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Paradis H, Werdyani S, Zhai G, Gendron RL, Tabrizchi R, McGovern M, Jumper JM, Brinton D, Good WV. Genetic Variants of the Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Pathways as Both Risk and Protective Factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 263:179-187. [PMID: 38224928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is strong evidence that genetic factors influence retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a neovascular eye disease. It has been previously suggested that polymorphisms in the genes involved in β-adrenergic receptor (ADRβ) pathways could protect against ROP. Antagonists for the ADRβ are actively tested in clinical trials for ROP treatment, but not without controversy and safety concerns. This study was designed to assess whether genetic variations in components of the ADRβ signaling pathways associate with risk of developing ROP. DESIGN An observational case-control targeted genetic analysis. METHODS A study was carried out in premature participants with (n = 30) or without (n = 34) ROP and full-term controls (n = 20), who were divided into a discovery cohort and a validation cohort. ROP was defined using International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity criteria (ICROP). Targeted sequencing of 20 genes in the ADRβ pathways was performed in the discovery cohort. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/restriction enzyme analysis for some of the discovered ROP-associated variants was performed for validation of the results using the validation cohort. RESULTS The discovery cohort revealed 543 bi-allelic variants within 20 genes of the ADRβ pathways. Ten single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in 5 genes including protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1α (PRKAR1A), rap guanine exchange factor 3 (RAPGEF3), adenylyl cyclase 4 (ADCY4), ADCY7, and ADCY9 were associated with ROP (P < .05). The most significant SNV was found in PRKAR1A (P = .001). Multiple variants located in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of RAPGEF3 were also associated with ROP (P < .05). PCR/restriction enzyme analysis of the 3'UTR of RAPGEF3 methodologically validated these findings. CONCLUSION SNVs in PRKAR1A may represent protective factors whereas SNVs in RAPGEF3 may represent risk factors for ROP. PRKAR1α has previously been implicated in retinal vascular development whereas the RAPGEF3 product has a role in the maintenance of vascular barrier function, 2 processes important in ROP. Multicenter validation of these newly discovered risk factors could lead to valuable tools for predicting and preventing the development of severe ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Paradis
- From the Division of BioMedical Sciences (H.P., S.W., G.Z., R.L.G., R.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Salem Werdyani
- From the Division of BioMedical Sciences (H.P., S.W., G.Z., R.L.G., R.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Guangju Zhai
- From the Division of BioMedical Sciences (H.P., S.W., G.Z., R.L.G., R.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Robert L Gendron
- From the Division of BioMedical Sciences (H.P., S.W., G.Z., R.L.G., R.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Reza Tabrizchi
- From the Division of BioMedical Sciences (H.P., S.W., G.Z., R.L.G., R.T.), Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Margaret McGovern
- Smith Kettlewell Eye Research Institute (M.M., W.V.G.), San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Daniel Brinton
- East Bay Retina Consultants, Inc. (D.B.), Oakland, California, USA
| | - William V Good
- Smith Kettlewell Eye Research Institute (M.M., W.V.G.), San Francisco, California, USA.
