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Lozovaya N, Moumen A, Hammond C. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neurons Have Specific Characteristics during the Perinatal Period. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0538-23.2024. [PMID: 38755010 PMCID: PMC11137802 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0538-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain represent the main source of cholinergic innervation of large parts of the neocortex and are involved in adults in the modulation of attention, memory, and arousal. During the first postnatal days, they play a crucial role in the development of cortical neurons and cortical cytoarchitecture. However, their characteristics, during this period have not been studied. To understand how they can fulfill this role, we investigated the morphological and electrophysiological maturation of cholinergic neurons of the substantia innominata-nucleus basalis of Meynert (SI/NBM) complex in the perinatal period in mice. We show that cholinergic neurons, whether or not they express gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a cotransmitter, are already functional at Embryonic Day 18. Until the end of the first postnatal week, they constitute a single population of neurons with a well developed dendritic tree, a spontaneous activity including bursting periods, and a short-latency response to depolarizations (early-firing). They are excited by both their GABAergic and glutamatergic afferents. During the second postnatal week, a second, less excitable, neuronal population emerges, with a longer delay response to depolarizations (late-firing), together with the hyperpolarizing action of GABAA receptor-mediated currents. This classification into early-firing (40%) and late-firing (60%) neurons is again independent of the coexpression of GABAergic markers. These results strongly suggest that during the first postnatal week, the specific properties of developing SI/NBM cholinergic neurons allow them to spontaneously release acetylcholine (ACh), or ACh and GABA, into the developing cortex.
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Shi Y, Cui D, Sun F, OuYang Z, Dou R, Jiao Q, Cao W, Yu G. Exploring sexual dimorphism in basal forebrain volume changes during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. iScience 2024; 27:109041. [PMID: 38361626 PMCID: PMC10867643 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with neurodegenerative diseases exhibit diminished basal forebrain (BF) volume compared to healthy individuals. However, it's uncertain whether this difference is consistent between sexes. It has been reported that BF volume moderately atrophies during aging, but the effect of sex on BF volume changes during the normal aging process remains unclear. In the cross-sectional study, we observed a significant reduction in BF volume in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to Healthy Controls (HCs), especially in the Ch4 subregion. Notably, significant differences in BF volume between MCI and HCs were observed solely in the female group. Additionally, we identified asymmetrical atrophy in the left and right Ch4 subregions in female patients with AD. In the longitudinal analysis, we found that aging seemed to have a minimal impact on BF volume in males. Our study highlights the importance of considering sex as a research variable in brain science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Shi
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’ an, Shandong 271000, China
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’ an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Dong Cui
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’ an, Shandong 271000, China
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’ an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Fengzhu Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’ an, Shandong 271000, China
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’ an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Zhen OuYang
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’ an, Shandong 271016, China
- Department of Radiology, Taian Municipal Hospital, Tai’ an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Ruhai Dou
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’ an, Shandong 271000, China
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’ an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’ an, Shandong 271000, China
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’ an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Weifang Cao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’ an, Shandong 271000, China
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’ an, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’ an, Shandong 271000, China
- School of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai’ an, Shandong 271016, China
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Zhang XW, Chen L, Chen CF, Cheng J, Zhang PP, Wang LC. Dexmedetomidine modulates neuronal activity of horizontal limbs of diagonal band via α2 adrenergic receptor in mice. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:327. [PMID: 37784079 PMCID: PMC10544551 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is widely used in clinical sedation which has little effect on cardiopulmonary inhibition, however the mechanism remains to be elucidated. The basal forebrain (BF) is a key nucleus that controls sleep-wake cycle. The horizontal limbs of diagonal bundle (HDB) is one subregions of the BF. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the possible mechanism of DEX is through the α2 adrenergic receptor of BF (HDB). METHODS In this study, we investigated the effects of DEX on the BF (HDB) by using whole cell patch clamp recordings. The threshold stimulus intensity, the inter-spike-intervals (ISIs) and the frequency of action potential firing in the BF (HDB) neurons were recorded by application of DEX (2 µM) and co-application of a α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine (PHEN) (10 µM). RESULTS DEX (2 µM) increased the threshold stimulus intensity, inhibited the frequency of action potential firing and enlarged the inter-spike-interval (ISI) in the BF (HDB) neurons. These effects were reversed by co-application of PHEN (10 µM). CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings revealed DEX decreased the discharge activity of BF (HDB) neuron via α2 adrenergic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Departments of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 230031, Hefei, China
| | - Chang-Feng Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Ping-Ping Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China
| | - Lie-Cheng Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Hefei, China.
