1
|
Brückner DB, Broedersz CP. Learning dynamical models of single and collective cell migration: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2024; 87:056601. [PMID: 38518358 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad36d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Single and collective cell migration are fundamental processes critical for physiological phenomena ranging from embryonic development and immune response to wound healing and cancer metastasis. To understand cell migration from a physical perspective, a broad variety of models for the underlying physical mechanisms that govern cell motility have been developed. A key challenge in the development of such models is how to connect them to experimental observations, which often exhibit complex stochastic behaviours. In this review, we discuss recent advances in data-driven theoretical approaches that directly connect with experimental data to infer dynamical models of stochastic cell migration. Leveraging advances in nanofabrication, image analysis, and tracking technology, experimental studies now provide unprecedented large datasets on cellular dynamics. In parallel, theoretical efforts have been directed towards integrating such datasets into physical models from the single cell to the tissue scale with the aim of conceptualising the emergent behaviour of cells. We first review how this inference problem has been addressed in both freely migrating and confined cells. Next, we discuss why these dynamics typically take the form of underdamped stochastic equations of motion, and how such equations can be inferred from data. We then review applications of data-driven inference and machine learning approaches to heterogeneity in cell behaviour, subcellular degrees of freedom, and to the collective dynamics of multicellular systems. Across these applications, we emphasise how data-driven methods can be integrated with physical active matter models of migrating cells, and help reveal how underlying molecular mechanisms control cell behaviour. Together, these data-driven approaches are a promising avenue for building physical models of cell migration directly from experimental data, and for providing conceptual links between different length-scales of description.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Brückner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Chase P Broedersz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Theresienstr. 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang D, Wu W, Zhang W, Feng Q, Zhang Q, Liang H. Nuclear deformation and cell division of single cell on elongated micropatterned substrates fabricated by DMD lithography. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035001. [PMID: 38471164 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cells sense mechanical signals from the surrounding environment and transmit them to the nucleus through mechanotransduction to regulate cellular behavior. Microcontact printing, which utilizes elastomer stamps, is an effective method for simulating the cellular microenvironment and manipulating cell morphology. However, the conventional fabrication process of silicon masters and elastomer stamps requires complex procedures and specialized equipment, which restricts the widespread application of micropatterning in cell biology and hinders the investigation of the role of cell geometry in regulating cell behavior. In this study, we present an innovative method for convenient resin stamp microfabrication based on digital micromirror device planar lithography. Using this method, we generated a series of patterns ranging from millimeter to micrometer scales and validated their effectiveness in controlling adhesion at both collective and individual cell levels. Additionally, we investigated mechanotransduction and cell behavior on elongated micropatterned substrates. We then examined the effects of cell elongation on cytoskeleton organization, nuclear deformation, focal adhesion formation, traction force generation, nuclear mechanics, and the growth of HeLa cells. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between cell length and mechanotransduction. Interestingly, HeLa cells with moderate length exhibit the highest cell division and proliferation rates. These results highlight the regulatory role of cell elongation in mechanotransduction and its significant impact on cancer cell growth. Furthermore, our methodology for controlling cell adhesion holds the potential for addressing fundamental questions in both cell biology and biomedical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu Feng
- Cancer Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyi Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
- IAT-Chungu Joint Laboratory for Additive Manufacturing, Anhui Chungu 3D Printing Institute of Intelligent Equipment and Industrial Technology, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ron JE, d'Alessandro J, Cellerin V, Voituriez R, Ladoux B, Gov NS. Polarization and motility of one-dimensional multi-cellular trains. Biophys J 2023; 122:4598-4613. [PMID: 37936351 PMCID: PMC10719073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration, whereby cells adhere to form multi-cellular clusters that move as a single entity, play an important role in numerous biological processes, such as during development and cancer progression. Recent experimental work focused on migration of one-dimensional cellular clusters, confined to move along adhesive lanes, as a simple geometry in which to systematically study this complex system. One-dimensional migration also arises in the body when cells migrate along blood vessels, axonal projections, and narrow cavities between tissues. We explore here the modes of one-dimensional migration of cellular clusters ("trains") by implementing cell-cell interactions in a model of cell migration that contains a mechanism for spontaneous cell polarization. We go beyond simple phenomenological models of the cells as self-propelled particles by having the internal polarization of each cell depend on its interactions with the neighboring cells that directly affect the actin polymerization activity at the cell's leading edges. Both contact inhibition of locomotion and cryptic lamellipodia interactions between neighboring cells are introduced. We find that this model predicts multiple motility modes of the cell trains, which can have several different speeds for the same polarization pattern. Compared to experimental data, we find that Madin-Darby canine kidney cells are poised along the transition region where contact inhibition of locomotion and cryptic lamellipodia roughly balance each other, where collective migration speed is most sensitive to the values of the cell-cell interaction strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Ron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | | | - Victor Cellerin
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Raphael Voituriez
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin and Laboratoire de Physique Theorique de la Matiere Condensee, CNRS / Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Potdar H, Pagonabarraga I, Muhuri S. Effect of contact inhibition locomotion on confined cellular organization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21391. [PMID: 38049532 PMCID: PMC10695941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experiments performed using micro-patterned one dimensional collision assays have allowed a precise quantitative analysis of the collective manifestation of contact inhibition locomotion (CIL) wherein, individual migrating cells reorient their direction of motion when they come in contact with other cells. Inspired by these experiments, we present a discrete, minimal 1D Active spin model that mimics the CIL interaction between cells in one dimensional channels. We analyze the emergent collective behaviour of migrating cells in such confined geometries, as well as the sensitivity of the emergent patterns to driving forces that couple to cell motion. In the absence of vacancies, akin to dense cell packing, the translation dynamics is arrested and the model reduces to an equilibrium spin model which can be solved exactly. In the presence of vacancies, the interplay of activity-driven translation, cell polarity switching, and CIL results in an exponential steady cluster size distribution. We define a dimensionless Péclet number Q-the ratio of the translation rate and directional switching rate of particles in the absence of CIL. While the average cluster size increases monotonically as a function of Q, it exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on CIL strength, when the Q is sufficiently high. In the high Q limit, an analytical form of average cluster size can be obtained approximately by effectively mapping the system to an equivalent equilibrium process involving clusters of different sizes wherein the cluster size distribution is obtained by minimizing an effective Helmholtz free energy for the system. The resultant prediction of exponential dependence on CIL strength of the average cluster size and [Formula: see text] dependence of the average cluster size is borne out to reasonable accuracy as long as the CIL strength is not very large. The consequent prediction of a single scaling function of Q, particle density and CIL interaction strength, characterizing the distribution function of the cluster sizes and resultant data collapse is observed for a range of parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshal Potdar
