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Moore SL, Adamini FC, Coopes ES, Godoy D, Northington SJ, Stewart JM, Tillett RL, Bieser KL, Kagey JD. Patched and Costal-2 mutations lead to differences in tissue overgrowth autonomy. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:176-189. [PMID: 35468034 PMCID: PMC9045829 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2062991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic screens are used in Drosophila melanogaster to identify genes key in the regulation of organismal development and growth. These screens have defined signalling pathways necessary for tissue and organismal development, which are evolutionarily conserved across species, including Drosophila. Here, we have used an FLP/FRT mosaic system to screen for conditional regulators of cell growth and cell division in the Drosophila eye. The conditional nature of this screen utilizes a block in the apoptotic pathway to prohibit the mosaic mutant cells from dying via apoptosis. From this screen, we identified two different mutants that mapped to the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Previously, we described a novel Ptc mutation and here we add to the understanding of disrupting the Hh pathway with a novel allele of Cos2. Both of these Hh components are negative regulators of the pathway, yet they depict mutant differences in the type of overgrowth created. Ptc mutations lead to overgrowth consisting of almost entirely wild-type tissue (non-autonomous overgrowth), while the Cos2 mutation results in tissue that is overgrown in both the mutant and wild-type clones (both autonomous and non-autonomous). These differences in tissue overgrowth are consistent in the Drosophila eye and wing. The observed difference is correlated with different deregulation patterns of pMad, the downstream effector of DPP signalling. This finding provides insight into pathway-specific differences that help to better understand intricacies of developmental processes and human diseases that result from deregulated Hedgehog signalling, such as basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Moore
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank C. Adamini
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Erik S. Coopes
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dustin Godoy
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada, USA
| | - Shyra J. Northington
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- ReBUILDetroit, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordan M. Stewart
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard L Tillett
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Kayla L. Bieser
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada, USA
| | - Jacob D. Kagey
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2
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Zhou M, Jiang J. Gli Phosphorylation Code in Hedgehog Signal Transduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:846927. [PMID: 35186941 PMCID: PMC8855225 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.846927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins governs many key processes in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis in species ranging from insects to human. Deregulation of Hh signaling has been implicated in a wide range of human diseases including birth defect and cancer. Hh signaling pathway culminates in the conversion of the latent transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Gli from a repressor form (CiR/GliR) into an activator form (CiA/GliA). Both the production of CiR/GliR in the absence of Hh and the formation of CiA/GliA in response to Hh are regulated by phosphorylation. Whereas previous studies demonstrated that sequential phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA), glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), and casein kinase 1 (CK1) at multiple Ser/Thr clusters in the C-terminal region of Ci/Gli targets it for proteolytic processing to generate CiR/GliR, recent studies revealed that phosphorylation of Ci/Gli by the Fused (Fu)/Unc-51 like kinase (Ulk) family kinases Fu/Ulk3/Stk36 and other kinases contributes to Ci/Gli activation. Fu/Ulk3/Stk36-mediated phosphorylation of Ci/Gli is stimulated by Hh, leading to altered interaction between Ci/Gli and the Hh pathway repressor Sufu. Here we review our current understanding of how various Ci/Gli phosphorylation events are regulated and how they influence Hh signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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3
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Little JC, Garcia-Garcia E, Sul A, Kalderon D. Drosophila hedgehog can act as a morphogen in the absence of regulated Ci processing. eLife 2020; 9:61083. [PMID: 33084577 PMCID: PMC7679133 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Hedgehog (Hh) proteins induce transcriptional changes in target cells by inhibiting the proteolytic processing of full-length Drosophila Ci or mammalian Gli proteins to nuclear transcriptional repressors and by activating the full-length Ci or Gli proteins. We used Ci variants expressed at physiological levels to investigate the contributions of these mechanisms to dose-dependent Hh signaling in Drosophila wing imaginal discs. Ci variants that cannot be processed supported a normal pattern of graded target gene activation and the development of adults with normal wing morphology, when supplemented by constitutive Ci repressor, showing that Hh can signal normally in the absence of regulated processing. The processing-resistant Ci variants were also significantly activated in the absence of Hh by elimination of Cos2, likely acting through binding the CORD domain of Ci, or PKA, revealing separate inhibitory roles of these two components in addition to their well-established roles in promoting Ci processing. Morphogens play a crucial role in determining how cells are organized in developing organisms. These chemical signals act over a wide area, and the amount of signal each cell receives typically initiates a sequence of events that spatially pattern the multiple cells of an organ or tissue. One of the most well-studied groups of morphogens are the hedgehog proteins, which are involved in the development of many animals, ranging from flies to humans. In fruit flies, hedgehog proteins kickstart a cascade of molecular changes that switch on a set of 'target' genes. They do this by ultimately altering the activity of a protein called cubitus interruptus, which comes in two lengths: a long version called Ci-155 and a short version called Ci-75. When hedgehog is absent, Ci-155 is kept in an inactive