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Ananth MR, Rajebhosale P, Kim R, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal forebrain cholinergic signalling: development, connectivity and roles in cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:233-251. [PMID: 36823458 PMCID: PMC10439770 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine plays an essential role in fundamental aspects of cognition. Studies that have mapped the activity and functional connectivity of cholinergic neurons have shown that the axons of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervate the pallium with far more topographical and functional organization than was historically appreciated. Together with the results of studies using new probes that allow release of acetylcholine to be detected with high spatial and temporal resolution, these findings have implicated cholinergic networks in 'binding' diverse behaviours that contribute to cognition. Here, we review recent findings on the developmental origins, connectivity and function of cholinergic neurons, and explore the participation of cholinergic signalling in the encoding of cognition-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala R Ananth
- Section on Circuits, Synapses, and Molecular Signalling, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Prithviraj Rajebhosale
- Section on Genetics of Neuronal Signalling, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald Kim
- Section on Genetics of Neuronal Signalling, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Section on Genetics of Neuronal Signalling, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Section on Circuits, Synapses, and Molecular Signalling, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Mankhong S, Kim S, Moon S, Choi SH, Kwak HB, Park DH, Shah P, Lee PH, Yang SW, Kang JH. Circulating micro-RNAs Differentially Expressed in Korean Alzheimer's Patients With Brain Aβ Accumulation Activate Amyloidogenesis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:292-303. [PMID: 35532940 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roles for extracellular vesicles (EVs) enriched with micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, leading to the discovery of blood miRNAs as AD biomarkers. However, the diagnostic utility of specific miRNAs is not consistent. This study aimed to discover blood miRNAs that are differentially expressed in Korean AD patients, evaluate their clinical performance, and investigate their role in amyloidogenesis. METHODS We discovered miRNAs differentially expressed in AD (N = 8) from cognitively normal participants (CN, N = 7) or Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (N = 8). We evaluated the clinical performance of these miRNAs in plasma of subgroup (N = 99) and in plasma EVs isolated from the total cohort (N = 251). The effects of miRNAs on amyloidogenesis and on the regulation of their target genes were investigated in vitro. RESULTS Among 17 upregulated and one downregulated miRNAs in AD (>twofold), miR-122-5p, miR-210-3p, and miR-590-5p were differentially expressed compared with CN or PD. However, the diagnostic performance of the selected plasma or EV miRNAs in total participants were limited (area under the curve < 0.8). Nevertheless, levels of 3 miRNAs in plasma or plasma EVs of participants who were amyloid positron emission tomography (Aβ-PET) positive were significantly higher than those from the Aβ-PET negative participants (p < .05). The selected miRNAs induced Aβ production (p < .05) through activation of β-cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (CTF-β; p < .01), and downregulated their target genes (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and Jagged canonical notch ligand 1; p < .05), which was further supported by pathway enrichment analysis of target genes of the miRNAs. CONCLUSION In conclusion, despite of the limited diagnostic utility of selected miRNAs as plasma or plasma EV biomarkers, the discovered miRNAs may play a role in amyloidogenesis during AD onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakulrat Mankhong
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Moon
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Wook Yang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Center for Controlling Intercellular Communication, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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Alonso A, Trujillo CM, Puelles L. Quail-chick grafting experiments corroborate that Tbr1-positive eminential prethalamic neurons migrate along three streams into hypothalamus, subpallium and septocommissural areas. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:759-785. [PMID: 33544184 PMCID: PMC7981335 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The prethalamic eminence (PThE), a diencephalic caudal neighbor of the telencephalon and alar hypothalamus, is frequently described in mammals and birds as a transient embryonic structure, undetectable in the adult brain. Based on descriptive developmental analysis of Tbr1 gene brain expression in chick embryos, we previously reported that three migratory cellular streams exit the PThE rostralward, targeting multiple sites in the hypothalamus, subpallium and septocommissural area, where eminential cells form distinct nuclei or disperse populations. These conclusions needed experimental corroboration. In this work, we used the homotopic quail-chick chimeric grafting procedure at stages HH10/HH11 to demonstrate by fate-mapping the three predicted tangential migration streams. Some chimeric brains were processed for Tbr1 in situ hybridization, for correlation with our previous approach. Evidence supporting all three postulated migration streams is presented. The results suggested a slight heterochrony among the juxtapeduncular (first), the peripeduncular (next), and the eminentio-septal (last) streams, each of which followed differential routes. A possible effect of such heterochrony on the differential selection of medial to lateral habenular hodologic targets by the migrated neurons is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Laboratory (LAIB), Health Campus, Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, 30120, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Carmen María Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, School of Biology, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Laboratory (LAIB), Health Campus, Murcia Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB-Arrixaca), El Palmar, 30120, Murcia, Spain
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Spatial topography of the basal forebrain cholinergic projections: Organization and vulnerability to degeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:159-173. [PMID: 34225960 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system constitutes a heterogeneous cluster of large projection neurons that innervate the entire cortical mantle and amygdala. Cholinergic neuromodulation plays a critical role in regulating cognition and behavior, as well as maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Decades of postmortem histology research have demonstrated that the BF cholinergic neurons are selectively vulnerable to aging and age-related neuropathology in degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Emerging evidence from in vivo neuroimaging research, which permits longitudinal tracking of at-risk individuals, indicates that cholinergic neurodegeneration might play an earlier and more pivotal role in these diseases than was previously appreciated. Despite these advances, our understanding of the organization and functions of the BF cholinergic system mostly derives from nonhuman animal research. In this chapter, we begin with a review of the topographical organization of the BF cholinergic system in rodent and nonhuman primate models. We then discuss basic and clinical neuroscience research in humans, which has started to translate and extend the nonhuman animal research using novel noninvasive neuroimaging techniques. We focus on converging evidence indicating that the selective vulnerability of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases is expressed along a rostral-caudal topography in the BF. We close with a discussion of why this topography of vulnerability in the BF may occur and why it is relevant to the clinician.
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Saito K, Okamoto M, Watanabe Y, Noguchi N, Nagasaka A, Nishina Y, Shinoda T, Sakakibara A, Miyata T. Dorsal-to-Ventral Cortical Expansion Is Physically Primed by Ventral Streaming of Early Embryonic Preplate Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1555-1567.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Ahmed NY, Knowles R, Dehorter N. New Insights Into Cholinergic Neuron Diversity. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:204. [PMID: 31551706 PMCID: PMC6736589 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurons comprise a small population of cells in the striatum but have fundamental roles in fine tuning brain function, and in the etiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) or schizophrenia. The process of developmental cell specification underlying neuronal identity and function is an area of great current interest. There has been significant progress in identifying the developmental origins, commonalities in molecular markers, and physiological properties of the cholinergic neurons. Currently, we are aware of a number of key factors that promote cholinergic fate during development. However, the extent of cholinergic cell diversity is still largely underestimated. New insights into the biological basis of their specification indicate that cholinergic neurons may be far more diverse than previously thought. This review article, highlights the physiological features and the synaptic properties that segregate cholinergic cell subtypes. It provides an accurate picture of cholinergic cell diversity underlying their organization and function in neuronal networks. This review article, also discusses current challenges in deciphering the logic of the cholinergic cell heterogeneity that plays a fundamental role in the control of neural processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorya Yasmin Ahmed
