1
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Bendtsen J, Sørensen LL, Daugbjerg N, Lundholm N, Richardson K. Phytoplankton diversity explained by connectivity across a mesoscale frontal system in the open ocean. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12117. [PMID: 37495754 PMCID: PMC10371993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton community composition is important in establishing ecosystem structure and function. Intuitively, we recognize that water movements must be important for modifying spatial gradients and plankton diversity. However, identifying boundaries and exchange between habitats in the open ocean is not straightforward. Here, we use the abundance of nine phytoplankton species closely sampled in a mesoscale frontal system in the northeastern North Sea as a proxy for community composition and explore the relationship between phytoplankton biogeography and transport patterns. Subsurface community distributions could be related to modeled patterns in water movement. A methodology for analyzing pelagic diversity that includes a representation of plankton community composition and an Eulerian connectivity tracer was developed, and the relative importance of connectivity and geographical distance for phytoplankton species composition analyzed. The connectivity tracer identifies timescales and dispersal barriers in the open ocean. Connectivity was found to be superior in explaining pelagic plankton diversity and found to be a prerequisite for understanding the pelagic phytoplankton composition. This approach is a valuable tool for establishing the link between ocean transports, ecosystem structure and biodiversity and for informing the placement of marine protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Bendtsen
- Globe Institute, Section for Geobiology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Lykke Laura Sørensen
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Niels Daugbjerg
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Katherine Richardson
- Globe Institute, Section for Biodiversity, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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2
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Edwards KF, Li Q, McBeain KA, Schvarcz CR, Steward GF. Trophic strategies explain the ocean niches of small eukaryotic phytoplankton. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222021. [PMID: 36695036 PMCID: PMC9874276 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A large fraction of marine primary production is performed by diverse small protists, and many of these phytoplankton are phagotrophic mixotrophs that vary widely in their capacity to consume bacterial prey. Prior analyses suggest that mixotrophic protists as a group vary in importance across ocean environments, but the mechanisms leading to broad functional diversity among mixotrophs, and the biogeochemical consequences of this, are less clear. Here we use isolates from seven major taxa to demonstrate a tradeoff between phototrophic performance (growth in the absence of prey) and phagotrophic performance (clearance rate when consuming Prochlorococcus). We then show that trophic strategy along the autotrophy-mixotrophy spectrum correlates strongly with global niche differences, across depths and across gradients of stratification and chlorophyll a. A model of competition shows that community shifts can be explained by greater fitness of faster-grazing mixotrophs when nutrients are scarce and light is plentiful. Our results illustrate how basic physiological constraints and principles of resource competition can organize complexity in the surface ocean ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle F. Edwards
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA,Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA,School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Rd, Shanghai Shi, Xuhui Qu 200240, China
| | - Kelsey A. McBeain
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Christopher R. Schvarcz
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA,Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Grieg F. Steward
- Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA,Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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3
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Richter DJ, Watteaux R, Vannier T, Leconte J, Frémont P, Reygondeau G, Maillet N, Henry N, Benoit G, Da Silva O, Delmont TO, Fernàndez-Guerra A, Suweis S, Narci R, Berney C, Eveillard D, Gavory F, Guidi L, Labadie K, Mahieu E, Poulain J, Romac S, Roux S, Dimier C, Kandels S, Picheral M, Searson S, Pesant S, Aury JM, Brum JR, Lemaitre C, Pelletier E, Bork P, Sunagawa S, Lombard F, Karp-Boss L, Bowler C, Sullivan MB, Karsenti E, Mariadassou M, Probert I, Peterlongo P, Wincker P, de Vargas C, Ribera d'Alcalà M, Iudicone D, Jaillon O. Genomic evidence for global ocean plankton biogeography shaped by large-scale current systems. eLife 2022; 11:78129. [PMID: 35920817 PMCID: PMC9348854 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogeographical studies have traditionally focused on readily visible organisms, but recent technological advances are enabling analyses of the large-scale distribution of microscopic organisms, whose biogeographical patterns have long been debated. Here we assessed the global structure of plankton geography and its relation to the biological, chemical, and physical context of the ocean (the ‘seascape’) by analyzing metagenomes of plankton communities sampled across oceans during the Tara Oceans expedition, in light of environmental data and ocean current transport. Using a consistent approach across organismal sizes that provides unprecedented resolution to measure changes in genomic composition between communities, we report a pan-ocean, size-dependent plankton biogeography overlying regional heterogeneity. We found robust evidence for a basin-scale impact of transport by ocean currents on plankton biogeography, and on a characteristic timescale of community dynamics going beyond simple seasonality or life history transitions of plankton. Oceans are brimming with life invisible to our eyes, a myriad of species of bacteria, viruses and other microscopic organisms essential for the health of the planet. These ‘marine plankton’ are unable to swim against currents and should therefore be constantly on the move, yet previous studies have suggested that distinct species of plankton may in fact inhabit different oceanic regions. However, proving