3.46). For AD vs. epilepsy, the altered pathways included cell metabolism pathways, activated complement system (p = 5.62 x 10-5, z = 2.00), and pathogen-induced cytokine storm (p = 2.19 x 10-2, z = 3.61). Of the 617 altered proteins in AD and epilepsy vs. controls, 497 (81%) were positively correlated (p < 0.0001, R2 = 0.27). Discussion We found altered signaling pathways in the choroid plexus of severe AD cases and many correlated changes in the protein expression of cell metabolism pathways in AD and epilepsy cases. The shared molecular mechanisms should be investigated further to distinguish primary pathogenic changes from the secondary ones. These mechanisms could inform novel therapeutic strategies to prevent disease progression or restore normal function. A focus on dual-diagnosed AD/epilepsy cases, specific epilepsy syndromes, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, and changes across different severity levels in AD and epilepsy would add to our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique F. Leitner
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Evgeny Kanshin
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Arline Faustin
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manon Thierry
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sasha Devore
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Guven G, Samanci B, Gulec C, Hanagasi H, Gurvit H, Gokalp EE, Tepgec F, Guler S, Uyguner O, Bilgic B. A novel PSEN2 p.Ser175Phe variant in a family with Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:2497-2504. [PMID: 33855622 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05243-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be either sporadic or familial, and familial forms of AD accounts for only 5% of the cases. So far, autosomal dominantly inherited mutations in "Presenilin 1" (PSEN1), "Presenilin 2" (PSEN2), and "Amyloid precursor protein" (APP) genes were associated with familial AD. Amid the others, pathogenic mutations in the PSEN2 gene are less common. In this study, we describe a novel heterozygous PSEN2 (c.524C>T, p.Ser175Phe) alteration identified in a 58-year-old Turkish patient from a family with multiple dementia cases. This variant was further present in the patient's clinically affected maternal cousin as well as in the asymptomatic mother and two maternal aunts who were carriers of the APOE ε2/ε3 genotype. The variant is located in the conserved residue of transmembrane domain III encoded by exon 6 of the major transcript. In silico protein structure analyses predicted that this variant might change the architecture of interaction between the two alpha helixes of PSEN2. We propose that p.Ser175Phe may have a pathogenic effect on protein function and may play a significant role in the molecular pathways leading to Alzheimer's disease in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Guven
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bedia Samanci
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagri Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasmet Hanagasi
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurvit
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Erzurumluoglu Gokalp
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tepgec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Guler
- Neurology Clinic, Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basar Bilgic
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Epilepsy and Alzheimer’s Disease: Potential mechanisms for an association. Brain Res Bull 2020; 160:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhang S, Cai F, Wu Y, Bozorgmehr T, Wang Z, Zhang S, Huang D, Guo J, Shen L, Rankin C, Tang B, Song W. A presenilin-1 mutation causes Alzheimer disease without affecting Notch signaling. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:603-613. [PMID: 29915376 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) is the catalytic subunit of the γ-secretase complex, and pathogenic mutations in the PSEN1 gene account for the majority cases of familial AD (FAD). FAD-associated mutant PSEN1 proteins have been shown to affect APP processing and Aβ generation and inhibit Notch1 cleavage and Notch signaling. In this report, we found that a PSEN1 mutation (S169del) altered APP processing and Aβ generation, and promoted neuritic plaque formation as well as learning and memory deficits in AD model mice. However, this mutation did not affect Notch1 cleavage and Notch signaling in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we demonstrated that PSEN1S169del has distinct effects on APP processing and Notch1 cleavage, suggesting that Notch signaling may not be critical for AD pathogenesis and serine169 could be a critical site as a potential target for the development of novel γ-secretase modulators without affecting Notch1 cleavage to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fang Cai
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yili Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate Program in Psychiatry, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Tahereh Bozorgmehr
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zhe Wang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Si Zhang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Daochao Huang
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 400014, Chongqing, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Catharine Rankin
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Van Giau V, Pyun JM, Suh J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA, Kim SY. A pathogenic PSEN1 Trp165Cys mutation associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:188. [PMID: 31391004 PMCID: PMC6685246 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) is one of the causative genes for early onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD). Recently, emerging studies reported several novel PSEN1 mutations among Asian. We describe a male with EOAD had a pathogenic PSEN1 mutation. Case presentation A 53-year-old male presented with memory decline, followed by difficulty in finding ways. Patient had positive family history, since his mother and one of his brother was also affected with dementia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed mild degree of atrophy of bilateral hippocampus and parietal lobe. 18F-Florbetaben-PET (FBB-PET) revealed increased amyloid deposition in bilateral frontal, parietal, temporal lobe and precuneus. Whole exome analysis revealed a heterozygous, probably pathogenic PSEN1 (c.695G > T, p.W165C) mutation. Interestingly, Trp165Cys mutation is located in trans membrane (TM)-III region, which is conserved between PSEN1/PSEN2. In vitro studies revealed that PSEN1 Trp165Cys could result in disturbances in amyloid metabolism. This prediction was confirmed by structure predictions and previous in vitro studies that the p.Trp165Cys could result in decreased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios. Conclusion We report a case of EOAD having a pathogenic PSEN1 (Trp165Cys) confirmed with in silico and in vitro predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology & Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Pyun
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumidong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Jeewon Suh
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumidong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology & Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology & Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Sungnam-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 461-701, South Korea.
