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Song Y, Jia H, Hua Y, Wu C, Li S, Li K, Liang Z, Wang Y. The Molecular Mechanism of Aerobic Exercise Improving Vascular Remodeling in Hypertension. Front Physiol 2022; 13:792292. [PMID: 35295586 PMCID: PMC8919036 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.792292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment and prevention of hypertension has been a worldwide medical challenge. The key pathological hallmark of hypertension is altered arterial vascular structure and function, i.e., increased peripheral vascular resistance due to vascular remodeling. The aim of this review is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vascular remodeling in hypertension and the protective mechanisms of aerobic exercise against vascular remodeling during the pathological process of hypertension. The main focus is on the mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathological condition of hypertension and vascular phenotypic transformation induced by the trilaminar structure of vascular endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix, and the peripheral adipose layer of the vasculature. To further explore the possible mechanisms by which aerobic exercise ameliorates vascular remodeling in the pathological process of hypertension through anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and thus inhibiting vascular phenotypic transformation. It provides a new perspective to reveal the intervention targets of vascular remodeling for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Song
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Jia
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yijie Hua
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chen Wu
- School of Health and Sports, Xi’an Fanyi University, Xi’an, China
| | - Sujuan Li
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kunzhe Li
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhicheng Liang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Youhua Wang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Youhua Wang,
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Herault S, Naser J, Carassiti D, Chooi KY, Nikolopoulou R, Font ML, Patel M, Pedrigi R, Krams R. Mechanosensitive pathways are regulated by mechanosensitive miRNA clusters in endothelial cells. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:787-796. [PMID: 34777618 PMCID: PMC8555030 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear stress is known to affect many processes in (patho-) physiology through a complex, multi-molecular mechanism, termed mechanotransduction. The sheer complexity of the process has raised questions how mechanotransduction is regulated. Here, we comprehensively evaluate the literature about the role of small non-coding miRNA in the regulation of mechanotransduction. Regulation of mRNA by miRNA is rather complex, depending not only on the concentration of mRNA to miRNA, but also on the amount of mRNA competing for a single mRNA. The only mechanism to counteract the latter factor is through overarching structures of miRNA. Indeed, two overarching structures are present miRNA families and miRNA clusters, and both will be discussed in details, regarding the latest literature and a previous conducted study focussed on mechanotransduction. Both the literature and our own data support a new hypothesis that miRNA-clusters predominantly regulate mechanotransduction, affecting 65% of signalling pathways. In conclusion, a new and important mode of regulation of mechanotransduction is proposed, based on miRNA clusters. This finding implicates new avenues for treatment of mechanotransduction and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Herault
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Room 2.14, London, UK
| | | | - Daniele Carassiti
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Room 2.14, London, UK
| | - K. Yean Chooi
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Room 2.14, London, UK
| | | | - Marti Llopart Font
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Room 2.14, London, UK
| | | | - Ryan Pedrigi
- College of Engineering, Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rob Krams
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Room 2.14, London, UK
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Akbari E, Spychalski GB, Menyhert MM, Rangharajan KK, Tinapple JW, Prakash S, Song JW. Endothelial barrier function is co-regulated at vessel bifurcations by fluid forces and sphingosine-1-phosphate. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2021; 3:100020. [PMID: 35317095 PMCID: PMC8936769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2021.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid mediator of endothelial barrier function. Prior studies have implicated mechanical stimulation due to intravascular laminar shear stress in co-regulating S1P signaling in endothelial cells (ECs). Yet, vascular networks in vivo consist of vessel bifurcations, and this geometry generates hemodynamic forces at the bifurcation point distinct from laminar shear stress. However, the role of these forces at vessel bifurcations in regulating S1P-dependent endothelial barrier function is not known. In this study, we implemented a microfluidic platform that recapitulates the flow dynamics of vessel bifurcations with in situ quantification of the permeability of microvessel analogues. Co-application of S1P with impinging bifurcated fluid flow, which is characterized by approximately zero shear stress and 38 dyn•cm-2 stagnation pressure at the vessel bifurcation point, promotes vessel stabilization. Similarly, co-treatment of S1P with 3 dyn•cm-2 laminar shear stress is also protective of endothelial barrier function. Moreover, it is shown that vessel stabilization due to bifurcated fluid flow and laminar shear stress is dependent on S1P receptor 1 or 2 signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the endothelium-protective function of fluid forces at vessel bifurcations and their involvement in coordinating S1P-dependent regulation of vessel permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Akbari