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Ignacio Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- UBICS University of Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Martí i Franquès 1, E08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Sudipto Muhuri
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dow LP, Parmar T, Marchetti MC, Pruitt BL. Engineering tools for quantifying and manipulating forces in epithelia. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:021303. [PMID: 38510344 PMCID: PMC10903508 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The integrity of epithelia is maintained within dynamic mechanical environments during tissue development and homeostasis. Understanding how epithelial cells mechanosignal and respond collectively or individually is critical to providing insight into developmental and (patho)physiological processes. Yet, inferring or mimicking mechanical forces and downstream mechanical signaling as they occur in epithelia presents unique challenges. A variety of in vitro approaches have been used to dissect the role of mechanics in regulating epithelia organization. Here, we review approaches and results from research into how epithelial cells communicate through mechanical cues to maintain tissue organization and integrity. We summarize the unique advantages and disadvantages of various reduced-order model systems to guide researchers in choosing appropriate experimental systems. These model systems include 3D, 2D, and 1D micromanipulation methods, single cell studies, and noninvasive force inference and measurement techniques. We also highlight a number of in silico biophysical models that are informed by in vitro and in vivo observations. Together, a combination of theoretical and experimental models will aid future experiment designs and provide predictive insight into mechanically driven behaviors of epithelial dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Toshi Parmar
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schwietzer MF, Thölmann S, Greune L, Ebnet K. A micropattern-based assay to study contact inhibition of locomotion and entosis of adherent human and canine cells in vitro. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102186. [PMID: 36952336 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a protocol for using micropatterns to study post-collision locomotion and entosis of human and canine cells in vitro. We describe steps for lentiviral transduction and the preparation of micropatterned slides consisting of narrow matrix-coated stripes separated by cytophobic spacers. We then detail cell seeding, chamber assembly, and live cell analysis. We provide steps for analysis by live cell imaging using fluorescence microscopy as well as fixing for subsequent analysis by confocal microscopy or correlative light and electron microscopy. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kummer et al. (2022)1 and Schwietzer et al. (2022).2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Flavia Schwietzer
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sonja Thölmann
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Institute of Infectiology, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zadeh P, Camley BA. Picking winners in cell-cell collisions: Wetting, speed, and contact. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:054413. [PMID: 36559372 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.054413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Groups of eukaryotic cells can coordinate their crawling motion to follow cues more effectively, stay together, or invade new areas. This collective cell migration depends on cell-cell interactions, which are often studied by colliding pairs of cells together. Can the outcome of these collisions be predicted? Recent experiments on trains of colliding epithelial cells suggest that cells with a smaller contact angle to the surface or larger speeds are more likely to maintain their direction ("win") upon collision. When should we expect shape or speed to correlate with the outcome of a collision? To investigate this question, we build a model for two-cell collisions within the phase field framework, which allows for cell shape changes. We can reproduce the observation that cells with high speed and small contact angles are more likely to win with two different assumptions for how cells interact: (1) velocity aligning, in which we hypothesize that cells sense their own velocity and align to it over a finite timescale, and (2) front-front contact repolarization, where cells polarize away from cell-cell contact, akin to contact inhibition of locomotion. Surprisingly, though we simulate collisions between cells with widely varying properties, in each case, the probability of a cell winning is completely captured by a single summary variable: its relative speed (in the velocity-aligning model) or its relative contact angle (in the contact repolarization model). Both models are currently consistent with reported experimental results, but they can be distinguished by varying cell contact angle and speed through orthogonal perturbations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedrom Zadeh
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, USA
| | - Brian A Camley
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, USA
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Loss of contact inhibition of locomotion in the absence of JAM-A promotes entotic cell engulfment. iScience 2022; 25:105144. [PMID: 36185363 PMCID: PMC9519618 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Entosis is a cell competition process during which tumor cells engulf other tumor cells. It is initiated by metabolic stress or by loss of matrix adhesion, and it provides the winning cell with resources derived from the internalized cell. Using micropatterns as substrates for single cell migration, we find that the depletion of the cell adhesion receptor JAM-A strongly increases the rate of entosis in matrix-adherent cells. The activity of JAM-A in suppressing entosis depends on phosphorylation at Tyr280, which is a binding site for C-terminal Src kinase, and which we have previously found to regulate tumor cell motility and contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). Loss of JAM-A triggers entosis in matrix-adherent cells but not matrix-deprived cells. Our findings strongly suggest that the increased motility and the perturbed CIL response after the depletion of JAM-A promote entotic cell engulfment, and they link a dysregulation of CIL to entosis in breast cancer cells. Cell adhesion receptor JAM-A acts as a suppressor of entosis in tumor cells JAM-A suppresses entosis by recruiting Csk, thus limiting Src activity Limiting Src activity is required to regulate contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) JAM-A links the regulation of CIL to entosis
Collapse
|
9
|
Kummer D, Steinbacher T, Thölmann S, Schwietzer MF, Hartmann C, Horenkamp S, Demuth S, Peddibhotla SS, Brinkmann F, Kemper B, Schnekenburger J, Brandt M, Betz T, Liashkovich I, Kouzel IU, Shahin V, Corvaia N, Rottner K, Tarbashevich K, Raz E, Greune L, Schmidt MA, Gerke V, Ebnet K. A JAM-A-tetraspanin-αvβ5 integrin complex regulates contact inhibition of locomotion. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213070. [PMID: 35293964 PMCID: PMC8931538 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a process that regulates cell motility upon collision with other cells. Improper regulation of CIL has been implicated in cancer cell dissemination. Here, we identify the cell adhesion molecule JAM-A as a central regulator of CIL in tumor cells. JAM-A is part of a multimolecular signaling complex in which tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 link JAM-A to αvβ5 integrin. JAM-A binds Csk and inhibits the activity of αvβ5 integrin-associated Src. Loss of JAM-A results in increased activities of downstream effectors of Src, including Erk1/2, Abi1, and paxillin, as well as increased activity of Rac1 at cell-cell contact sites. As a consequence, JAM-A-depleted cells show increased motility, have a higher cell-matrix turnover, and fail to halt migration when colliding with other cells. We also find that proper regulation of CIL depends on αvβ5 integrin engagement. Our findings identify a molecular mechanism that regulates CIL in tumor cells and have implications on tumor cell dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kummer
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Thölmann
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mariel Flavia Schwietzer
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simone Horenkamp
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sabrina Demuth
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Swetha S.D. Peddibhotla