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Jiang Q, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Yao MD, Zhu Y, Zhang QY, Yan B. tRNA-derived fragment tRF-1001: A novel anti-angiogenic factor in pathological ocular angiogenesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 30:407-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nakayama A, Roquid KA, Iring A, Strilic B, Günther S, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Offermanns S. Suppression of CCL2 angiocrine function by adrenomedullin promotes tumor growth. J Exp Med 2022; 220:213682. [PMID: 36374225 PMCID: PMC9665902 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, tumor cells and endothelial cells regulate each other. While tumor cells induce angiogenic responses in endothelial cells, endothelial cells release angiocrine factors, which act on tumor cells and other stromal cells. We report that tumor cell-derived adrenomedullin has a pro-angiogenic as well as a direct tumor-promoting effect, and that endothelium-derived CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) suppresses adrenomedullin-induced tumor cell proliferation. Loss of the endothelial adrenomedullin receptor CALCRL or of the G-protein Gs reduced endothelial proliferation. Surprisingly, tumor cell proliferation was also reduced after endothelial deletion of CALCRL or Gs. We identified CCL2 as a critical angiocrine factor whose formation is inhibited by adrenomedullin. Furthermore, CCL2 inhibited adrenomedullin formation in tumor cells through its receptor CCR2. Consistently, loss of endothelial CCL2 or tumor cell CCR2 normalized the reduced tumor growth seen in mice lacking endothelial CALCRL or Gs. Our findings show tumor-promoting roles of adrenomedullin and identify CCL2 as an angiocrine factor controlling adrenomedullin formation by tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany,Correspondence to Akiko Nakayama:
| | - Kenneth Anthony Roquid
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - András Iring
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Boris Strilic
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Min Chen
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA
| | - Lee S. Weinstein
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany,Center for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany,Cardiopulmonary Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany,Stefan Offermanns:
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Svec KV, Howe AK. Protein Kinase A in cellular migration—Niche signaling of a ubiquitous kinase. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:953093. [PMID: 35959460 PMCID: PMC9361040 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.953093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration requires establishment and maintenance of directional polarity, which in turn requires spatial heterogeneity in the regulation of protrusion, retraction, and adhesion. Thus, the signaling proteins that regulate these various structural processes must also be distinctly regulated in subcellular space. Protein Kinase A (PKA) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase involved in innumerable cellular processes. In the context of cell migration, it has a paradoxical role in that global inhibition or activation of PKA inhibits migration. It follows, then, that the subcellular regulation of PKA is key to bringing its proper permissive and restrictive functions to the correct parts of the cell. Proper subcellular regulation of PKA controls not only when and where it is active but also specifies the targets for that activity, allowing the cell to use a single, promiscuous kinase to exert distinct functions within different subcellular niches to facilitate cell movement. In this way, understanding PKA signaling in migration is a study in context and in the elegant coordination of distinct functions of a single protein in a complex cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn V. Svec
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Alan K. Howe
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, V T, United States
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- *Correspondence: Alan K. Howe,
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5
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Mameli E, Martello A, Caporali A. Autophagy at the interface of endothelial cell homeostasis and vascular disease. FEBS J 2022; 289:2976-2991. [PMID: 33934518 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential intracellular process for cellular quality control. It enables cell homeostasis through the selective degradation of harmful protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy is essential for recycling nutrients, generating energy to maintain cell viability in most tissues and during adverse conditions such as hypoxia/ischaemia. The progressive understanding of the mechanisms modulating autophagy in the vasculature has recently led numerous studies to link intact autophagic responses with endothelial cell (EC) homeostasis and function. Preserved autophagic flux within the ECs has an essential role in maintaining their physiological characteristics, whereas defective autophagy can promote endothelial pro-inflammatory and atherogenic phenotype. However, we still lack a good knowledge of the complete molecular repertoire controlling various aspects of endothelial autophagy and how this is associated with vascular diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of the art of autophagy in ECs. We review the discoveries that have so far defined autophagy as an essential mechanism in vascular biology and analyse how autophagy influences ECs behaviour in vascular disease. Finally, we emphasise opportunities for compounds to regulate autophagy in ECs and discuss the challenges of exploiting them to resolve vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Mameli
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Andrea Caporali
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, QMRI, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Li X, Peng X, Yang S, Wei S, Fan Q, Liu J, Yang L, Li H. Targeting tumor innervation: premises, promises, and challenges. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:131. [PMID: 35338118 PMCID: PMC8956600 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A high intratumoral nerve density is correlated with poor survival, high metastasis, and high recurrence across multiple solid tumor types. Recent research has revealed that cancer cells release diverse neurotrophic factors and exosomes to promote tumor innervation, in addition, infiltrating nerves can also mediate multiple tumor biological processes via exosomes and neurotransmitters. In this review, through seminal studies establishing tumor innervation, we discuss the communication between peripheral nerves and tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and revealed the nerve-tumor regulation mechanisms on oncogenic process, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immunity. Finally, we discussed the promising directions of ‘old drugs newly used’ to target TME communication and clarified a new line to prevent tumor malignant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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Wang X, Jiang L, Thao K, Sussman C, LaBranche T, Palmer M, Harris P, McKnight GS, Hoeflich K, Schalm S, Torres V. Protein Kinase A Downregulation Delays the Development and Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:1087-1104. [PMID: 35236775 PMCID: PMC9161799 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2021081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Upregulation of cAMP-dependent and -independent PKA