state in the cytoplasm, where it is slowly converted into its shorter form, Ci-75: this repressor protein is then able to access the nucleus, where it switches ‘off’ the target genes. However, when a hedgehog signal is present, the processing of Ci into its shorter form is inhibited. Instead, Ci-155 becomes activated by a separate mechanism that allows the long form protein to enter the nucleus and switch ‘on’ the target genes. But it was unclear whether hedgehog requires both of these mechanisms in order to act as a morphogen and regulate the activity of developmental genes. To answer this question, Little et al. mutated the gene for Ci in the embryo of fruit flies, so that the Ci-155 protein could no longer be processed into Ci-75. Examining the developing wings of these flies revealed that the genes targeted by hedgehog are still activated in the correct pattern. In some parts of the wing, Ci-75 is required to switch off specific sets of genes. But when Little et al. blocked these genes, by adding a gene that constantly produces the Ci repressor in the presence or absence of hedgehog, the adult flies still developed normally structured wings. This suggests that hedgehog does not need to regulate the processing of Ci-155 into Ci-75 in order to perform its developmental role. Previous work showed that when one of the major mechanisms used by hedgehog to activate Ci-155 is blocked, fruit flies are still able to develop normal wings. Taken together with the findings of Little et al., this suggests that the two mechanisms induced by hedgehog can compensate for each other, and independently regulate the development of the fruit fly wing. These mechanisms, which are also found in humans, have been linked to birth defects and several common types of cancer, and understanding how they work could help the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Little
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Elisa Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Amanda Sul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Daniel Kalderon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, United States
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4
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Li Y, Sun X, Gao D, Ding Y, Liu J, Chen J, Luo J, Zhang J, Liu Q, Zhou Z. Dual functions of Rack1 in regulating Hedgehog pathway. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:3082-3096. [PMID: 32467643 PMCID: PMC7560836 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays multiple roles in many physiological processes and its dysregulation leads to congenital disorders and cancers. Hh regulates the cellular localization of Smoothened (Smo) and the stability of Cubitus interruptus (Ci) to fine-tune the signal outputs. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we show that the scaffold protein Rack1 plays dual roles in Hh signaling. In the absence of Hh, Rack1 promotes Ci and Cos2 to form a Ci–Rack1–Cos2 complex, culminating in Slimb-mediated Ci proteolysis. In the presence of Hh, Rack1 dissociates from Ci–Rack1–Cos2 complex and forms a trimeric complex with Smo and Usp8, leading to Smo deubiquitination and cell surface accumulation. Furthermore, we find the regulation of Rack1 on Hh pathway is conserved from Drosophila to mammalian cells. Our findings demonstrate that Rack1 plays dual roles during Hh signal transduction and provide Rack1 as a potential drug target for Hh-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongqing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Yan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Jinxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 210061, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 210061, Nanjing, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, 100094, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China.
| | - Zizhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, China.
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5
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Han Y, Wang B, Cho YS, Zhu J, Wu J, Chen Y, Jiang J. Phosphorylation of Ci/Gli by Fused Family Kinases Promotes Hedgehog Signaling. Dev Cell 2019; 50:610-626.e4. [PMID: 31279575 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling culminates in the conversion of the latent transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci)/Gli into its activator form (CiA/GliA), but the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Hh stimulates the phosphorylation of Ci by the Ser/Thr kinase Fused (Fu) and that Fu-mediated phosphorylation of Ci promotes its activation. We find that Fu directly phosphorylates Ci on Ser218 and Ser1230, which primes its further phosphorylation by CK1 on adjacent sties. These phosphorylation events alter Ci binding to the pathway inhibitor Suppressor of fused (Sufu) and facilitate the recruitment of Transportion and the transcriptional coactivator CBP. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Sonic hedgehog (Shh) activates Gli2 by stimulating its phosphorylation on conserved sites through the Fu-family kinases ULK3 and mFu/STK36 in a manner depending on Gli2 ciliary localization. Hence, Fu-family kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Ci/Gli serves as a conserved mechanism that activates the Hh pathway transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yong Suk Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yongbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Yunnan, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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6
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Hedgehog signalling in the tumourigenesis and metastasis of osteosarcoma, and its potential value in the clinical therapy of osteosarcoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:701. [PMID: 29899399 PMCID: PMC5999604 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0647-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is involved in cell differentiation, growth and tissue polarity. This pathway is also involved in the progression and invasion of various human cancers. Osteosarcoma, a subtype of bone cancer, is commonly seen in children and adolescents. Typically, pulmonary osteosarcoma metastases are especially difficult to control. In the present paper, we summarise recent studies on the regulation of osteosarcoma progression and metastasis by downregulating Hh signalling. We also summarise the crosstalk between the Hh pathway and other cancer-related pathways in the tumourigenesis of various cancers. We further summarise and highlight the therapeutic value of potential inhibitors of Hh signalling in the clinical therapy of human cancers.