this theory has been challenging; collecting plankton is logistically difficult, and it is often impossible to distinguish between species simply by examining them under a microscope. However, within the last decade, a research schooner called Tara has travelled the globe to gather thousands of plankton samples. At the same time, advances in genomics have made it possible to identify species based only on fragments of their DNA sequence. To understand the hidden geography of plankton communities in Earth’s oceans, Richter et al. pored over DNA from the Tara Oceans expedition. This revealed that, despite being unable to resist the flow of water, various planktonic species which live close to the surface manage to occupy distinct, stable provinces shaped by currents. Different sizes of plankton are distributed in different sized provinces, with the smallest organisms tending to inhabit the smallest areas. Comparing DNA similarities and speeds of currents at the ocean surface revealed how these might stretch and mix plankton communities. Plankton play a critical role in the health of the ocean and the chemical cycles of planet Earth. These results could allow deeper investigation by marine modellers, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists. Meanwhile, work is already underway to investigate how climate change might impact this hidden geography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Richter
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, Roscoff, France.,Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Watteaux
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, Italy.,CEA, DAM, DIF, F-91297, Arpajon Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Vannier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM, Marseille, France
| | - Jade Leconte
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Paul Frémont
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Reygondeau
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia. Aquatic Ecosystems Research Lab, Vancouver, Canada.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nicolas Maillet
- Institut pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Henry
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, Roscoff, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Benoit
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Inria, IRISA-UMR 6074, Rennes, France
| | - Ophélie Da Silva
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Tom O Delmont
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Fernàndez-Guerra
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Samir Suweis
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'G. Galilei' & CNISM, INFN, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Romain Narci
- MaIAGE, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cédric Berney
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, Roscoff, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Damien Eveillard
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Nantes Université, Ecole Centrale Nantes, CNRS, LS2N, Nantes, France
| | - Frederick Gavory
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Lionel Guidi
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- Genoscope, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Eric Mahieu
- Genoscope, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Romac
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, Roscoff, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Simon Roux
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Céline Dimier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, Roscoff, France.,Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Kandels
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Directors' Research European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Picheral
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sarah Searson
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pesant
- MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,PANGAEA, Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jennifer R Brum
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.,Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | | | - Eric Pelletier
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Peer Bork
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shinichi Sunagawa
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Lombard
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Oceanographie de Villefranche, LOV, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Lee Karp-Boss
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, United States
| | - Chris Bowler
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Matthew B Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.,EMERGE Biology Integration Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.,Center of Microbiome Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.,Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Eric Karsenti
- Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.,Directors' Research European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ian Probert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, Roscoff, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | | | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, Roscoff, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Jaillon
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France.,Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean systems ecology and evolution, FR2O22/Tara GOSEE, Paris, France
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4
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Controls and characteristics of biomass quantization in size-structured planktonic ecosystem models. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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5
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Sommeria-Klein G, Watteaux R, Ibarbalz FM, Pierella Karlusich JJ, Iudicone D, Bowler C, Morlon H. Global drivers of eukaryotic plankton biogeography in the sunlit ocean. Science 2021; 374:594-599. [PMID: 34709919 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Sommeria-Klein
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France.,Department of Computing, University of Turku, Yliopistonmäki, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Romain Watteaux
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Federico M Ibarbalz
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Juan José Pierella Karlusich