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frauke Brinkmann
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Center, Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Brandt
- Institute-associated Research Group “Mechanics of Cellular Systems”, Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Betz
- Institute-associated Research Group “Mechanics of Cellular Systems”, Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan Liashkovich
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ivan U. Kouzel
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology University of Bergen Thormøhlensgt, Bergen, Norway
| | - Victor Shahin
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Corvaia
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Divison of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technical University Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany,Molecular Cell Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Erez Raz
- Institute of Cell Biology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003—CiM), University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Lilo Greune
- Institute of Infectiology, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003—CiM), University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-associated Research Group “Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity”, Münster, Germany,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003—CiM), University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Y, Kang S, Halawani D, Wang Y, Junqueira Alves C, Ramakrishnan A, Estill M, Shen L, Li F, He X, Friedel RH, Zou H. Macrophages facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration by organizing regeneration tracks through Plexin-B2. Genes Dev 2022; 36:133-148. [PMID: 35086862 PMCID: PMC8887133 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349063.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Li et al. investigated the mechanisms underlying the regeneration of peripheral nerves, which is guided by regeneration tracks formed through an interplay of many cell types. They demonstrate that macrophages are mobilized ahead of Schwann cells in the nerve bridge after transection injury to participate in building regeneration tracks. This requires the function of guidance receptor Plexin-B2, which is robustly up-regulated in infiltrating macrophages in injured nerve. The regeneration of peripheral nerves is guided by regeneration tracks formed through an interplay of many cell types, but the underlying signaling pathways remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that macrophages are mobilized ahead of Schwann cells in the nerve bridge after transection injury to participate in building regeneration tracks. This requires the function of guidance receptor Plexin-B2, which is robustly up-regulated in infiltrating macrophages in injured nerves. Conditional deletion of Plexin-B2 in myeloid lineage resulted in not only macrophage misalignment but also matrix disarray and Schwann cell disorganization, leading to misguided axons and delayed functional recovery. Plexin-B2 is not required for macrophage recruitment or activation but enables macrophages to steer clear of colliding axons, in particular the growth cones at the tip of regenerating axons, leading to parallel alignment postcollision. Together, our studies unveil a novel reparative function of macrophages and the importance of Plexin-B2-mediated collision-dependent contact avoidance between macrophages and regenerating axons in forming regeneration tracks during peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Sangjo Kang
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Dalia Halawani
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yiqun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.,Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Chrystian Junqueira Alves
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Aarthi Ramakrishnan
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Molly Estill
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Fengtao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rules of contact inhibition of locomotion for cells on suspended nanofibers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2011815118. [PMID: 33737392 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011815118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), in which cells repolarize and move away from contact, is now established as a fundamental driving force in development, repair, and disease biology. Much of what we know of CIL stems from studies on two-dimensional (2D) substrates that do not provide an essential biophysical cue-the curvature of extracellular matrix fibers. We discover rules controlling outcomes of cell-cell collisions on suspended nanofibers and show them to be profoundly different from the stereotyped CIL behavior on 2D substrates. Two approaching cells attached to a single fiber do not repolarize upon contact but rather usually migrate past one another. Fiber geometry modulates this behavior; when cells attach to two fibers, reducing their freedom to reorient, only one cell repolarizes on contact, leading to the cell pair migrating as a single unit. CIL outcomes also change when one cell has recently divided and moves with high speed-cells more frequently walk past each other. Our computational model of CIL in fiber geometries reproduces the core qualitative results of the experiments robustly to model parameters. Our model shows that the increased speed of postdivision cells may be sufficient to explain their increased walk-past rate. We also identify cell-cell adhesion as a key mediator of collision outcomes. Our results suggest that characterizing cell-cell interactions on flat substrates, channels, or micropatterns is not sufficient to predict interactions in a matrix-the geometry of the fiber can generate entirely new behaviors.
Collapse
|
12
|
Brückner DB, Arlt N, Fink A, Ronceray P, Rädler JO, Broedersz CP. Learning the dynamics of cell-cell interactions in confined cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016602118. [PMID: 33579821 PMCID: PMC7896326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016602118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The migratory dynamics of cells in physiological processes, ranging from wound healing to cancer metastasis, rely on contact-mediated cell-cell interactions. These interactions play a key role in shaping the stochastic trajectories of migrating cells. While data-driven physical formalisms for the stochastic migration dynamics of single cells have been developed, such a framework for the behavioral dynamics of interacting cells still remains elusive. Here, we monitor stochastic cell trajectories in a minimal experimental cell collider: a dumbbell-shaped micropattern on which pairs of cells perform repeated cellular collisions. We observe different characteristic behaviors, including cells reversing, following, and sliding past each other upon collision. Capitalizing on this large experimental dataset of coupled cell trajectories, we infer an interacting stochastic equation of motion that accurately predicts the observed interaction behaviors. Our approach reveals that interacting noncancerous MCF10A cells can be described by repulsion and friction interactions. In contrast, cancerous MDA-MB-231 cells exhibit attraction and antifriction interactions, promoting the predominant relative sliding behavior observed for these cells. Based on these experimentally inferred interactions, we show how this framework may generalize to provide a unifying theoretical description of the diverse cellular interaction behaviors of distinct cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Brückner
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Arlt
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Fink
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Ronceray
- Center for the Physics of Biological Function, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Joachim O Rädler
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Chase P Broedersz
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany;
- Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou X, Wahane S, Friedl MS, Kluge M, Friedel CC, Avrampou K, Zachariou V, Guo L, Zhang B, He X, Friedel RH, Zou H. Microglia and macrophages promote corralling, wound compaction and recovery after spinal cord injury via Plexin-B2. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:337-350. [PMID: 32112058 PMCID: PMC7412870 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue repair after spinal cord injury requires the mobilization of immune and glial cells to form a protective barrier that seals the wound and facilitates debris clearing, inflammatory containment and matrix compaction. This process involves corralling, wherein phagocytic immune cells become confined to the necrotic core, which is surrounded by an astrocytic border. Here we elucidate a temporally distinct gene signature in injury-activated microglia and macrophages (IAMs) that engages axon guidance pathways. Plexin-B2 is upregulated in IAMs and is required for motor sensory recovery after spinal cord injury. Plexin-B2 deletion in myeloid cells impairs corralling, leading to diffuse tissue damage, inflammatory spillover and hampered axon regeneration. Corralling begins early and requires Plexin-B2 in both microglia and macrophages. Mechanistically, Plexin-B2 promotes microglia motility, steers IAMs away from colliding cells and facilitates matrix compaction. Our data therefore establish Plexin-B2 as an important link that integrates biochemical cues and physical interactions of IAMs with the injury microenvironment during wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shalaka Wahane