| | - Sang Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumidong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, South Korea.
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Sánchez MP, García-Cabrero AM, Sánchez-Elexpuru G, Burgos DF, Serratosa JM. Tau-Induced Pathology in Epilepsy and Dementia: Notions from Patients and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041092. [PMID: 29621183 PMCID: PMC5979593 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with dementia present epilepsy more frequently than the general population. Seizures are more common in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) than in other dementias. Missense mutations in the microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) gene have been found to cause familial FTD and PSP, while the P301S mutation in MAPT has been associated with early-onset fast progressive dementia and the presence of seizures. Brains of patients with AD, LBD, FTD and PSP show hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates, amyloid-β plaques and neuropil threads. Increasing evidence suggests the existence of overlapping mechanisms related to the generation of network hyperexcitability and cognitive decline. Neuronal overexpression of tau with various mutations found in FTD with parkinsonism-linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) in mice produces epileptic activity. On the other hand, the use of certain antiepileptic drugs in animal models with AD prevents cognitive impairment. Further efforts should be made to search for plausible common targets for both conditions. Moreover, attempts should also be made to evaluate the use of drugs targeting tau and amyloid-β as suitable pharmacological interventions in epileptic disorders. The diagnosis of dementia and epilepsy in early stages of those diseases may be helpful for the initiation of treatments that could prevent the generation of epileptic activity and cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina P Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana M García-Cabrero
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Immunology and Oncology and Protein Tools Unit, Biotechnology National Center (CNB/CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gentzane Sánchez-Elexpuru
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel F Burgos
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Serratosa
- Laboratory of Neurology, IIS (Instituto Investigación Sanitaria/Health Research Institute)-Jiménez Díaz Foundation, UAM (Universidad Autonoma de Madrid/Autonomous University of Madrid) and Biomedical Research Network Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28045 Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Navarro E, De Andrés C, Guerrero C, Giménez‐Roldán S. Corticobasal Syndrome in a Family with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Linked to a Presenilin-1 Gene Mutation. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2015; 2:388-394. [PMID: 30838239 PMCID: PMC6353493 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the second-most frequent cause underlying corticobasal syndrome (CBS). However, a reliable diagnosis using clinical, neuropsychological, or neuroimaging approaches has not yet been achieved. METHODS Clinical, neuropsychological, imaging, and neuropathology studies were undertaken in a large Spanish family with early-onset familial AD (EOFAD) carrying a Met233Leu mutation linked to presenilin-1 gene (PSEN-1). RESULTS Two of three examined members of this family presented with the usual amnestic pattern. At the age of 47 years, a third family member, in whom pathology was later confirmed, developed prominent CBS combined with severe neuropsychiatric and behavioral disturbances resembling those often found in EOFAD. CONCLUSION Although CBS in EOFAD appears to be rare, demonstration of a linkage to PSEN-1 gene mutations may permit in vivo diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Navarro
- Department of NeurologyHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
| | - Clara De Andrés
- Department of NeurologyHospital General Universitario Gregorio MarañónMadridSpain