signaling is thought to promote cystogenesis in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). PKA-I regulatory subunit RIα is increased in kidneys of orthologous mouse models. Kidney-specific knockout of RIα upregulates PKA activity, induces cystic disease in wild-type mice, and aggravates it in Pkd1 RC/RC mice. Methods: PKA-I activation or inhibition was compared to EPAC activation or PKA-II inhibition using Pkd1 RC/RC metanephric organ cultures. The effect of constitutive PKA (preferentially PKA-I) downregulation in vivo was ascertained by kidney-specific expression of a dominant negative RIαB allele in Pkd1 RC/RC mice obtained by crossing Prkar1α R1αB/WT, Pkd1 RC/RC, and Pkhd1-Cre mice (C57BL/6 background). The effect of pharmacologic PKA inhibition using a novel, selective PRKACA inhibitor (BLU2864) was tested in mIMCD3 3D cultures, metanephric organ cultures, and Pkd1 RC/RC mice on a C57BL/6 x 129S6/Sv F1 background. Mice were sacrificed at 16 weeks of age. Results: PKA-I activation promoted and inhibition prevented ex vivo P-Ser133 CREB expression and cystogenesis. EPAC activation or PKA-II inhibition had no or only minor effects. BLU2864 inhibited in vitro mIMCD3 cystogenesis and ex vivo P-Ser133 CREB expression and cystogenesis. Genetic downregulation of PKA activity and BLU2864 directly and/or indirectly inhibited many pro-proliferative pathways and were both protective in vivo BLU2864 had no detectable on- or off-target adverse effects. Conclusions: PKA-I is the main PKA isozyme promoting cystogenesis. Direct PKA inhibition may be an effective strategy to treat PKD and other conditions where PKA signaling is upregulated. By acting directly on PKA, the inhibition may be more effective than or substantially increase the efficacy of treatments that only affect PKA activity by lowering cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- X Wang, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Li Jiang
- L Jiang, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Ka Thao
- K Thao, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - Caroline Sussman
- C Sussman, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | | | | | - Peter Harris
- P Harris, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
| | - G Stanley McKnight
- G McKnight, Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Klaus Hoeflich
- K Hoeflich, Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Vicente Torres
- V Torres, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
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8
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Weber SR, Zhao Y, Ma J, Gates C, da Veiga Leprevost F, Basrur V, Nesvizhskii AI, Gardner TW, Sundstrom JM. A validated analysis pipeline for mass spectrometry-based vitreous proteomics: new insights into proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clin Proteomics 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 34861815 PMCID: PMC8903510 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-021-09328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitreous is an accessible, information-rich biofluid that has recently been studied as a source of retinal disease-related proteins and pathways. However, the number of samples required to confidently identify perturbed pathways remains unknown. In order to confidently identify these pathways, power analysis must be performed to determine the number of samples required, and sample preparation and analysis must be rigorously defined. Methods Control (n = 27) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (n = 23) vitreous samples were treated as biologically distinct individuals or pooled together and aliquoted into technical replicates. Quantitative mass spectrometry with tandem mass tag labeling was used to identify proteins in individual or pooled control samples to determine technical and biological variability. To determine effect size and perform power analysis, control and proliferative diabetic retinopathy samples were analyzed across four 10-plexes. Pooled samples were used to normalize the data across plexes and generate a single data matrix for downstream analysis. Results The total number of unique proteins identified was 1152 in experiment 1, 989 of which were measured in all samples. In experiment 2, 1191 proteins were identified, 727 of which were measured across all samples in all plexes. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD025986. Spearman correlations of protein abundance estimations revealed minimal technical (0.99–1.00) and biological (0.94–0.98) variability. Each plex contained two unique pooled samples: one for normalizing across each 10-plex, and one to internally validate the normalization algorithm. Spearman correlation of the validation pool following normalization was 0.86–0.90. Principal component analysis revealed stratification of samples by disease and not by plex. Subsequent differential expression and pathway analyses demonstrated significant activation of metabolic pathways and inhibition of neuroprotective pathways in proliferative diabetic retinopathy samples relative to controls. Conclusions This study demonstrates a feasible, rigorous, and scalable method that can be applied to future proteomic studies of vitreous and identifies previously unrecognized metabolic pathways that advance understanding of diabetic retinopathy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12014-021-09328-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Weber
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.,Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Jingqun Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Christopher Gates
- Bioinformatics Core, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan Medical School, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Felipe da Veiga Leprevost
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Venkatesha Basrur
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 100 Washtenaw Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thomas W Gardner
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Sundstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA. .,Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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Zeng A, Wang SR, He YX, Yan Y, Zhang Y. Progress in understanding of the stalk and tip cells formation involvement in angiogenesis mechanisms. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101626. [PMID: 34479073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular sprouting is a key process of angiogenesis and mainly related to the formation of stalk and tip cells. Many studies have found that angiogenesis has a great clinical significance in promoting the functional repair of impaired tissues and anti-angiogenesis is a key to treatment of many tumors. Therefore, how the pathways regulate angiogenesis by regulating the formation of stalk and tip cells is an urgent problem for researchers. This review mainly summarizes the research progress of pathways affecting the formation of stalk and tip cells during angiogenesis in recent years, including the main signaling pathways (such as VEGF-VEGFR-Dll4-Notch signaling pathway, ALK-Smad signaling pathway,CCN1-YAP/YAZ signaling pathway and other signaling pathways) and cellular actions (such as cellular metabolisms, intercellular tension and other actions), aiming to further give the readers an insight into the mechanism of regulating the formation of stalk and tip cells during angiogenesis and provide more targets for anti-angiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Shu-Rong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu-Xi He
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, Jilin Province, China.