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniele Iudicone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
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6
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Harke MJ, Frischkorn KR, Hennon GMM, Haley ST, Barone B, Karl DM, Dyhrman ST. Microbial community transcriptional patterns vary in response to mesoscale forcing in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:4807-4822. [PMID: 34309154 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The physical and biological dynamics that influence phytoplankton communities in the oligotrophic ocean are complex, changing across broad temporal and spatial scales. Eukaryotic phytoplankton (e.g., diatoms), despite their relatively low abundance in oligotrophic waters, are responsible for a large component of the organic matter flux to the ocean interior. Mesoscale eddies can impact both microbial community structure and function, enhancing primary production and carbon export, but the mechanisms that underpin these dynamics are still poorly understood. Here, mesoscale eddy influences on the taxonomic diversity and expressed functional profiles of surface communities of microeukaryotes and particle-associated heterotrophic bacteria from the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre were assessed over 2 years (spring 2016 and summer 2017). The taxonomic diversity of the microeukaryotes significantly differed by eddy polarity (cyclonic versus anticyclonic) and between sampling seasons/years and was significantly correlated with the taxonomic diversity of particle-associated heterotrophic bacteria. The expressed functional profile of these taxonomically distinct microeukaryotes varied consistently as a function of eddy polarity, with cyclones having a different expression pattern than anticyclones, and between sampling seasons/years. These data suggest that mesoscale forcing, and associated changes in biogeochemistry, could drive specific physiological responses in the resident microeukaryote community, independent of species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Harke
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.,Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute, Gloucester, MA, USA
| | - Kyle R Frischkorn
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Gwenn M M Hennon
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.,College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Sheean T Haley
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Benedetto Barone
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - David M Karl
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Sonya T Dyhrman
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Biology and Paleo Environment, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Messer LF, Ostrowski M, Doblin MA, Petrou K, Baird ME, Ingleton T, Bissett A, Van de Kamp J, Nelson T, Paulsen I, Bodrossy L, Fuhrman JA, Seymour JR, Brown MV. Microbial tropicalization driven by a strengthening western ocean boundary current. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5613-5629. [PMID: 32715608 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Western boundary currents (WBCs) redistribute heat and oligotrophic seawater from the tropics to temperate latitudes, with several displaying substantial climate change-driven intensification over the last century. Strengthening WBCs have been implicated in the poleward range expansion of marine macroflora and fauna, however, the impacts on the structure and function of temperate microbial communities are largely unknown. Here we show that the major subtropical WBC of the South Pacific Ocean, the East Australian Current (EAC), transports microbial assemblages that maintain tropical and oligotrophic (k-strategist) signatures, to seasonally displace more copiotrophic (r-strategist) temperate microbial populations within temperate latitudes of the Tasman Sea. We identified specific characteristics of EAC microbial assemblages compared with non-EAC assemblages, including strain transitions within the SAR11 clade, enrichment of Prochlorococcus, predicted smaller genome sizes and shifts in the importance of several functional genes, including those associated with cyanobacterial photosynthesis, secondary metabolism and fatty acid and lipid transport. At a temperate time-series site in the Tasman Sea, we observed significant reductions in standing stocks of total carbon and chlorophyll a, and a shift towards smaller phytoplankton and carnivorous copepods, associated with the seasonal impact of the EAC microbial assemblage. In light of the substantial shifts in microbial assemblage structure and function associated with the EAC, we conclude that climate-driven expansions of WBCs will expand the range of tropical oligotrophic microbes, and potentially profoundly impact the trophic status of temperate waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Messer
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Martin Ostrowski
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherina Petrou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark E Baird
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | | | | | | | - Tiffanie Nelson
- Geelong Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Deakin University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ian Paulsen
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jed A Fuhrman
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark V Brown
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle Australia, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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8