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
| | - Griffin B. Spychalski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
| | - Miles M. Menyhert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
| | - Kaushik K. Rangharajan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
| | - Joseph W. Tinapple
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
| | - Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
| | - Jonathan W. Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States, 43210
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The blood flow-klf6a-tagln2 axis drives vessel pruning in zebrafish by regulating endothelial cell rearrangement and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009690. [PMID: 34319989 PMCID: PMC8318303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have focused on capillary pruning in various organs and species. However, the way in which large-diameter vessels are pruned remains unclear. Here we show that pruning of the zebrafish caudal vein (CV) from ventral capillaries of the CV plexus in different transgenic embryos is driven by endothelial cell (EC) rearrangement, which involves EC nucleus migration, junction remodeling, and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Further observation reveals a growing difference in blood flow velocity between the two vessels in CV pruning in zebrafish embryos. With this model, we identify the critical role of Kruppel-like factor 6a (klf6a) in CV pruning. Disruption of klf6a functioning impairs CV pruning in zebrafish. klf6a is required for EC nucleus migration, junction remodeling, and actin cytoskeleton dynamics in zebrafish embryos. Moreover, actin-related protein transgelin 2 (tagln2) is a direct downstream target of klf6a in CV pruning in zebrafish embryos. Together these results demonstrate that the klf6a-tagln2 axis regulates CV pruning by promoting EC rearrangement. Vascular remodeling is critical for vascular physiology and pathology. The primitive vascular plexus formed by angiogenesis, subsequently undergoes extensive vascular remodeling to establish a functionally and hierarchically branched network of blood vessels. Vascular remodeling mainly consists of vessel pruning and fusion. Endothelial cell rearrangement plays an essential role in vessel pruning, which involves endothelial cell migration and polarity. Dysfunction of flow-induced vascular remodeling will cause arteriovenous malformation and impair reperfusion of ischemia stroke. In this study, we show that the large-diameter vessel of the caudal vein is pruned from ventral capillaries of the caudal vein plexus in zebrafish embryos. With this model, we observe a growing difference in blood flow velocity between two branches in vessel pruning. We identify that the klf6a-tagln2 axis regulates CV pruning by promoting endothelial cell rearrangement and junction remodeling. Our results suggest that the caudal vein formation is an ideal model for screening the potential genes involved in vascular remodeling-related disease.
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Ristori T, Sjöqvist M, Sahlgren CM. Ex Vivo Models to Decipher the Molecular Mechanisms of Genetic Notch Cardiovascular Disorders. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:167-176. [PMID: 33403934 PMCID: PMC7984653 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch is an evolutionary, conserved, cell-cell signaling pathway that is central to several biological processes, from tissue morphogenesis to homeostasis. It is therefore not surprising that several genetic mutations of Notch components cause inherited human diseases, especially cardiovascular disorders. Despite numerous efforts, current in vivo models are still insufficient to unravel the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies, hindering the development of utmost needed medical therapies. In this perspective review, we discuss the limitations of current murine models and outline how the combination of microphysiological systems (MPSs) and targeted computational models can lead to breakthroughs in this field. In particular, while MPSs enable the experimentation on human cells in controlled and physiological environments, in silico models can provide a versatile tool to translate the in vitro findings to the more complex in vivo setting. As a showcase example, we focus on Notch-related cardiovascular diseases, such as Alagille syndrome, Adams-Oliver syndrome, and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Impact statement In this review, a comprehensive overview of the limitations of current in vivo models of genetic Notch cardiovascular diseases is provided, followed by a discussion over the potential of microphysiological systems and computational models in overcoming these limitations and in potentiating drug testing and modeling of these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Ristori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marika Sjöqvist