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Sophie Friedl
- Institut für Informatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institut für Informatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline C Friedel
- Institut für Informatik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kleopatra Avrampou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Venetia Zachariou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an International Medical Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Recho P, Putelat T, Truskinovsky L. Active gel segment behaving as an active particle. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:062403. [PMID: 31962422 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We reduce a one-dimensional model of an active segment (AS), which is used, for instance, in the description of contraction-driven cell motility, to a zero-dimensional model of an active particle (AP) characterized by two internal degrees of freedom: position and polarity. Both models give rise to hysteretic force-velocity relations showing that an active agent can support two opposite polarities under the same external force and that it can maintain the same polarity while being dragged by external forces with opposite orientations. This double bistability results in a rich dynamic repertoire which we illustrate by studying static, stalled, motile, and periodically repolarizing regimes displayed by an active agent confined in a viscoelastic environment. We show that the AS and AP models can be calibrated to generate quantitatively similar dynamic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Recho
- LIPhy, CNRS-UMR 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Putelat
- SAS, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.,DEM, Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Matsutani K, Ikegami K, Aoyama H. An in vitro model of region-specific rib formation in chick axial skeleton: Intercellular interaction between somite and lateral plate cells. Mech Dev 2019; 159:103568. [PMID: 31493459 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The axial skeleton is divided into different regions based on its morphological features. In particular, in birds and mammals, ribs are present only in the thoracic region. The axial skeleton is derived from a series of somites. In the thoracic region of the axial skeleton, descendants of somites coherently penetrate into the somatic mesoderm to form ribs. In regions other than the thoracic, descendants of somites do not penetrate the somatic lateral plate mesoderm. We performed live-cell time-lapse imaging to investigate the difference in the migration of a somite cell after contact with the somatic lateral plate mesoderm obtained from different regions of anterior-posterior axis in vitro on cytophilic narrow paths. We found that a thoracic somite cell continues to migrate after contact with the thoracic somatic lateral plate mesoderm, whereas it ceases migration after contact with the lumbar somatic lateral plate mesoderm. This suggests that cell-cell interaction works as an important guidance cue that regulates migration of somite cells. We surmise that the thoracic somatic lateral plate mesoderm exhibits region-specific competence to allow penetration of somite cells, whereas the lumbosacral somatic lateral plate mesoderm repels somite cells by contact inhibition of locomotion. The differences in the behavior of the somatic lateral plate mesoderm toward somite cells may confirm the distinction between different regions of the axial skeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Matsutani
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Koji Ikegami
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Aoyama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Department of Medical Science and Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurosegakuendai, Higashihiroshima City, Hiroshima 739-2695, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Colombi A, Scianna M, Painter KJ, Preziosi L. Modelling chase-and-run migration in heterogeneous populations. J Math Biol 2019; 80:423-456. [PMID: 31468116 PMCID: PMC7012813 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is crucial for many physiological and pathological processes. During embryogenesis, neural crest cells undergo coordinated epithelial to mesenchymal transformations and migrate towards various forming organs. Here we develop a computational model to understand how mutual interactions between migrating neural crest cells (NCs) and the surrounding population of placode cells (PCs) generate coordinated migration. According to experimental findings, we implement a minimal set of hypotheses, based on a coupling between chemotactic movement of NCs in response to a placode-secreted chemoattractant (Sdf1) and repulsion induced from contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), triggered by heterotypic NC–PC contacts. This basic set of assumptions is able to semi-quantitatively recapitulate experimental observations of the characteristic multispecies phenomenon of “chase-and-run”, where the colony of NCs chases an evasive PC aggregate. The model further reproduces a number of in vitro manipulations, including full or partial disruption of NC chemotactic migration and selected mechanisms coordinating the CIL phenomenon. Finally, we provide various predictions based on altering other key components of the model mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Colombi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G. L. Lagrange" - Excellence Department 2018-2022, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - M Scianna
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G. L. Lagrange" - Excellence Department 2018-2022, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - K J Painter
- Department of Mathematics and Maxwell Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - L Preziosi
- Department of Mathematical Sciences "G. L. Lagrange" - Excellence Department 2018-2022, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Merchant B, Edelstein-Keshet L, Feng JJ. A Rho-GTPase based model explains spontaneous collective migration of neural crest cell clusters. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S262-S273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
18
|
Natividad RJ, Lalli ML, Muthuswamy SK, Asthagiri AR. Golgi Stabilization, Not Its Front-Rear Bias, Is Associated with EMT-Enhanced Fibrillar Migration. Biophys J 2018; 115:2067-2077. [PMID: 30366626 PMCID: PMC6343588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and maturation of collagen fibrils in the tumor microenvironment play a significant role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Confinement along fiber-like tracks enhances cell migration. To what extent and in what manner EMT further promotes migration in a microenvironment already conducive to migration is poorly understood. Here, we show that TGFβ-mediated EMT significantly enhances migration on fiber-like micropatterned tracks of collagen, doubling migration speed and tripling persistence relative to untreated mammary epithelial cells. Thus, cell-intrinsic EMT and extrinsic fibrillar tracks have nonredundant effects on motility. To better understand EMT-enhanced fibrillar migration, we investigated the regulation of Golgi positioning, which is involved in front-rear polarization and persistent cell migration. Confinement along fiber-like tracks has been reported to favor posterior Golgi positioning, whereas anterior positioning is observed during 2-day wound healing. Although EMT also regulates cell polarity, little is known about its effect on Golgi positioning. Here, we show that EMT induces a 2:1 rearward bias in Golgi positioning; however, positional bias explains less than 2% of single-cell variability in migration speed and persistence. Meanwhile, EMT significantly stabilizes Golgi positioning. Cells that enhance migration in response to TGFβ maintain Golgi position for 2- to 4-fold longer than nonresponsive counterparts irrespective of whether the Golgi is ahead or behind the nucleus. In fact, 28% of TGFβ-responsive cells exhibit a fully committed Golgi phenotype with the organelle either in the anterior or posterior position for over 90% of the time. Furthermore, single-cell differences in Golgi stability capture up to 18% of variations in migration speed. These results suggest a hypothesis that the Golgi may be part of a core physical scaffold that affects how cell-generated forces are distributed during migration. A stable scaffold would be expected to more consistently and therefore more productively distribute forces over time, leading to efficient migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Natividad