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Inhibition of competitive exclusion due to phytoplankton dispersion: a contribution for solving Hutchinson's paradox. Ecol Modell 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Zakem EJ, Mahadevan A, Lauderdale JM, Follows MJ. Stable aerobic and anaerobic coexistence in anoxic marine zones. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:288-301. [PMID: 31624350 PMCID: PMC6908664 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic description of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism is necessary for diagnostic and predictive modeling of fixed nitrogen loss in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). In a metabolic model where diverse oxygen- and nitrogen-cycling microbial metabolisms are described by underlying redox chemical reactions, we predict a transition from strictly aerobic to predominantly anaerobic regimes as the outcome of ecological interactions along an oxygen gradient, obviating the need for prescribed critical oxygen concentrations. Competing aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms can coexist in anoxic conditions whether these metabolisms represent obligate or facultative populations. In the coexistence regime, relative rates of aerobic and anaerobic activity are determined by the ratio of oxygen to electron donor supply. The model simulates key characteristics of AMZs, such as the accumulation of nitrite and the sustainability of anammox at higher oxygen concentrations than denitrification, and articulates how microbial biomass concentrations relate to associated water column transformation rates as a function of redox stoichiometry and energetics. Incorporating the metabolic model into an idealized two-dimensional ocean circulation results in a simulated AMZ, in which a secondary chlorophyll maximum emerges from oxygen-limited grazing, and where vertical mixing and dispersal in the oxycline also contribute to metabolic co-occurrence. The modeling approach is mechanistic yet computationally economical and suitable for global change applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Zakem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Jonathan M Lauderdale
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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The role of submesoscale currents in structuring marine ecosystems. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4758. [PMID: 30420651 PMCID: PMC6232172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From microbes to large predators, there is increasing evidence that marine life is shaped by short-lived submesoscales currents that are difficult to observe, model, and explain theoretically. Whether and how these intense three-dimensional currents structure the productivity and diversity of marine ecosystems is a subject of active debate. Our synthesis of observations and models suggests that the shallow penetration of submesoscale vertical currents might limit their impact on productivity, though ecological interactions at the submesoscale may be important in structuring oceanic biodiversity. Short-lived three-dimensional submesoscale currents, responsible for swirling ocean color chlorophyll filaments, have long been thought to affect productivity. Current research suggests they may not be effective in enhancing phytoplankton growth, but may have important contributions to biodiversity.
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11
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Zakem EJ, Al-Haj A, Church MJ, van Dijken GL, Dutkiewicz S, Foster SQ, Fulweiler RW, Mills MM, Follows MJ. Ecological control of nitrite in the upper ocean. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1206. [PMID: 29572474 PMCID: PMC5865239 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms oxidize organic nitrogen to nitrate in a series of steps. Nitrite, an intermediate product, accumulates at the base of the sunlit layer in the subtropical ocean, forming a primary nitrite maximum, but can accumulate throughout the sunlit layer at higher latitudes. We model nitrifying chemoautotrophs in a marine ecosystem and demonstrate that microbial community interactions can explain the nitrite distributions. Our theoretical framework proposes that nitrite can accumulate to a higher concentration than ammonium because of differences in underlying redox chemistry and cell size between ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing chemoautotrophs. Using ocean circulation models, we demonstrate that nitrifying microorganisms are excluded in the sunlit layer when phytoplankton are nitrogen-limited, but thrive at depth when phytoplankton become light-limited, resulting in nitrite accumulation there. However, nitrifying microorganisms may coexist in the sunlit layer when phytoplankton are iron- or light-limited (often in higher latitudes). These results improve understanding of the controls on nitrification, and provide a framework for representing chemoautotrophs and their biogeochemical effects in ocean models. Nitrite tends to peak at the base of the sunlit zone in the ocean, but the ecological drivers of the local and global distributions of nitrite are not known. Here, Zakem et al. use a marine ecosystem model to show how the interactions of nitrifying microbes mediate nitrite accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Zakem
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Alia Al-Haj
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Matthew J Church
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT, 59860, USA
| | - Gert L van Dijken
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Q Foster
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Robinson W Fulweiler
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Matthew M Mills
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michael J Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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12
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Abstract
Global patterns of planktonic diversity are mainly determined by the dispersal of propagules with ocean currents. However, the role that abundance and body size play in determining spatial patterns of diversity remains unclear. Here we analyse spatial community structure - β-diversity - for several planktonic and nektonic organisms from prokaryotes to small mesopelagic fishes collected during the Malaspina 2010 Expedition. β-diversity was compared to surface ocean transit times derived from a global circulation model, revealing a significant negative relationship that is stronger than environmental differences. Estimated dispersal scales for different groups show a negative correlation with body size, where less abundant large-bodied communities have significantly shorter dispersal scales and larger species spatial turnover rates than more abundant small-bodied plankton. Our results confirm that the dispersal scale of planktonic and micro-nektonic organisms is determined by local abundance, which scales with body size, ultimately setting global spatial patterns of diversity. Body size is hypothesised to be a major determinant of β-diversity in passively-dispersing marine organisms. Here, Villarino et al. show that plankton body size determines rates of dispersal along marine currents, with shorter dispersal and higher species spatial turnover in larger organisms.