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia M. Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Tabibian A, Ghaffari S, Vargas DA, Van Oosterwyck H, Jones EAV. Simulating flow induced migration in vascular remodelling. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007874. [PMID: 32822340 PMCID: PMC7478591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear stress induces directed endothelial cell (EC) migration in blood vessels leading to vessel diameter increase and induction of vascular maturation. Other factors, such as EC elongation and interaction between ECs and non-vascular areas are also important. Computational models have previously been used to study collective cell migration. These models can be used to predict EC migration and its effect on vascular remodelling during embryogenesis. We combined live time-lapse imaging of the remodelling vasculature of the quail embryo yolk sac with flow quantification using a combination of micro-Particle Image Velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics. We then used the flow and remodelling data to inform a model of EC migration during remodelling. To obtain the relation between shear stress and velocity in vitro for EC cells, we developed a flow chamber to assess how confluent sheets of ECs migrate in response to shear stress. Using these data as an input, we developed a multiphase, self-propelled particles (SPP) model where individual agents are driven to migrate based on the level of shear stress while maintaining appropriate spatial relationship to nearby agents. These agents elongate, interact with each other, and with avascular agents at each time-step of the model. We compared predicted vascular shape to real vascular shape after 4 hours from our time-lapse movies and performed sensitivity analysis on the various model parameters. Our model shows that shear stress has the largest effect on the remodelling process. Importantly, however, elongation played an especially important part in remodelling. This model provides a powerful tool to study the input of different biological processes on remodelling. Shear stress is known to play a leading role in endothelial cell (EC) migration and hence, vascular remodelling. Vascular remodelling is, however, more complicated than only EC migration. To achieve a better understanding of this process, we developed a computational model in which, shear stress mediated EC migration has the leading role and other factors, such as avascular regions and EC elongation, are also accounted for. We have tested this model for different vessel shapes during remodelling and could study the role that each of these factors play in remodelling. This model gives us the possibility of addition of other factors such as biochemical signals and angiogenesis which will help us in the study of vascular remodelling in both development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Tabibian
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siavash Ghaffari
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Saint Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Diego A. Vargas
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A. V. Jones
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Peacock HM, Tabibian A, Criem N, Caolo V, Hamard L, Deryckere A, Haefliger JA, Kwak BR, Zwijsen A, Jones EAV. Impaired SMAD1/5 Mechanotransduction and Cx37 (Connexin37) Expression Enable Pathological Vessel Enlargement and Shunting. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:e87-e104. [PMID: 32078368 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired ALK1 (activin receptor-like kinase-1)/Endoglin/BMP9 (bone morphogenetic protein 9) signaling predisposes to arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Activation of SMAD1/5 signaling can be enhanced by shear stress. In the genetic disease hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, which is characterized by arteriovenous malformations, the affected receptors are those involved in the activation of mechanosensitive SMAD1/5 signaling. To elucidate how genetic and mechanical signals interact in AVM development, we sought to identify targets differentially regulated by BMP9 and shear stress. Approach and Results: We identify Cx37 (Connexin37) as a differentially regulated target of ligand-induced and mechanotransduced SMAD1/5 signaling. We show that stimulation of endothelial cells with BMP9 upregulated Cx37, whereas shear stress inhibited this expression. This signaling was SMAD1/5-dependent, and in the absence of SMAD1/5, there was an inversion of the expression pattern. Ablated SMAD1/5 signaling alone caused AVM-like vascular malformations directly connecting the dorsal aorta to the inlet of the heart. In yolk sacs of mouse embryos with an endothelial-specific compound heterozygosity for SMAD1/5, addition of TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-α), which downregulates Cx37, induced development of these direct connections bypassing the yolk sac capillary bed. In wild-type embryos undergoing vascular remodeling, Cx37 was globally expressed by endothelial cells but was absent in regions of enlarging vessels. TNFα and endothelial-specific compound heterozygosity for SMAD1/5 caused ectopic regions lacking Cx37 expression, which correlated to areas of vascular malformations. Mechanistically, loss of Cx37 impairs correct directional migration under flow conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that Cx37 expression is differentially regulated by shear stress and SMAD1/5 signaling, and that reduced Cx37 expression is permissive for capillary enlargement into shunts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M Peacock
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (H.M.P., A.T., N.C., A.Z., E.A.V.J.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ashkan Tabibian
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (H.M.P., A.T., N.C., A.Z., E.A.V.J.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan Criem
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (H.M.P., A.T., N.C., A.Z., E.A.V.J.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincenza Caolo
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom (V.C.)
| | - Lauriane Hamard
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland (L.H., J.-A.H.)
| | | | - Jacques-Antoine Haefliger
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Switzerland (L.H., J.-A.H.)
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.)