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Zhang S, Lei C, Liu P, Zhang M, Tao W, Liu H, Liu M. Association between variant amyloid deposits and motor deficits in FAD-associated presenilin-1 mutations: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:180-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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Born HA. Seizures in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 286:251-63. [PMID: 25484360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases the risk for late-onset seizures and neuronal network abnormalities. An elevated co-occurrence of AD and seizures has been established in the more prevalent sporadic form of AD. Recent evidence suggests that nonconvulsive network abnormalities, including seizures and other electroencephalographic abnormalities, may be more commonly found in patients than previously thought. Patients with familial AD are at an even greater risk for seizures, which have been found in patients with mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP, as well as with APP duplication. This review also provides an overview of seizure and electroencephalography studies in AD mouse models. The amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide has been identified as a possible link between AD and seizures, and while Aβ is known to affect neuronal activity, the full-length amyloid precursor protein (APP) and other APP cleavage products may be important for the development and maintenance of cortical network hyperexcitability. Nonconvulsive epileptiform activity, such as seizures or network abnormalities that are shorter in duration but may occur with higher frequency, may contribute to cognitive impairments characteristic of AD, such as amnestic wandering. Finally, the review discusses recent studies using antiepileptic drugs to rescue cognitive deficits in AD mouse models and human patients. Understanding the mechanistic link between epileptiform activity and AD is a research area of growing interest. Further understanding of the connection between neuronal hyperexcitability and Alzheimer's as well as the potential role of epileptiform activity in the progression of AD will be beneficial for improving treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Born
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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11
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Ran X, Li J, Shao Q, Chen H, Lin Z, Sun ZS, Wu J. EpilepsyGene: a genetic resource for genes and mutations related to epilepsy. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 43:D893-9. [PMID: 25324312 PMCID: PMC4384015 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic neurological disorders, afflicting about 3.5–6.5 per 1000 children and 10.8 per 1000 elderly people. With intensive effort made during the last two decades, numerous genes and mutations have been published to be associated with the disease. An organized resource integrating and annotating the ever-increasing genetic data will be imperative to acquire a global view of the cutting-edge in epilepsy research. Herein, we developed EpilepsyGene (http://61.152.91.49/EpilepsyGene). It contains cumulative to date 499 genes and 3931 variants associated with 331 clinical phenotypes collected from 818 publications. Furthermore, in-depth data mining was performed to gain insights into the understanding of the data, including functional annotation, gene prioritization, functional analysis of prioritized genes and overlap analysis focusing on the comorbidity. An intuitive web interface to search and browse the diversified genetic data was also developed to facilitate access to the data of interest. In general, EpilepsyGene is designed to be a central genetic database to provide the research community substantial convenience to uncover the genetic basis of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ran
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qianzhi Shao
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Huiqian Chen
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhongdong Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Second Affiliated & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinyu Wu
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
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Previously not recognized deletion in presenilin-1 (p.Leu174del.) in a patient with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2013; 544:115-8. [PMID: 23583593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a previously not recognized mutation in exon 6 of presenilin-1 (PSEN1) (c.520_522delCTG) in a male patient with early onset familial Alzheimer disease. The mutation results in the deletion of a leucine at amino acid position 174 of the protein. The index patient presented with progressive memory loss at 50 years of age. Initially, depression was the only ancillary symptom. At age 53 clinical diagnosis of early Alzheimer disease was made based on neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and CSF findings. The patient's father and his paternal grandmother also suffered from memory loss and cognitive decline. The clinical findings in the patient are similar to signs and symptoms in previously reported patients with missense mutations at codon 174 of PSEN1.