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rhys Knowles
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nathalie Dehorter
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Regulation of cholinergic basal forebrain development, connectivity, and function by neurotrophin receptors. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20180066. [PMID: 32269831 PMCID: PMC7104233 DOI: 10.1042/ns20180066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic basal forebrain (cBF) neurons are defined by their expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) neurotrophin receptors in addition to cholinergic markers. It is known that the neurotrophins, particularly nerve growth factor (NGF), mediate cholinergic neuronal development and maintenance. However, the role of neurotrophin signalling in regulating adult cBF function is less clear, although in dementia, trophic signalling is reduced and p75NTR mediates neurodegeneration of cBF neurons. Here we review the current understanding of how cBF neurons are regulated by neurotrophins which activate p75NTR and TrkA, B or C to influence the critical role that these neurons play in normal cortical function, particularly higher order cognition. Specifically, we describe the current evidence that neurotrophins regulate the development of basal forebrain neurons and their role in maintaining and modifying mature basal forebrain synaptic and cortical microcircuit connectivity. Understanding the role neurotrophin signalling plays in regulating the precision of cholinergic connectivity will contribute to the understanding of normal cognitive processes and will likely provide additional ideas for designing improved therapies for the treatment of neurological disease in which cholinergic dysfunction has been demonstrated.
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Basal ganglia involvement in ARX patients: The reason for ARX patients very specific grasping? NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 19:454-465. [PMID: 29984154 PMCID: PMC6029499 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The ARX (Aristaless Related homeoboX) gene was identified in 2002 as responsible for XLAG syndrome, a lissencephaly characterized by an almost complete absence of cortical GABAergic interneurons, and for milder forms of X-linked Intellectual Disability (ID) without apparent brain abnormalities. The most frequent mutation found in the ARX gene, a duplication of 24 base pairs (c.429_452dup24) in exon 2, results in a recognizable syndrome in which patients present ID without primary motor impairment, but with a very specific upper limb distal motor apraxia associated with a pathognomonic hand-grip, described as developmental Limb Kinetic Apraxia (LKA). In this study, we first present ARX expression during human fetal brain development showing that it is strongly expressed in GABAergic neuronal progenitors during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. We show that although ARX expression strongly decreases towards the end of gestation, it is still present after birth in some neurons of the basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebral cortex, suggesting that ARX also plays a role in more mature neuron functioning. Then, using morphometric brain MRI in 13 ARX patients carrying c.429_452dup24 mutation and in 13 sex- and age-matched healthy controls, we show that ARX patients have a significantly decreased volume of several brain structures including the striatum (and more specifically the caudate nucleus), hippocampus and thalamus as well as decreased precentral gyrus cortical thickness. We observe a significant correlation between caudate nucleus volume reduction and motor impairment severity quantified by kinematic parameter of precision grip. As basal ganglia are known to regulate sensorimotor processing and are involved in the control of precision gripping, the combined decrease in cortical thickness of primary motor cortex and basal ganglia volume in ARX dup24 patients is very likely the anatomical substrate of this developmental form of LKA. c.429_452dup24 in ARX is responsible for ID with Limb Kinetic Apraxia. During human brain development, ARX is expressed in GABAergic neuronal progenitors. ARX patients have a significantly decreased caudate nucleus volume by MRI. This caudate nucleus volume reduction is correlated with motor impairment severity. These anatomic findings may explain this developmental form of Limb Kinetic Apraxia.