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7
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Huang J, Reilein A, Kalderon D. Yorkie and Hedgehog independently restrict BMP production in escort cells to permit germline differentiation in the Drosophila ovary. Development 2017; 144:2584-2594. [PMID: 28619819 DOI: 10.1242/dev.147702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways guide the behavior and differentiation of both germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic follicle stem cells (FSCs) in the Drosophila germarium, necessitating careful control of signal generation, range and responses. Signal integration involves escort cells (ECs), which promote differentiation of the GSC derivatives they envelop, provide niche signals for FSCs and derive directly from FSCs in adults. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling induces the Hippo pathway effector Yorkie (Yki) to promote proliferation and maintenance of FSCs, but Hh also signals to ECs, which are quiescent. Here, we show that in ECs both Hh and Yki limit production of BMP ligands to allow germline differentiation. Loss of Yki produced a more severe germarial phenotype than loss of Hh signaling and principally induced a different BMP ligand. Moreover, Yki activity reporters and epistasis tests showed that Yki does not mediate the key actions of Hh signaling in ECs. Thus, both the coupling and output of the Hh and Yki signaling pathways differ between FSCs and ECs despite their proximity and the fact that FSCs give rise directly to ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Amy Reilein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Daniel Kalderon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA
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8
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Sanial M, Bécam I, Hofmann L, Behague J, Argüelles C, Gourhand V, Bruzzone L, Holmgren RA, Plessis A. Dose-dependent transduction of Hedgehog relies on phosphorylation-based feedback between the G-protein-coupled receptor Smoothened and the kinase Fused. Development 2017; 144:1841-1850. [PMID: 28360132 DOI: 10.1242/dev.144782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Smoothened (SMO) is a G-protein-coupled receptor-related protein required for the transduction of Hedgehog (HH). The HH gradient leads to graded phosphorylation of SMO, mainly by the PKA and CKI kinases. How thresholds in HH morphogen regulate SMO to promote switch-like transcriptional responses is a central unsolved issue. Using the wing imaginal disc model in Drosophila, we identified new SMO phosphosites that enhance the effects of the PKA/CKI kinases on SMO accumulation, its localization at the plasma membrane and its activity. Surprisingly, phosphorylation at these sites is induced by the kinase Fused (FU), a known downstream effector of SMO. In turn, activation of SMO induces FU to act on its downstream targets. Overall, our data provide evidence for a SMO/FU positive regulatory loop nested within a multikinase phosphorylation cascade. We propose that this complex interplay amplifies signaling above a threshold that allows high HH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Sanial
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Isabelle Bécam
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Line Hofmann
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Julien Behague
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Camilla Argüelles
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Vanessa Gourhand
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Lucia Bruzzone
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
| | - Robert A Holmgren
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, USA
| | - Anne Plessis
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75205, France
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9
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Sanchez GM, Alkhori L, Hatano E, Schultz SW, Kuzhandaivel A, Jafari S, Granseth B, Alenius M. Hedgehog Signaling Regulates the Ciliary Transport of Odorant Receptors in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2016; 14:464-470. [PMID: 26774485 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a key regulatory pathway during development and also has a functional role in mature neurons. Here, we show that Hh signaling regulates the odor response in adult Drosophila olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). We demonstrate that this is achieved by regulating odorant receptor (OR) transport to and within the primary cilium in OSN neurons. Regulation relies on ciliary localization of the Hh signal transducer Smoothened (Smo). We further demonstrate that the Hh- and Smo-dependent regulation of the kinesin-like protein Cos2 acts in parallel to the intraflagellar transport system (IFT) to localize ORs within the cilium compartment. These findings expand our knowledge of Hh signaling to encompass chemosensory modulation and receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo M Sanchez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Liza Alkhori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eduardo Hatano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sebastian W Schultz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Shadi Jafari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Granseth
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mattias Alenius
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden.
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