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark L Lalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Senthil K Muthuswamy
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anand R Asthagiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sierra-López F, Baylón-Pacheco L, Espíritu-Gordillo P, Lagunes-Guillén A, Chávez-Munguía B, Rosales-Encina JL. Influence of Micropatterned Grill Lines on Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites Morphology and Migration. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:295. [PMID: 30197879 PMCID: PMC6117912 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causal agent of human amoebiasis, has two morphologically different phases: a resistant cyst and a trophozoite responsible for the invasion of the host tissues such as the colonic mucosa and the intestinal epithelium. During in vitro migration, trophozoites usually produce protuberances such as pseudopods and rarely filopodia, structures that have been observed in the interaction of trophozoites with human colonic epithelial tissue. To study the different membrane projections produced by the trophozoites, including pseudopods, filopodia, uropods, blebs, and others, we designed an induction system using erythrocyte extract or fibronectin (FN) in micropatterned grill lines (each micro-line containing multiple micro-portions of FN or erythrocyte extract) on which the trophozoites were placed in culture for migration assays. Using light, confocal, and scanning electron microscopy, we established that E. histolytica trophozoites frequently produce short and long filopodia, large retractile uropods in the rear, pseudopods, blebs, and others structures, also showing continuous migration periods. The present study provides a simple migration method to induce trophozoites to generate abundant membrane protrusion structures that are rarely obtained in normal or induced cultures, such as long filopodia; this method will allow a–better understanding of the interactions of trophozoites with FN and cell debris. E. histolytica trophozoites motility plays an important role in invasive amoebiasis. It has been proposed that both physical forces and chemical signals are involved in the trophozoite motility and migration. However, the in vivo molecules that drive the chemotactic migration remain to be determined. We propose the present assay to study host molecules that guide chemotactic behavior because the method is highly reproducible, and a live image of cell movement and migration can be quantified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Sierra-López
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lidia Baylón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Espíritu-Gordillo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anel Lagunes-Guillén
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Rosales-Encina
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Roycroft A, Szabó A, Bahm I, Daly L, Charras G, Parsons M, Mayor R. Redistribution of Adhesive Forces through Src/FAK Drives Contact Inhibition of Locomotion in Neural Crest. Dev Cell 2018; 45:565-579.e3. [PMID: 29870718 PMCID: PMC5988567 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion is defined as the behavior of cells to cease migrating in their former direction after colliding with another cell. It has been implicated in multiple developmental processes and its absence has been linked to cancer invasion. Cellular forces are thought to govern this process; however, the exact role of traction through cell-matrix adhesions and tension through cell-cell adhesions during contact inhibition of locomotion remains unknown. Here we use neural crest cells to address this and show that cell-matrix adhesions are rapidly disassembled at the contact between two cells upon collision. This disassembly is dependent upon the formation of N-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions and driven by Src and FAK activity. We demonstrate that the loss of cell-matrix adhesions near the contact leads to a buildup of tension across the cell-cell contact, a step that is essential to drive cell-cell separation after collision. Focal adhesions disassemble at cell-cell contacts in contact inhibition of locomotion FA disassembly at the cell contact during CIL requires N-cadherin/Src/FAK signaling Cell separation during CIL involves a buildup of tension across the cell contact
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roycroft
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - András Szabó
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Isabel Bahm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Liam Daly
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillaume Charras
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London SE11UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a pivotal role in the formation of organs, tissue regeneration, wound healing and many disease processes, including cancer. Despite the considerable existing knowledge on the molecular control of cell movements, it is unclear how the different observed modes of collective migration, especially for small groups of cells, emerge from the known behaviors of individual cells. Here we derive a physical description of collective cellular movements from first principles, while accounting for known phenomenological cell behaviors, such as contact inhibition of locomotion and force-induced cell repolarization. We show that this theoretical description successfully describes the motion of groups of cells of arbitrary numbers, connecting single cell behaviors and parameters (e.g., adhesion and traction forces) to the collective migration of small groups of cells and the expansion of large cell colonies. Specifically, using a common framework, we explain how cells characterized by contact inhibition of locomotion can display coherent collective behavior when in groups, even in the absence of biochemical signaling. We find an optimal group size leading to maximal group persistence and show that cell proliferation prevents the buildup of intercellular forces within cell colonies, enabling their expansion.
Collapse
|
22
|
Schnyder SK, Molina JJ, Tanaka Y, Yamamoto R. Collective motion of cells crawling on a substrate: roles of cell shape and contact inhibition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5163. [PMID: 28701766 PMCID: PMC5507894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition plays a crucial role in cell motility, wound healing, and tumour formation. By mimicking the mechanical motion of cells crawling on a substrate, we constructed a minimal model of migrating cells that naturally gives rise to contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). The model cell consists of two disks, a front disk (a pseudopod) and a back disk (cell body), which are connected by a finite extensible spring. Despite the simplicity of the model, the collective behaviour of the cells is highly non-trivial and depends on both the shape of the cells and whether CIL is enabled. Cells with a small front disk (i.e., a narrow pseudopod) form immobile colonies. In contrast, cells with a large front disk (e.g., a lamellipodium) exhibit coherent migration without any explicit alignment mechanism in the model. This result suggests that crawling cells often exhibit broad fronts because this helps facilitate alignment. After increasing the density, the cells develop density waves that propagate against the direction of cell migration and finally stop at higher densities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Schnyder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan. .,Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8103, Japan.
| | - John J Molina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
During bone remodelling, osteoclasts induce chemotaxis of osteoblasts and yet maintain spatial segregation. We show that osteoclasts express the repulsive guidance factor Semaphorin 4D and induce contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) in osteoblasts through its receptor Plexin-B1. To examine causality and elucidate how localized Plexin-B1 stimulation may spatiotemporally coordinate its downstream targets in guiding cell migration, we develop an optogenetic tool for Plexin-B1 designated optoPlexin. Precise optoPlexin activation at the leading edge of migrating osteoblasts readily induces local retraction and, unexpectedly, distal protrusions to steer cells away. These morphological changes are accompanied by reorganization of Myosin II, PIP3, adhesion and active Cdc42. We attribute the resultant repolarization to RhoA/ROCK-mediated redistribution of β-Pix, which activates Cdc42 and promotes protrusion. Thus, our data demonstrate a causal role of Plexin-B1 for CIL in osteoblasts and reveals a previously unknown effect of Semaphorin signalling on spatial distribution of an activator of cell migration.