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Key Words
- ARX
- ARX, Aristaless-Related homeoboX gene (according to the genetic convention, ARX was written in italics when it refers to the gene, in plain-text characters when it refers to the protein, in capital letters when it refers to the human gene, and in lowercase when it refers to the mouse gene)
- CGE, caudal ganglionic eminence
- CP, cortical plate
- DS, down syndrome
- GE, ganglionic eminences
- Human brain development
- ICV, intracranial volume
- ID, Intellectual Disability
- IQ, intelligence quotient
- IZ, intermediate zone
- Intellectual disability
- Kinematic
- LGE, lateral ganglionic eminence
- LKA, Limb Kinetic Apraxia
- Limb Kinetic Apraxia
- MGE, medial ganglionic eminence
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MZ, marginal zone
- Morphometric MRI
- ROI, region of interest
- SGL, subpial granular layer
- SVZ, subventricular zone
- VZ, ventricular zone
- WG, weeks of gestation
- XLAG, X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia
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Farreny MA, Agius E, Bel-Vialar S, Escalas N, Khouri-Farah N, Soukkarieh C, Danesin C, Pituello F, Cochard P, Soula C. FGF signaling controls Shh-dependent oligodendroglial fate specification in the ventral spinal cord. Neural Dev 2018. [PMID: 29519242 PMCID: PMC5842613 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most oligodendrocytes of the spinal cord originate from ventral progenitor cells of the pMN domain, characterized by expression of the transcription factor Olig2. A minority of oligodendrocytes is also recognized to emerge from dorsal progenitors during fetal development. The prevailing view is that generation of ventral oligodendrocytes depends on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) while dorsal oligodendrocytes develop under the influence of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). Results Using the well-established model of the chicken embryo, we show that ventral spinal progenitor cells activate FGF signaling at the onset of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) generation. Inhibition of FGF receptors at that time appears sufficient to prevent generation of ventral OPCs, highlighting that, in addition to Shh, FGF signaling is required also for generation of ventral OPCs. We further reveal an unsuspected interplay between Shh and FGF signaling by showing that FGFs serve dual essential functions in ventral OPC specification. FGFs are responsible for timely induction of a secondary Shh signaling center, the lateral floor plate, a crucial step to create the burst of Shh required for OPC specification. At the same time, FGFs prevent down-regulation of Olig2 in pMN progenitor cells as these cells receive higher threshold of the Shh signal. Finally, we bring arguments favoring a key role of newly differentiated neurons acting as providers of the FGF signal required to trigger OPC generation in the ventral spinal cord. Conclusion Altogether our data reveal that the FGF signaling pathway is activated and required for OPC commitment in the ventral spinal cord. More generally, our data may prove important in defining strategies to produce large populations of determined oligodendrocyte precursor cells from undetermined neural progenitors, including stem cells. In the long run, these new data could be useful in attempts to stimulate the oligodendrocyte fate in residing neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Farreny
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Agius
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bel-Vialar
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nagham Khouri-Farah
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Danesin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Cochard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France.
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13
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Morelli A, Sarchielli E, Guarnieri G, Coppi E, Pantano D, Comeglio P, Nardiello P, Pugliese AM, Ballerini L, Matucci R, Ambrosini S, Castronovo G, Valente R, Mazzanti B, Bucciantini S, Maggi M, Casamenti F, Gallina P, Vannelli GB. Young Human Cholinergic Neurons Respond to Physiological Regulators and Improve Cognitive Symptoms in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:339. [PMID: 29163051 PMCID: PMC5666298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) in the basal forebrain (BF) is associated to the cognitive decline of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. To date no resolutive therapies exist. Cell-based replacement therapy is a strategy currently under consideration, although the mechanisms underlying the generation of stem cell-derived NBM cholinergic neurons able of functional integration remain to be clarified. Since fetal brain is an optimal source of neuronal cells committed towards a specific phenotype, this study is aimed at isolating cholinergic neurons from the human fetal NBM (hfNBMs) in order to study their phenotypic, maturational and functional properties. Extensive characterization confirmed the cholinergic identity of hfNBMs, including positivity for specific markers (such as choline acetyltransferase) and acetylcholine (Ach) release. Electrophysiological measurements provided the functional validation of hfNBM cells, which exhibited the activation of peculiar sodium (INa) and potassium (IK) currents, as well as the presence of functional cholinergic receptors. Accordingly, hfNBMs express