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13
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14
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Competition and community assemblage dynamics within a phytoplankton functional group: Simulation using an eddy-resolving model to disentangle deterministic and random effects. Ecol Modell 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Chust G, Villarino E, Chenuil A, Irigoien X, Bizsel N, Bode A, Broms C, Claus S, Fernández de Puelles ML, Fonda-Umani S, Hoarau G, Mazzocchi MG, Mozetič P, Vandepitte L, Veríssimo H, Zervoudaki S, Borja A. Dispersal similarly shapes both population genetics and community patterns in the marine realm. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28730. [PMID: 27344967 PMCID: PMC4921837 DOI: 10.1038/srep28730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Dispersal plays a key role to connect populations and, if limited, is one of the main processes to maintain and generate regional biodiversity. According to neutral theories of molecular evolution and biodiversity, dispersal limitation of propagules and population stochasticity are integral to shaping both genetic and community structure. We conducted a parallel analysis of biological connectivity at genetic and community levels in marine groups with different dispersal traits. We compiled large data sets of population genetic structure (98 benthic macroinvertebrate and 35 planktonic species) and biogeographic data (2193 benthic macroinvertebrate and 734 planktonic species). We estimated dispersal distances from population genetic data (i.e., FST vs. geographic distance) and from β-diversity at the community level. Dispersal distances ranked the biological groups in the same order at both genetic and community levels, as predicted by organism dispersal ability and seascape connectivity: macrozoobenthic species without dispersing larvae, followed by macrozoobenthic species with dispersing larvae and plankton (phyto- and zooplankton). This ranking order is associated with constraints to the movement of macrozoobenthos within the seabed compared with the pelagic habitat. We showed that dispersal limitation similarly determines the connectivity degree of communities and populations, supporting the predictions of neutral theories in marine biodiversity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillem Chust
- AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g—20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | | | - Anne Chenuil
- IMBE, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, station marine d’Endoume, chemin de la Batterie-des-Lions, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Xabier Irigoien
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nihayet Bizsel
- IMST, Dokuz Eylul University, Baku Bulvarı No: 100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Antonio Bode
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Apdo. 130, 15080 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cecilie Broms
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Claus
- Flanders Marine Institute—VLIZ, InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, Oostende, Belgium
| | | | - Serena Fonda-Umani
- University of Trieste, Department of Biology, Via A. Valerio 28/A, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Galice Hoarau
- University of Nordland, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Patricija Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornace 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - Leen Vandepitte
- Flanders Marine Institute—VLIZ, InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, Oostende, Belgium
| | - Helena Veríssimo
- MARE (Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Soultana Zervoudaki
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO 712, 46.7 km Avenue Athens-Sounio, 19013 Anavyssos, Athens, Greece
| | - Angel Borja
- AZTI, Herrera Kaia, Portualdea z/g—20110 Pasaia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
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16
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Soccodato A, d'Ovidio F, Lévy M, Jahn O, Follows MJ, De Monte S. Estimating planktonic diversity through spatial dominance patterns in a model ocean. Mar Genomics 2016; 29:9-17. [PMID: 27210279 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the open ocean, the observation and quantification of biodiversity patterns is challenging. Marine ecosystems are indeed largely composed by microbial planktonic communities whose niches are affected by highly dynamical physico-chemical conditions, and whose observation requires advanced methods for morphological and molecular classification. Optical remote sensing offers an appealing complement to these in-situ techniques. Global-scale coverage at high spatiotemporal resolution is however achieved at the cost of restrained information on the local assemblage. Here, we use a coupled physical and ecological model ocean simulation to explore one possible metrics for comparing measures performed on such different scales. We show that a large part of the local diversity of the virtual plankton ecosystem - corresponding to what accessible by genomic methods - can be inferred from crude, but spatially