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13
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Gourfinkel-An I, Baulac S, Brice A, Leguern E, Baulac M. Genetics of inherited human epilepsies. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2012. [PMID: 22034131 PMCID: PMC3181638 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2001.3.1/igourfinkelan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major advances have recently been made in our understanding of the genetic basis of monogenic inherited epilepsies. Progress has been particularly spectacular with respect to idiopathic epilepsies, with the discovery that mutations in ion channel subunits are implicated. However, important advances have also been made in many inherited symptomatic epilepsies, for which direct molecular diagnosis is now possible, simplifying previously complex investigations, it is expected that identification of the genes implicated in familial forms of epilepsies will lead to a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of these disorders and to the development of experimental models and new therapeutic strategies, in this article, we review the clinical and genetic data concerning most of the inherited human epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gourfinkel-An
- Unité d'Epileptologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Service d'Electrophysiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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14
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A novel presenilin 1 mutation (Ser169del) in a Chinese family with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:34-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Hommet C, Mondon K, Camus V, De Toffol B, Constans T. Epilepsy and dementia in the elderly. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008; 25:293-300. [PMID: 18311076 DOI: 10.1159/000119103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a frequent condition in the elderly; however, it remains a relatively understudied condition in older adults with dementia. The diagnosis of a seizure is particularly difficult and is most often based on questions to the caregiver. Epilepsy in dementia has significant consequences on the prognosis of the underlying dementia: it can result in a worsening of cognitive performance, particularly in language, as well as a reduction in autonomy, a greater risk of injury and a higher mortality rate. In this review, management strategies are recommended for the clinician. The presence of pre-existing Alzheimer's disease does not exempt the clinician from ruling out other symptomatic causes of seizures. Anti-epileptic drugs (AED) should be started only after the diagnosis has been clearly established, when the risk of recurrence is high, and with monotherapy whenever possible. Although few data are available, the more recent AED offer significant advantages over the older medications in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hommet
- Geriatric Internal Medicine and Regional Memory Centre, University Hospital, Tours University, Tours, France.
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16
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Golan MP, Styczyńska M, Jóźwiak K, Walecki J, Maruszak A, Pniewski J, Lugiewicz R, Filipek S, Zekanowski C, Barcikowska M. Early-onset Alzheimer's disease with a de novo mutation in the presenilin 1 gene. Exp Neurol 2007; 208:264-8. [PMID: 17931627 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 32-year-old woman diagnosed with very rapidly progressing early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), age of onset 29 years, and S170F mutation in presenilin 1 gene (PSEN1) is presented. Neuroimaging conducted 2 years after the first symptoms was typical for the advanced stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), showing cortical brain atrophy, particularly within hippocampus, frontal and temporal cortex. The unaffected parents of the proband are not carriers of the mutation. The paternity was confirmed by microsatellite typing, strongly suggesting de novo origin of S170F mutation. In silico modeling of S170F mutation impact on presenilin 1 (PS1) transmembrane structure indicates that the mutation considerably alters putative interactions of PS1 with other proteins within gamma-secretase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Golan
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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17
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Filley CM, Rollins YD, Anderson CA, Arciniegas DB, Howard KL, Murrell JR, Boyer PJ, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Ghetti B. The Genetics of Very Early Onset Alzheimer Disease. Cogn Behav Neurol 2007; 20:149-56. [PMID: 17846513 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0b013e318145a8c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to clarify the genetics of very early onset Alzheimer disease (VEOAD), defined as AD beginning before age 35. BACKGROUND Early onset AD (EOAD) is defined by onset of symptoms before age 65, and affected individuals may harbor a mutation in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), or amyloid precursor protein. VEOAD is exceedingly rare, and PSEN1 mutations have been implicated. We encountered a man with phenotypic frontotemporal dementia beginning at age 32 and a strong family history of an autosomal dominant dementia who was found at autopsy to have AD. METHODS Histologic and genetic analyses of the patient's brain were undertaken, and a review of all published VEOAD cases was performed. RESULTS Histologic findings were diagnostic of advanced stage AD. Genetic evaluation of brain tissue identified an intronic PSEN1 polymorphism; no known pathogenic mutation was found. Literature review (1934 to 2007) disclosed 101 cases of VEOAD; the youngest age of dementia onset was 24 years. In all cases in which definitive genetic analysis was available, either a PSEN1 mutation or linkage to chromosome 14 was found. CONCLUSIONS VEOAD can present with atypical clinical features, including findings suggestive of frontotemporal dementia. All reported cases of VEOAD with conclusive genetic analysis seem to be associated with PSEN1 mutations. Genetic testing in adults younger than 35 with dementia can identify the genetic defect and assist in diagnosis and family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Filley
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA.