both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, which were activated by Ach. The hfNBMs cholinergic phenotype was regulated by the nerve growth factor (NGF), through the activation of the high-affinity NGF receptor TrkA, as well as by 17-β-estradiol through a peculiar recruitment of its own receptors. When intravenously administered in NBM-lesioned rats, hfNBMs determined a significant improvement in memory functions. Histological examination of brain sections showed that hfNBMs (labeled with PKH26 fluorescent dye prior to administration) reached the damaged brain areas. The study provides a useful model to study the ontogenetic mechanisms regulating the development and maintenance of the human brain cholinergic system and to assess new lines of research, including disease modeling, drug discovery and cell-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Morelli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Sarchielli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarnieri
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Pantano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pamela Nardiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna M Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Ballerini
- Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosanna Matucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Ambrosini
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castronovo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", Section of Clinical Physiopathology, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosa Valente
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mazzanti
- Cell Therapy and Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiorella Casamenti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gallina
- Neurosurgery School of Tuscany, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriella B Vannelli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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14
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Ballinger EC, Ananth M, Talmage DA, Role LW. Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Circuits and Signaling in Cognition and Cognitive Decline. Neuron 2017; 91:1199-1218. [PMID: 27657448 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent work continues to place cholinergic circuits at center stage for normal executive and mnemonic functioning and provides compelling evidence that the loss of cholinergic signaling and cognitive decline are inextricably linked. This Review focuses on the last few years of studies on the mechanisms by which cholinergic signaling contributes to circuit activity related to cognition. We attempt to identify areas of controversy, as well as consensus, on what is and is not yet known about how cholinergic signaling in the CNS contributes to normal cognitive processes. In addition, we delineate the findings from recent work on the extent to which dysfunction of cholinergic circuits contributes to cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ballinger
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Mala Ananth
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David A Talmage
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorna W Role
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, Neurosciences Institute, CNS Disorders Center, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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15
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Radial and tangential migration of telencephalic somatostatin neurons originated from the mouse diagonal area. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3027-65. [PMID: 26189100 PMCID: PMC4920861 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The telencephalic subpallium is the source of various GABAergic interneuron cohorts that invade the pallium via tangential migration. Based on genoarchitectonic studies, the subpallium has been subdivided into four major domains: striatum, pallidum, diagonal area and preoptic area (Puelles et al. 2013; Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas), and a larger set of molecularly distinct progenitor areas (Flames et al. 2007). Fate mapping, genetic lineage-tracing studies, and other approaches have suggested that each subpallial subdivision produces specific sorts of inhibitory interneurons, distinguished by differential peptidic content, which are distributed tangentially to pallial and subpallial target territories (e.g., olfactory bulb, isocortex, hippocampus, pallial and subpallial amygdala, striatum, pallidum, septum). In this report, we map descriptively the early differentiation and apparent migratory dispersion of mouse subpallial somatostatin-expressing (Sst) cells from E10.5 onward, comparing their topography with the expression patterns of the genes Dlx5, Gbx2, Lhx7-8, Nkx2.1, Nkx5.1 (Hmx3), and Shh, which variously label parts of the subpallium. Whereas some experimental results suggest that Sst cells are pallidal, our data reveal that many, if not most, telencephalic Sst cells derive from de diagonal area (Dg). Sst-positive cells initially only present at the embryonic Dg selectively populate radially the medial part of the bed nucleus striae terminalis (from paraseptal to amygdaloid regions) and part of the central amygdala; they also invade tangentially the striatum, while eschewing the globus pallidum and the preoptic area, and integrate within most cortical and nuclear pallial areas between E10.5 and E16.5.