Collapse
|
24
|
Megat Abdul Wahab R, Mohamed Rozali NA, Senafi S, Zainol Abidin IZ, Zainal Ariffin Z, Zainal Ariffin SH. Impact of isolation method on doubling time and the quality of chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiated from murine dental pulp stem cells. PeerJ 2017. [PMID: 28626603 PMCID: PMC5473353 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells are normally isolated from dental pulps using the enzymatic digestion or the outgrowth method. However, the effects of the isolation method on the quality of the isolated stem cells are not studied in detail in murine models. The aim of this study was to compare the matrices secreted by osteoblast and chondrocytes differentiated from dental pulp stem cells isolated through different means. Method DPSC from murine incisors were isolated through either the outgrowth (DPSC-OG) or the enzymatic digestion (DPSC-ED) method. Cells at passage 4 were used in this study. The cells were characterized through morphology and expression of cell surface markers. The cells’ doubling time when cultured using different seeding densities was calculated and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparison post-test. The ability of cells to differentiate to chondrocyte and osteoblast was evaluated through staining and analysis on the matrices secreted. Results Gene expression analysis showed that DPSC-OG and DPSC-ED expressed dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell markers, but not hematopoietic stem cell markers. The least number of cells that could have been used to culture DPSC-OG and DPSC-ED with the shortest doubling time was 5 × 102 cells/cm2 (11.49 ± 2.16 h) and 1 × 102 cells/cm2 (10.55 h ± 0.50), respectively. Chondrocytes differentiated from DPSC-ED produced 2 times more proteoglycan and at a faster rate than DPSC-OG. FTIR revealed that DPSC-ED differentiated into osteoblast also secreted matrix, which more resembled a calvaria. Discussion Isolation approaches might have influenced the cell populations obtained. This, in turn, resulted in cells with different proliferation and differentiation capability. While both DPSC-OG and DPSC-ED expressed mesenchymal stem cell markers, the percentage of cells carrying each marker might have differed between the two methods. Regardless, enzymatic digestion clearly yielded cells with better characteristics than outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nur Akmal Mohamed Rozali
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sahidan Senafi
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Intan Zarina Zainol Abidin
- Centre for Graduate Studies, Research Resources Centre, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Camley BA, Rappel WJ. Physical models of collective cell motility: from cell to tissue. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2017; 50:113002. [PMID: 28989187 PMCID: PMC5625300 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aa56fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review physics-based models of collective cell motility. We discuss a range of techniques at different scales, ranging from models that represent cells as simple self-propelled particles to phase field models that can represent a cell's shape and dynamics in great detail. We also extensively review the ways in which cells within a tissue choose their direction, the statistics of cell motion, and some simple examples of how cell-cell signaling can interact with collective cell motility. This review also covers in more detail selected recent works on collective cell motion of small numbers of cells on micropatterns, in wound healing, and the chemotaxis of clusters of cells.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kulawiak DA, Camley BA, Rappel WJ. Modeling Contact Inhibition of Locomotion of Colliding Cells Migrating on Micropatterned Substrates. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005239. [PMID: 27984579 PMCID: PMC5161303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer metastasis, embryonic development, and wound healing, cells can coordinate their motion, leading to collective motility. To characterize these cell-cell interactions, which include contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL), micropatterned substrates are often used to restrict cell migration to linear, quasi-one-dimensional paths. In these assays, collisions between polarized cells occur frequently with only a few possible outcomes, such as cells reversing direction, sticking to one another, or walking past one another. Using a computational phase field model of collective cell motility that includes the mechanics of cell shape and a minimal chemical model for CIL, we are able to reproduce all cases seen in two-cell collisions. A subtle balance between the internal cell polarization, CIL and cell-cell adhesion governs the collision outcome. We identify the parameters that control transitions between the different cases, including cell-cell adhesion, propulsion strength, and the rates of CIL. These parameters suggest hypotheses for why different cell types have different collision behavior and the effect of interventions that modulate collision outcomes. To reproduce the heterogeneity in cell-cell collision outcomes observed experimentally in neural crest cells, we must either carefully tune our parameters or assume that there is significant cell-to-cell variation in key parameters like cell-cell adhesion. Many cells cooperate with their neighbors to move as a group. However, the mechanisms of these cell-cell interactions are not well understood. One experimental tool to analyze interactions is to allow cells to collide with one another, and see what happens. In order to better understand what features these experiments measure, we develop a computational model of cell-cell collisions, and identify the biochemical and mechanical parameters that lead to different outcomes of collisions. We can recreate all known types of collisions seen in experiments, including cells reversing on contact, sticking, or walking past each other. Our model suggests that what happens in a collision may depend strongly on the mechanical forces between the two cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian A. Camley
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Stramer B, Mayor R. Mechanisms and in vivo functions of contact inhibition of locomotion. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 18:43-55. [PMID: 27677859 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a process whereby a cell ceases motility or changes its trajectory upon collision with another cell. CIL was initially characterized more than half a century ago and became a widely studied model system to understand how cells migrate and dynamically interact. Although CIL fell from interest for several decades, the scientific community has recently rediscovered this process. We are now beginning to understand the precise steps of this complex behaviour and to elucidate its regulatory components, including receptors, polarity proteins and cytoskeletal elements. Furthermore, this process is no longer just in vitro phenomenology; we now know from several different in vivo models that CIL is essential for embryogenesis and in governing behaviours such as cell dispersion, boundary formation and collective cell migration. In addition, changes in CIL responses have been associated with other physiological processes, such as cancer cell dissemination during metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Stramer
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Camley BA, Zimmermann J, Levine H, Rappel WJ. Collective Signal Processing in Cluster Chemotaxis: Roles of Adaptation, Amplification, and Co-attraction in Collective Guidance. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005008. [PMID: 27367541 PMCID: PMC4930173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single eukaryotic cells commonly sense and follow chemical gradients, performing chemotaxis. Recent experiments and theories, however, show that even when single cells do not chemotax, clusters of cells may, if their interactions are regulated by the chemoattractant. We study this general mechanism of "collective guidance" computationally with models that integrate stochastic dynamics for individual cells with biochemical reactions within the cells, and diffusion of chemical signals between the cells. We show that if clusters of cells use the well-known local excitation, global inhibition (LEGI) mechanism to sense chemoattractant gradients, the speed of the cell cluster becomes non-monotonic in the cluster's size-clusters either larger or smaller than an optimal size will have lower speed. We argue that the cell cluster speed is a crucial readout of how the cluster processes chemotactic signals; both amplification and adaptation will alter the behavior of cluster speed as a function of size. We also show that, contrary to the assumptions of earlier theories, collective guidance does not require persistent cell-cell contacts and strong short range adhesion. If cell-cell adhesion is absent, and the cluster cohesion is instead provided by a co-attraction mechanism, e.g. chemotaxis toward a secreted molecule, collective guidance may still function. However, new behaviors, such as cluster rotation, may also appear in this case. Co-attraction and adaptation allow for collective guidance that is robust to varying chemoattractant concentrations while not requiring strong cell-cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Camley