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18
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Jeppesen B, Costello L, Fung A, Stanley E, McDonald J, Lambert A, Johnson B, Gentile L. Structure nor stability of the transmembrane spanning 6/7 domain of presenilin I correlates with pathogenicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:820-4. [PMID: 17320044 PMCID: PMC1855212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since its cloning in 1995, missense point mutations in presenilin I (PS-I) have been shown to be responsible for greater than 70% of the cases of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD), which can affect individuals as early as age 18. PS-I is known to be a component of gamma-secretase, the enzyme responsible for cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) into 42 amino acid peptides that aggregate to form the plaques surrounding neurons of Alzheimer's patients. It has recently been hypothesized that wild-type (wt) PS-I contains an autoinhibitory module that prevents gamma-secretase cleavage of the APP, while pathogenic PS-I point mutants lack a structure necessary for this inhibition. In this work, spectroscopic data is presented that does not correlate structure or stability of the proposed PS-I autoinhibitory module with pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Gentile
- *Corresponding author: Lisa Gentile, Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, 28 Westhampton Way, Richmond, VA 23173; tel: 804-484-1578; FAX: 804-287-1897;
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Papassotiropoulos A, Fountoulakis M, Dunckley T, Stephan DA, Reiman EM. Genetics, transcriptomics, and proteomics of Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:652-70. [PMID: 16669732 PMCID: PMC2259384 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an updated overview of the methods used in genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies in Alzheimer's disease and to demonstrate the importance of those methods for the improvement of the current diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE-based search of 233 peer-reviewed articles published between 1975 and 2006. DATA SYNTHESIS Alzheimer's disease is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. Rare mutations in the amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2 genes have shown the importance of the amyloid metabolism for its development. In addition, converging evidence from population-based genetic studies, gene expression studies, and protein profile studies in the brain and in the cerebrospinal fluid suggest the existence of several pathogenetic pathways such as amyloid precursor protein processing, beta-amyloid degradation, tau phosphorylation, proteolysis, protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The development of high-throughput genotyping methods and of elaborated statistical analyses will contribute to the identification of genetic risk profiles related to the development and course of this devastating disease. The integration of knowledge derived from genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies will greatly advance our understanding of the causes of Alzheimer's disease, improve our capability of establishing an early diagnosis, help define disease subgroups, and ultimately help to pave the road toward improved and tailored treatments.
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20
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Lee JM, Gardner RC. Residues of the yeast ALR1 protein that are critical for Magnesium uptake. Curr Genet 2005; 49:7-20. [PMID: 16328501 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-005-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutagenesis was used to study the function by the ALR1 (aluminium resistance) gene, which encodes the major Mg(2+) uptake system in yeast. Truncation of Alr1 showed that the N-terminal 239 amino acids and the C-terminal 53 amino acids are not essential for magnesium uptake. Random PCR mutagenesis was undertaken of the C-terminal part of ALR1 that is homologous to the bacterial CorA magnesium transport family. The mutants with the most severe phenotype all had amino acid changes in a small region containing the putative transmembrane domains. Eighteen single amino acid mutants in this critical region were classified into three categories for magnesium uptake: no, low and moderate activity. Seventeen of the 18 mutants expressed a cross-reacting band of similar size and intensity as wild-type Alr1. Conservative mutations that reduced or inactivated uptake led us to identify Ser(729), Ile(746) and Met(762) (part of the conserved GMN motif) as critical amino acid residues in Alr1. High expression of inactive mutants inhibited the capability of wild-type Alr1 to transport magnesium, consistent with Alr1 forming homo-oligomers. The results confirm the classification of ALR1 as a member of the CorA family of magnesium transport genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 92019 Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Larner AJ, Doran M. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene. J Neurol 2005; 253:139-58. [PMID: 16267640 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now 10 years since the first report of mutations in the presenilin genes that were deterministic for familial autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. The most common of these mutations occurs in the presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1) located on chromosome 14. In the ensuing decade, more than 100 PSEN1 mutations have been described. The emphasis of these reports has largely been on the novelty of the mutations and their potential pathogenic consequences rather than detailed clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and neuropathological accounts of patients with the mutation. This article reviews the clinical phenotypes of reported PSEN1 mutations, emphasizing their heterogeneity, and suggesting that other factors, both genetic and epigenetic,must contribute to disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Larner
- Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery Fazakerley, Liverpool, UK.