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16
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Developmental alterations of the septohippocampal cholinergic projection in a lissencephalic mouse model. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:215-27. [PMID: 26079645 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
LIS1 is one of principal genes related with Type I lissencephaly, a severe human brain malformation characterized by abnormal neuronal migration in the cortex. The LIS1 gene encodes a brain-specific 45kDa non-catalytic subunit of platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase-1b (PAFAH1b), an enzyme that inactivates the PAF. We have studied the role of Lis1 using a Lis1/sLis1 murine model, which has deleted the first coding exon from Lis1 gene. Homozygous mice are not viable but heterozygous have shown a delayed corticogenesis and neuronal dysplasia, with enhanced cortical excitability. Lis1/sLis1 embryos also exhibited a delay of cortical innervation by the thalamocortical fibers. We have explored in Lis1/sLis1 mice anomalies in forebrain cholinergic neuron development, which migrate from pallium to subpallium, and functionally represent the main cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex, modulating cortical activity and facilitating attention, learning, and memory. We hypothesized that primary migration anomalies and/or disorganized cortex could affect cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain and septum in Lis1/sLis1 mouse. To accomplish our objective we have first studied basal forebrain neurons in Lis1/sLis1 mice during development, and described structural and hodological differences between wild-type and Lis1/sLis1 embryos. In addition, septohippocampal projections showed altered development in mutant embryos. Basal forebrain abnormalities could contribute to hippocampal excitability anomalies secondary to Lis1 mutations and may explain the cognitive symptoms associated to cortical displasia-related mental diseases and epileptogenic syndromes.
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17
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Hoch RV, Clarke JA, Rubenstein JLR. Fgf signaling controls the telencephalic distribution of Fgf-expressing progenitors generated in the rostral patterning center. Neural Dev 2015; 10:8. [PMID: 25889070 PMCID: PMC4416298 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rostral patterning center (RPC) secretes multiple fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) essential for telencephalon growth and patterning. Fgf expression patterns suggest that they mark functionally distinct RPC subdomains. We generated Fgf8CreER and Fgf17CreER mice and used them to analyze the lineages of Fgf8- versus Fgf17-expressing RPC cells. Results Both lineages contributed to medial structures of the rostroventral telencephalon structures including the septum and medial prefrontral cortex. In addition, RPC-derived progenitors were observed in other regions of the early telencephalic neuroepithelium and generated neurons in the olfactory bulb, neocortex, and basal ganglia. Surprisingly, Fgf8+ RPC progenitors generated the majority of basal ganglia cholinergic neurons. Compared to the Fgf8 lineage, the Fgf17 lineage was more restricted in its early dispersion and its contributions to the telencephalon. Mutant studies suggested that Fgf8 and Fgf17 restrict spread of RPC progenitor subpopulations. Conclusions We identified the RPC as an important source of progenitors that contribute broadly to the telencephalon and found that two molecularly distinct progenitor subtypes in the RPC make different contributions to the developing forebrain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-015-0037-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée V Hoch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1550 4th Street, UCSF MC 2611, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Current address: PLOS, 1160 Battery Street, San Francisco, CA, 94111, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1550 4th Street, UCSF MC 2611, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 1550 4th Street, UCSF MC 2611, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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18
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Cuccioli V, Bueno C, Belvindrah R, Lledo PM, Martinez S. Attractive action of FGF-signaling contributes to the postnatal developing hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 25:486-99. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Cuccioli
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH); Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550 Spain
| | - C. Bueno
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology; IMIB-Arrixaca and CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomedica en Red Salud Mental), University of Murcia E-30071; Murcia Spain
| | - R. Belvindrah
- Laboratory for Perception and Memory; Institut Pasteur; F-75015 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571 F-75015 Paris France
| | - P.-M. Lledo
- Laboratory for Perception and Memory; Institut Pasteur; F-75015 Paris France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571 F-75015 Paris France
| | - S. Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH); Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550 Spain
- Faculty of Medicine; Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology; IMIB-Arrixaca and CIBERSAM (Centro Investigación Biomedica en Red Salud Mental), University of Murcia E-30071; Murcia Spain
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19
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Regulation of the protocadherin Celsr3 gene and its role in globus pallidus development and connectivity. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:3895-910. [PMID: 25113559 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00760-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The globus pallidus (GP) is a central component of basal ganglia whose malfunctions cause a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders as well as cognitive impairments in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Here we report that the protocadherin gene Celsr3 is regulated by the insulator CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and the repressor neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF, also known as REST) and is required for the development and connectivity of GP. Specifically, CTCF/cohesin and NRSF inhibit the expression of Celsr3 through specific binding to its promoter. In addition, we found that the Celsr3 promoter interacts with CTCF/cohesin-occupied neighboring promoters. In Celsr3 knockout mice, we found that the ventral GP is occupied by aberrant calbindin-positive cholinergic neurons ectopic from the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Furthermore, the guidepost cells for thalamocortical axonal development are missing in the caudal GP. Finally, axonal connections of GP with striatum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and raphe are compromised. These data reveal the essential role of Celsr3 in GP development in the basal forebrain and shed light on the mechanisms of the axonal defects caused by the Celsr3 deletion.