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Juliane Zimmermann
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wouter-Jan Rappel
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Control of the collective migration of enteric neural crest cells by the Complement anaphylatoxin C3a and N-cadherin. Dev Biol 2016; 414:85-99. [PMID: 27041467 PMCID: PMC4937886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the adhesive and migratory behavior of enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) during their collective migration within the developing mouse gut. We aimed to decipher the role of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a during this process, because this well-known immune system attractant has been implicated in cephalic NCC co-attraction, a process controlling directional migration. We used the conditional Ht-PA-cre transgenic mouse model allowing a specific ablation of the N-cadherin gene and the expression of a fluorescent reporter in migratory ENCCs without affecting the central nervous system. We performed time-lapse videomicroscopy of ENCCs from control and N-cad-herin mutant gut explants cultured on fibronectin (FN) and micropatterned FN-stripes with C3a or C3aR antagonist, and studied cell migration behavior with the use of triangulation analysis to quantify cell dispersion. We performed ex vivo gut cultures with or without C3aR antagonist to determine the effect on ENCC behavior. Confocal microscopy was used to analyze the cell-matrix adhesion properties. We provide the first demonstration of the localization of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a and its receptor on ENCCs during their migration in the embryonic gut. C3aR receptor inhibition alters ENCC adhesion and migration, perturbing directionality and increasing cell dispersion both in vitro and ex vivo. N-cad-herin-null ENCCs do not respond to C3a co-attraction. These findings indicate that C3a regulates cell migration in a N-cadherin-dependent process. Our results shed light on the role of C3a in regulating collective and directional cell migration, and in ganglia network organization during enteric nervous system ontogenesis. The detection of an immune system chemokine in ENCCs during ENS development may also shed light on new mechanisms for gastrointestinal disorders.
Collapse
|
30
|
Roycroft A, Mayor R. Molecular basis of contact inhibition of locomotion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1119-30. [PMID: 26585026 PMCID: PMC4761371 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is a complex process, whereby cells undergoing a collision with another cell cease their migration towards the colliding cell. CIL has been identified in numerous cells during development including embryonic fibroblasts, neural crest cells and haemocytes and is the driving force behind a range of phenomenon including collective cell migration and dispersion. The loss of normal CIL behaviour towards healthy tissue has long been implicated in the invasion of cancer cells. CIL is a multi-step process that is driven by the tight coordination of molecular machinery. In this review, we shall breakdown CIL into distinct steps and highlight the key molecular mechanisms and components that are involved in driving each step of this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Roycroft
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Scarpa E, Szabó A, Bibonne A, Theveneau E, Parsons M, Mayor R. Cadherin Switch during EMT in Neural Crest Cells Leads to Contact Inhibition of Locomotion via Repolarization of Forces. Dev Cell 2015; 34:421-34. [PMID: 26235046 PMCID: PMC4552721 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is the process through which cells move away from each other after cell-cell contact, and it contributes to malignant invasion and developmental migration. Various cell types exhibit CIL, whereas others remain in contact after collision and may form stable junctions. To investigate what determines this differential behavior, we study neural crest cells, a migratory stem cell population whose invasiveness has been likened to cancer metastasis. By comparing pre-migratory and migratory neural crest cells, we show that the switch from E- to N-cadherin during EMT is essential for acquisition of CIL behavior. Loss of E-cadherin leads to repolarization of protrusions, via p120 and Rac1, resulting in a redistribution of forces from intercellular tension to cell-matrix adhesions, which break down the cadherin junction. These data provide insight into the balance of physical forces that contributes to CIL in cells in vivo. Neural crest cells acquire contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) during EMT An E- to N-cadherin switch controls CIL E-cadherin represses CIL by controlling Rac1-dependent protrusions via p120 During CIL, forces are redistributed from intercellular junctions to cell matrix
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scarpa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - András Szabó
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anne Bibonne
- Centre de Biologie du Développement-UMR5547, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Eric Theveneau
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Centre de Biologie du Développement-UMR5547, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London SE11UL, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lin B, Yin T, Wu YI, Inoue T, Levchenko A. Interplay between chemotaxis and contact inhibition of locomotion determines exploratory cell migration. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6619. [PMID: 25851023 PMCID: PMC4391292 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed cell migration in native environments is influenced by multiple migratory cues. These cues may include simultaneously occurring attractive soluble growth factor gradients and repulsive effects arising from cell-cell contact, termed contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL). How single cells reconcile potentially conflicting cues remains poorly understood. Here we show that a dynamic crosstalk between epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated chemotaxis and CIL guides metastatic breast cancer cell motility, whereby cells become progressively insensitive to CIL in a chemotactic input-dependent manner. This balance is determined via integration of protrusion-enhancing signalling from EGF gradients and protrusion-suppressing signalling induced by CIL, mediated in part through EphB. Our results further suggest that EphB and EGF signalling inputs control protrusion formation by converging onto regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). We propose that this intricate interplay may enhance the spread of loose cell ensembles in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, and possibly other physiological settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - Taofei Yin
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Yi I Wu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology Investigator, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Umnov RS, Lin'kova NS, Khavinson VK. Peptides stimulate expression of signal molecules in neuronal cultures from animals of different age. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:701-4. [PMID: 25257443 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect of peptide T-33 and cortexin were studied on organotypic cultures of the brain from young and old Wistar rats. The effective concentration of peptide T-33 stimulating proliferative activity of neurons considerably surpassed that of cortexin. Cortexin and peptide T-33 stimulated the expression of serotonin, Ki-67, and vimentin in cells of the brain cortex; peptide T-33 was most effective in this respect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Umnov
- St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Polarity mechanisms such as contact inhibition of locomotion regulate persistent rotational motion of mammalian cells on micropatterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14770-5. [PMID: 25258412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414498111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pairs of endothelial cells on adhesive micropatterns rotate persistently, but pairs of fibroblasts do not; coherent rotation is present in normal mammary acini and kidney cells but absent in cancerous cells. Why? To answer this question, we develop a computational model of pairs of mammalian cells on adhesive micropatterns using a phase field method and study the conditions under which persistent rotational motion (PRM) emerges. Our model couples the shape of the cell, the cell's internal chemical polarity, and interactions between cells such as volume exclusion and adhesion. We show that PRM can emerge from this minimal model and that the cell-cell interface may be influenced by the nucleus. We study the effect of various cell polarity mechanisms on rotational motion, including contact inhibition of locomotion, neighbor alignment, and velocity alignment, where cells align their polarity to their velocity. These polarity mechanisms strongly regulate PRM: Small differences in polarity mechanisms can create significant differences in collective rotation. We argue that the existence or absence of rotation under confinement may lead to insight into the cell's methods for coordinating collective cell motility.