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22
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. In the past decade, many advances in the understanding of the etiology of AD have been reported. Familial early onset AD is a heterogeneous disorder that can be caused by mutations in at least three different genes. Current studies are focused on identifying genetic risk factors for late onset AD. In this article, the authors will review the progress in understanding the pathogenic implications of the genes mutated in familial early onset AD and the mapping studies to identify additional genes involved in late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Pastor
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Lleó A, Berezovska O, Growdon JH, Hyman BT. Clinical, pathological, and biochemical spectrum of Alzheimer disease associated with PS-1 mutations. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12:146-56. [PMID: 15010344 DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200403000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Three genes have been implicated in the etiology of early-onset autosomal-dominant Alzheimer disease (AD): the amyloid precursor protein, the presenilin-1, and presenilin-2 genes. Approximately half of autosomal-dominant AD cases are associated with mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene on the long arm of Chromosome 14. Marked allelic heterogeneity characterizes families with PS-1 gene mutations; more than 100 different mutations have been found in independent families thus far. With the exception of age at onset, the clinical phenotype is similar to late-onset AD, although some rare specific phenotypes have been described. These mutations lead to enhanced deposition of total Abeta and Abeta42 (but not Abeta40) in the brain, compared with sporadic AD. There is a considerable heterogeneity in the histological profiles among brains from patients with different mutations, and although some lead to predominantly parenchymal deposition of Abeta in the form of diffuse and cored plaques, others show predominantly vascular deposition, with severe amyloid angiopathy. Only some mutations are associated with enhanced neurofibrillary tangle formation and increased neuronal loss compared with sporadic AD. However, there is an important clinical and pathological variability even among family members with the same mutation, which suggests the involvement of other genetic or environmental factors that modulate the clinical expression of the disease. This represents a valuable model for identifying such factors and has potential implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for delaying disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lleó
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Alzheimer Research Unit, Charleston, MA 02129, USA
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24
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Takao M, Ghetti B, Murrell JR, Unverzagt FW, Giaccone G, Tagliavini F, Bugiani O, Piccardo P, Hulette CM, Crain BJ, Farlow MR, Heyman A. Ectopic white matter neurons, a developmental abnormality that may be caused by the PSEN1 S169L mutation in a case of familial AD with myoclonus and seizures. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:1137-52. [PMID: 11764087 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.12.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report clinical, neuropathologic and molecular genetic data from an individual affected by a familial Alzheimer disease (AD) variant. The proband had an onset of dementia at age 29 followed by generalized seizures a year later. He died at age 40. Neuropathologically, he had severe brain atrophy and characteristic histopathologic lesions of AD. Three additional neuropathologic features need to be emphasized: 1) severe deposition of Abeta in the form of diffuse deposits in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, 2) numerous Abeta deposits in the subcortical white matter and in the centrum semiovale, and 3) numerous ectopic neurons, often containing tau-immunopositive neurofibrillary tangles, in the white maner of the frontal and temporal lobes. A molecular genetic analysis of DNA extracted from brain tissue of the proband revealed a S169L mutation in the Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene. The importance of this case lies in the presence of ectopic neurons in the white matter, early-onset seizures, and a PSEN1 mutation. We hypothesize that the PSEN1 mutation may have a causal relationship with an abnormality in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takao
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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26
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Fraser PE, Yang DS, Yu G, Lévesque L, Nishimura M, Arawaka S, Serpell LC, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop P. Presenilin structure, function and role in Alzheimer disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1502:1-15. [PMID: 10899427 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous missense mutations in the presenilins are associated with the autosomal dominant form of familial Alzheimer disease. Presenilin genes encode polytopic transmembrane proteins, which are processed by proteolytic cleavage and form high-molecular-weight complexes under physiological conditions. The presenilins have been suggested to be functionally involved in developmental morphogenesis, unfolded protein responses and processing of selected proteins including the beta-amyloid precursor protein. Although the underlying mechanism by which presenilin mutations lead to development of Alzheimer disease remains elusive, one consistent mutational effect is an overproduction of long-tailed amyloid beta-peptides. Furthermore, presenilins interact with beta-catenin to form presenilin complexes, and the physiological and mutational effects are also observed in the catenin signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Fraser
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ont, Canada.
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