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20
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Miller KE, Frierdich GE, Dillard RH, Soriano RH, Roufa DG. Intermittent vs Continuous Administration of Nerve Growth Factor to Injured Medial Septal Cholinergic Neurons in Rat Basal Forebrain. NEUROSCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2014; 5:109-118. [PMID: 30473908 PMCID: PMC6247915 DOI: 10.4236/nm.2014.52014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Many medial septal neurons of the basal forebrain are dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF) from the hippocampus for survival and maintenance of a cholinergic phenotype. When deprived of their source of NGF by axotomy, medial septal neuronal cell bodies atrophy and lose their cholinergic markers. This is similar to what is observed in the basal forebrain during Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study, medial septal neurons were axotomized in female rats by way of a fimbria/fornix lesion. For fourteen days following axotomy, varying NGF doses (1 – 250 μg/ml) were administered to the lateral cerebral ventricle with either mini-osmotic infusion or daily injection. The responsiveness of medial septal neurons was evaluated with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry. Within the mini-osmotic pumps, NGF activity diminished greatly during the first five days of implantation, but increased dramatically in the CSF after five days of infusion. The responsiveness of medial septal neurons to NGF was dose dependent and the ED50 for NGF injection was determined to be 14.08 μg/ml compared to 27.60 μg/ml for NGF infusion. Intermittent injections at varying intervals were evaluated with 30 μg/ml NGF over a fourteen-day time period (2, 3, 6, or 12 injections). No differences occurred in the number of choline acetyltransferase neurons from rats that received weekly injections to those that received daily injections of NGF. NGF administration has been suggested as a therapy for AD. The results of these studies continue to highlight the need for NGF stability within the delivery system and AD patient CSF, the choice of delivery system, frequency of administration, and the NGF dose for maintaining basal forebrain cholinergic neurons during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Miller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, USA
| | - Gregory E Frierdich
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, USA
| | - Robert H Dillard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, USA
| | - Robert H Soriano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, USA
| | - Dikla G Roufa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, USA
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21
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Tripathi A, Prensa L, Mengual E. Axonal branching patterns of ventral pallidal neurons in the rat. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:1133-57. [PMID: 22932869 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ventral pallidum (VP) is a key component of the cortico-basal ganglia circuits that process motivational and emotional information, and also a crucial site for reward. Although the main targets of the two VP compartments, medial (VPm) and lateral (VPl) have already been established, the collateralization patterns of individual axons have not previously been investigated. Here we have fully traced eighty-four axons from VPm, VPl and the rostral extension of VP into the olfactory tubercle (VPr), using the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine in the rat. Thirty to fifty percent of axons originating from VPm and VPr collateralized in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and lateral habenula, indicating a close association between the ventral basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop and the reward network at the single axon level. Additional collateralization of these axons in diverse components of the extended amygdala and corticopetal system supports a multisystem integration that may take place at the basal forebrain. Remarkably, we did not find evidence for a sharp segregation in the targets of axons arising from the two VP compartments, as VPl axons frequently collateralized in the caudal lateral hypothalamus and ventral tegmental area, the well-known targets of VPm, while VPm axons, in turn, also collateralized in typical VPl targets such as the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars compacta and reticulata, and retrorubral field. Nevertheless, VPl and VPm displayed collateralization patterns that paralleled those of dorsal pallidal components, confirming at the single axon level the parallel organization of functionally different basal ganglia loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Tripathi
- Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research-CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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