Collapse
|
35
|
Mierke CT. The fundamental role of mechanical properties in the progression of cancer disease and inflammation. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:076602. [PMID: 25006689 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/7/076602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of mechanical properties in cancer disease and inflammation is still underinvestigated and even ignored in many oncological and immunological reviews. In particular, eight classical hallmarks of cancer have been proposed, but they still ignore the mechanics behind the processes that facilitate cancer progression. To define the malignant transformation of neoplasms and finally reveal the functional pathway that enables cancer cells to promote cancer progression, these classical hallmarks of cancer require the inclusion of specific mechanical properties of cancer cells and their microenvironment such as the extracellular matrix as well as embedded cells such as fibroblasts, macrophages or endothelial cells. Thus, this review will present current cancer research from a biophysical point of view and will therefore focus on novel physical aspects and biophysical methods to investigate the aggressiveness of cancer cells and the process of inflammation. As cancer or immune cells are embedded in a certain microenvironment such as the extracellular matrix, the mechanical properties of this microenvironment cannot be neglected, and alterations of the microenvironment may have an impact on the mechanical properties of the cancer or immune cells. Here, it is highlighted how biophysical approaches, both experimental and theoretical, have an impact on the classical hallmarks of cancer and inflammation. It is even pointed out how these biophysical approaches contribute to the understanding of the regulation of cancer disease and inflammatory responses after tissue injury through physical microenvironmental property sensing mechanisms. The recognized physical signals are transduced into biochemical signaling events that guide cellular responses, such as malignant tumor progression, after the transition of cancer cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype or an inflammatory response due to tissue injury. Moreover, cell adaptation to mechanical alterations, in particular the understanding of mechano-coupling and mechano-regulating functions in cell invasion, appears as an important step in cancer progression and inflammatory response to injuries. This may lead to novel insights into cancer disease and inflammatory diseases and will overcome classical views on cancer and inflammation. In addition, this review will discuss how the physics of cancer and inflammation can help to reveal whether cancer cells will invade connective tissue and metastasize or how leukocytes extravasate and migrate through the tissue. In this review, the physical concepts of cancer progression, including the tissue basement membrane a cancer cell is crossing, its invasion and transendothelial migration as well as the basic physical concepts of inflammatory processes and the cellular responses to the mechanical stress of the microenvironment such as external forces and matrix stiffness, are presented and discussed. In conclusion, this review will finally show how physical measurements can improve classical approaches that investigate cancer and inflammatory diseases, and how these physical insights can be integrated into classical tumor biological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Young HM, Bergner AJ, Simpson MJ, McKeown SJ, Hao MM, Anderson CR, Enomoto H. Colonizing while migrating: how do individual enteric neural crest cells behave? BMC Biol 2014; 12:23. [PMID: 24670214 PMCID: PMC4101823 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-12-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Directed cell migration is essential for normal development. In most of the migratory cell populations that have been analyzed in detail to date, all of the cells migrate as a collective from one location to another. However, there are also migratory cell populations that must populate the areas through which they migrate, and thus some cells get left behind while others advance. Very little is known about how individual cells behave to achieve concomitant directional migration and population of the migratory route. We examined the behavior of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs), which must both advance caudally to reach the anal end and populate each gut region. Results The behavior of individual ENCCs was examined using live imaging and mice in which ENCCs express a photoconvertible protein. We show that individual ENCCs exhibit very variable directionalities and speed; as the migratory wavefront of ENCCs advances caudally, each gut region is populated primarily by some ENCCs migrating non-directionally. After populating each region, ENCCs remain migratory for at least 24 hours. Endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB) signaling is known to be essential for the normal advance of the ENCC population. We now show that perturbation of EDNRB principally affects individual ENCC speed rather than directionality. The trajectories of solitary ENCCs, which occur transiently at the wavefront, were consistent with an unbiased random walk and so cell-cell contact is essential for directional migration. ENCCs migrate in close association with neurites. We showed that although ENCCs often use neurites as substrates, ENCCs lead the way, neurites are not required for chain formation and neurite growth is more directional than the migration of ENCCs as a whole. Conclusions Each gut region is initially populated by sub-populations of ENCCs migrating non-directionally, rather than stopping. This might provide a mechanism for ensuring a uniform density of ENCCs along the growing gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010 VIC, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moore R, Theveneau E, Pozzi S, Alexandre P, Richardson J, Merks A, Parsons M, Kashef J, Linker C, Mayor R. Par3 controls neural crest migration by promoting microtubule catastrophe during contact inhibition of locomotion. Development 2013; 140:4763-75. [PMID: 24173803 DOI: 10.1242/dev.098509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is essential for morphogenesis and its failure is thought to be responsible for cancer invasion; however, the molecular bases of this phenomenon are poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of the polarity protein Par3 in CIL during migration of the neural crest, a highly migratory mesenchymal cell type. In epithelial cells, Par3 is localised to the cell-cell adhesion complex and is important in the definition of apicobasal polarity, but the localisation and function of Par3 in mesenchymal cells are not well characterised. We show in Xenopus and zebrafish that Par3 is localised to the cell-cell contact in neural crest cells and is essential for CIL. We demonstrate that the dynamics of microtubules are different in different parts of the cell, with an increase in microtubule catastrophe at the collision site during CIL. Par3 loss-of-function affects neural crest migration by reducing microtubule catastrophe at the site of cell-cell contact and abrogating CIL. Furthermore, Par3 promotes microtubule catastrophe by inhibiting the Rac-GEF Trio, as double inhibition of Par3 and Trio restores microtubule catastrophe at the cell contact and rescues CIL and neural crest migration. Our results demonstrate a novel role of Par3 during neural crest migration, which is likely to be conserved in other processes that involve CIL such as cancer invasion or cell dispersion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|