| | - An Zwijsen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (H.M.P., A.T., N.C., A.Z., E.A.V.J.), KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A V Jones
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology (H.M.P., A.T., N.C., A.Z., E.A.V.J.), KU Leuven, Belgium
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Jiao S. Biomedical optical imaging technology and applications: From basic research toward clinical diagnosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:269-272. [PMID: 32141780 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220909543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Jiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
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García-Cardeña G, Slegtenhorst BR. Hemodynamic Control of Endothelial Cell Fates in Development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2017; 32:633-648. [PMID: 27712101 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical forces are emerging as critical regulators of embryogenesis, particularly in the developing cardiovascular system. From the onset of blood flow, the embryonic vasculature is continuously exposed to a variety of hemodynamic forces. These biomechanical stimuli are key determinants of vascular cell specification and remodeling and the establishment of vascular homeostasis. In recent years, major advances have been made in our understanding of mechano-activated signaling networks that control both spatiotemporal and structural aspects of vascular development. It has become apparent that a major site for mechanotransduction is situated at the interface of blood and the vessel wall and that this process is controlled by the vascular endothelium. In this review, we discuss the hemodynamic control of endothelial cell fates, focusing on arterial-venous specification, lymphatic development, and the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, and present some recent insights into the mechano-activated pathways driving these cell fate decisions in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo García-Cardeña
- Program in Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; .,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Bendix R Slegtenhorst
- Program in Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; .,Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Ghaffari S, Leask RL, Jones EAV. Blood flow can signal during angiogenesis not only through mechanotransduction, but also by affecting growth factor distribution. Angiogenesis 2017; 20:373-384. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The study of cardiac development is critical to inform management strategies for congenital and acquired heart disease. This review serves to highlight some of the advances in this field over the past year. RECENT FINDINGS Three main areas of study are included that have been particularly innovative and progressive. These include more precise gene targeting in animal models of disease and in moving from animal models to human disease, more precise in-vitro models including three-dimensional structuring and inclusion of hemodynamic components, and expanding the concepts of genetic regulation of heart development and disease. SUMMARY Targeted genetics in animal models are able to make use of tissue and time-specific promotors that drive gene expression or knockout with high specificity. In-vitro models can recreate flow patterns in blood vessels and across cardiac valves. Noncoding RNAs, once thought to be of no consequence to gene transcription and translation, prove to be key regulators of genetic function in health and disease.
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12
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Betz C, Lenard A, Belting HG, Affolter M. Cell behaviors and dynamics during angiogenesis. Development 2016; 143:2249-60. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.135616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular networks are formed and maintained through a multitude of angiogenic processes, such as sprouting, anastomosis and pruning. Only recently has it become possible to study the behavior of the endothelial cells that contribute to these networks at a single-cell level in vivo. This Review summarizes what is known about endothelial cell behavior during developmental angiogenesis, focusing on the morphogenetic changes that these cells undergo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Betz
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Anna Lenard
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Heinz-Georg Belting
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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13
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Azizoglu DB, Cleaver O. Blood vessel crosstalk during organogenesis-focus on pancreas and endothelial cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:598-617. [PMID: 27328421 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels form a highly branched, interconnected, and largely stereotyped network of tubes that sustains every organ and tissue in vertebrates. How vessels come to take on their particular architecture, or how they are 'patterned,' and in turn, how they influence surrounding tissues are fundamental questions of organogenesis. Decades of work have begun to elucidate how endothelial progenitors arise and home to precise locations within tissues, integrating attractive and repulsive cues to build vessels where they are needed. Conversely, more recent findings have revealed an exciting facet of blood vessel interaction with tissues, where vascular cells provide signals to developing organs and progenitors therein. Here, we discuss the exchange of reciprocal signals between endothelial cells and neighboring tissues during embryogenesis, with a special focus on the developing pancreas. Understanding the mechanisms driving both sides of these interactions will be crucial to the development of therapies, from improving organ regeneration to efficient production of cell based therapies. Specifically, elucidating the interface of the vasculature with pancreatic lineages, including endocrine cells, will instruct approaches such as generation of replacement beta cells for Type I diabetes. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:598-617. doi: 10.1002/wdev.240 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berfin Azizoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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14
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Ghaffari S, Leask RL, Jones EA. Flow dynamics control the location of sprouting and direct elongation during developmental angiogenesis. Development 2015; 142:4151-7. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.128058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is tightly controlled by a number of signalling pathways. Though our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in angiogenesis has rapidly increased, the role that biomechanical signals play in this process is understudied. We recently developed a technique to simultaneously analyse flow dynamics and vascular remodelling by time-lapse microscopy in the capillary plexus of avian embryos and used this to study the hemodynamic environment present during angiogenic sprouting. We found that sprouts always form from a vessel at lower pressure towards a vessel at higher pressure. We found that sprouts form at the location of a shear stress minimum, but avoid locations where two blood streams merge even if this point is at a lower level of shear stress than the sprouting location. Using these parameters, we were able to successfully predict sprout location in embryos. We also find that the pressure difference between two vessels is permissive to elongation, and that sprouts will either change direction or regress if the pressure difference becomes negative. Furthermore, the sprout elongation rate is proportional to the pressure difference between the two vessels. Our results show that flow dynamics are predictive of the location of sprout formation in perfused vascular networks and that pressure differences across the interstitium can guide sprout elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Ghaffari
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Ch. Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Richard L. Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A.V. Jones
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Ch. Côte-Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University St., Montréal, QC, H3A 0C5, Canada
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 - box 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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