extended, information - as conveyed by remote sensing. Shannon diversity of the local community is indeed highly correlated to a 'seascape' index, which quantifies the surrounding spatial heterogeneity of the most abundant functional group. The error implied in drastically reducing the resolution of the plankton community is shown to be smaller in frontal regions as well as in regions of intermediate turbulent energy. On the spatial scale of hundreds of kms, patterns of virtual plankton diversity are thus largely sustained by mixing communities that occupy adjacent niches. We provide a proof of principle that in the open ocean information on spatial variability of communities can compensate for limited local knowledge, suggesting the possibility of integrating in-situ and satellite observations to monitor biodiversity distribution at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Soccodato
- Sorbonne Université (UPMC, Paris 6)/CNRS/UPMC/IRD/MNHN, LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France
| | - Francesco d'Ovidio
- Sorbonne Université (UPMC, Paris 6)/CNRS/UPMC/IRD/MNHN, LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France
| | - Marina Lévy
- Sorbonne Université (UPMC, Paris 6)/CNRS/UPMC/IRD/MNHN, LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Jahn
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Michael J Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Silvia De Monte
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), F-75005 Paris, France
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17
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Drift in ocean currents impacts intergenerational microbial exposure to temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5700-5. [PMID: 27140608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521093113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes are the foundation of marine ecosystems [Falkowski PG, Fenchel T, Delong EF (2008) Science 320(5879):1034-1039]. Until now, the analytical framework for understanding the implications of ocean warming on microbes has not considered thermal exposure during transport in dynamic seascapes, implying that our current view of change for these critical organisms may be inaccurate. Here we show that upper-ocean microbes experience along-trajectory temperature variability up to 10 °C greater than seasonal fluctuations estimated in a static frame, and that this variability depends strongly on location. These findings demonstrate that drift in ocean currents can increase the thermal exposure of microbes and suggests that microbial populations with broad thermal tolerance will survive transport to distant regions of the ocean and invade new habitats. Our findings also suggest that advection has the capacity to influence microbial community assemblies, such that regions with strong currents and large thermal fluctuations select for communities with greatest plasticity and evolvability, and communities with narrow thermal performance are found where ocean currents are weak or along-trajectory temperature variation is low. Given that fluctuating environments select for individual plasticity in microbial lineages, and that physiological plasticity of ancestors can predict the magnitude of evolutionary responses of subsequent generations to environmental change [Schaum CE, Collins S (2014) Proc Biol Soc 281(1793):20141486], our findings suggest that microbial populations in the sub-Antarctic (∼40°S), North Pacific, and North Atlantic will have the most capacity to adapt to contemporary ocean warming.
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18
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Anthropogenic climate change drives shift and shuffle in North Atlantic phytoplankton communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2964-9. [PMID: 26903635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519080113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change has shifted the biogeography and phenology of many terrestrial and marine species. Marine phytoplankton communities appear sensitive to climate change, yet understanding of how individual species may respond to anthropogenic climate change remains limited. Here, using historical environmental and phytoplankton observations, we characterize the realized ecological niches for 87 North Atlantic diatom and dinoflagellate taxa and project changes in species biogeography between mean historical (1951-2000) and future (2051-2100) ocean conditions. We find that the central positions of the core range of 74% of taxa shift poleward at a median rate of 12.9 km per decade (km⋅dec(-1)), and 90% of taxa shift eastward at a median rate of 42.7 km⋅dec(-1) The poleward shift is faster than previously reported for marine taxa, and the predominance of longitudinal shifts is driven by dynamic changes in multiple environmental drivers, rather than a strictly poleward, temperature-driven redistribution of ocean habitats. A century of climate change significantly shuffles community composition by a basin-wide median value of 16%, compared with seasonal variations of 46%. The North Atlantic phytoplankton community appears poised for marked shift and shuffle, which may have broad effects on food webs and biogeochemical cycles.
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19
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Mahadevan A. The Impact of Submesoscale Physics on Primary Productivity of Plankton. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2016; 8:161-84. [PMID: 26394203 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Life in the ocean relies on the photosynthetic production of phytoplankton, which is influenced by the availability of light and nutrients that are modulated by a host of physical processes. Submesoscale processes are particularly relevant to phytoplankton productivity because the timescales on which they act are similar to those of phytoplankton growth. Their dynamics are associated with strong vorticity and strain rates that occur on lateral scales of 0.1-10 km. They can support vertical velocities as large as 100 m d(-1) and play a crucial role in transporting nutrients into the sunlit ocean for phytoplankton production. In regimes with deep surface mixed layers, submesoscale instabilities can cause stratification within days, thereby increasing light exposure for phytoplankton trapped close to the surface. These instabilities help to create and maintain localized environments that favor the growth of phytoplankton, contribute to productivity, and cause enormous heterogeneity in the abundance of phytoplankton, which has implications for interactions within the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amala Mahadevan
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543;
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20
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Lévy M, Jahn O, Dutkiewicz S, Follows MJ, d'Ovidio F. The dynamical landscape of marine phytoplankton diversity. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20150481. [PMID: 26400196 PMCID: PMC4614488 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations suggest that the landscape of marine phytoplankton assemblage might be strongly heterogeneous at the dynamical mesoscale and submesoscale (10-100 km, days to months), with potential consequences in terms of global diversity and carbon export. But these variations are not well documented as synoptic taxonomic data are difficult to acquire. Here, we examine how phytoplankton assemblage and diversity vary between mesoscale eddies and submesoscale fronts. We use a multi-phytoplankton numerical model embedded in a mesoscale flow representative of the North Atlantic. Our model results suggest that the mesoscale flow dynamically distorts the niches predefined by environmental contrasts at the basin scale and that the phytoplankton diversity landscape varies over temporal and spatial scales that are one order of magnitude smaller than those of the basin-scale environmental conditions. We find that any assemblage and any level of diversity can occur in eddies and fronts. However, on a statistical level, the results suggest a tendency for larger diversity and more fast-growing types at fronts, where nutrient supplies are larger and where populations of adjacent water masses are constantly brought into contact; and lower diversity in the core of eddies, where water masses are kept isolated long enough to enable competitive exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lévy
- Sorbonne Université (UPMC, Paris 6)/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Oliver Jahn
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (DEAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (DEAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael J Follows
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (DEAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Francesco d'Ovidio
- Sorbonne Université (UPMC, Paris 6)/CNRS/IRD/MNHN, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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21
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McGillicuddy DJ. Mechanisms of Physical-Biological-Biogeochemical Interaction at the Oceanic Mesoscale. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2015; 8:125-159. [PMID: 26359818 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mesoscale phenomena are ubiquitous and highly energetic features of ocean circulation. Their influence on biological and biogeochemical processes varies widely, stemming not only from advective transport but also from the generation of variations in the environment that affect biological and chemical rates. The ephemeral nature of mesoscale features in the ocean makes it difficult to elucidate the attendant mechanisms of physical-biological-biogeochemical interaction, necessitating the use of multidisciplinary approaches involving in situ observations, remote sensing, and modeling. All three aspects are woven through this review in an attempt to synthesize current understanding of the topic, with particular emphasis on novel developments in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J McGillicuddy
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543;
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22
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Grošelj D, Jenko F, Frey E. How turbulence regulates biodiversity in systems with cyclic competition. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:033009. [PMID: 25871204 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.033009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic, nonhierarchical interactions among biological species represent a general mechanism by which ecosystems are able to maintain high levels of biodiversity. However, species coexistence is often possible only in spatially extended systems with a limited range of dispersal, whereas in well-mixed environments models for cyclic competition often lead to a loss of biodiversity. Here we consider the dispersal of biological species in a fluid environment, where mixing is achieved by a combination of advection and diffusion. In particular, we perform a detailed numerical analysis of a model composed of turbulent advection, diffusive transport, and cyclic interactions among biological species in two spatial dimensions and discuss the circumstances under which biodiversity is maintained when external environmental conditions, such as resource supply, are uniform in space. Cyclic interactions are represented by a model with three competitors, resembling the children's game of rock-paper-scissors, whereas the flow field is obtained from a direct numerical simulation of two-dimensional turbulence with hyperviscosity. It is shown that the space-averaged dynamics undergoes bifurcations as the relative strengths of advection and diffusion compared to biological interactions are varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grošelj
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstraße 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Frank Jenko
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstraße 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 37, D-80333 München, Germany
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