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Brücher VC, Egbring C, Plagemann T, Nedvetsky PI, Höffken V, Pavenstädt H, Eter N, Kremerskothen J, Heiduschka P. Lack of WWC2 Protein Leads to Aberrant Angiogenesis in Postnatal Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5321. [PMID: 34070186 PMCID: PMC8158494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The WWC protein family is an upstream regulator of the Hippo signalling pathway that is involved in many cellular processes. We examined the effect of an endothelium-specific WWC1 and/or WWC2 knock-out on ocular angiogenesis. Knock-outs were induced in C57BL/6 mice at the age of one day (P1) and evaluated at P6 (postnatal mice) or induced at the age of five weeks and evaluated at three months of age (adult mice). We analysed morphology of retinal vasculature in retinal flat mounts. In addition, in vivo imaging and functional testing by electroretinography were performed in adult mice. Adult WWC1/2 double knock-out mice differed neither functionally nor morphologically from the control group. In contrast, the retinas of the postnatal WWC knock-out mice showed a hyperproliferative phenotype with significantly enlarged areas of sprouting angiogenesis and a higher number of tip cells. The branching and end points in the peripheral plexus were significantly increased compared to the control group. The deletion of the WWC2 gene was decisive for these effects; while knocking out WWC1 showed no significant differences. The results hint strongly that WWC2 is an essential regulator of ocular angiogenesis in mice. As an activator of the Hippo signalling pathway, it prevents excessive proliferation during physiological angiogenesis. In adult animals, WWC proteins do not seem to be important for the maintenance of the mature vascular plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Constanze Brücher
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.C.B.); (C.E.); (T.P.); (N.E.)
| | - Charlotte Egbring
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.C.B.); (C.E.); (T.P.); (N.E.)
| | - Tanja Plagemann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.C.B.); (C.E.); (T.P.); (N.E.)
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (P.I.N.); (H.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Pavel I. Nedvetsky
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (P.I.N.); (H.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Verena Höffken
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic D, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Hermann Pavenstädt
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (P.I.N.); (H.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Nicole Eter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.C.B.); (C.E.); (T.P.); (N.E.)
| | - Joachim Kremerskothen
- Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine D, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (P.I.N.); (H.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Peter Heiduschka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Münster Medical School, 48149 Münster, Germany; (V.C.B.); (C.E.); (T.P.); (N.E.)
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Protein kinase A negatively regulates VEGF-induced AMPK activation by phosphorylating CaMKK2 at serine 495. Biochem J 2021; 477:3453-3469. [PMID: 32869834 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in endothelial cells by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) represents a pro-angiogenic pathway, whose regulation and function is incompletely understood. This study investigates whether the VEGF/AMPK pathway is regulated by cAMP-mediated signalling. We show that cAMP elevation in endothelial cells by forskolin, an activator of the adenylate cyclase, and/or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterases, triggers protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of CaMKK2 (serine residues S495, S511) and AMPK (S487). Phosphorylation of CaMKK2 by PKA led to an inhibition of its activity as measured in CaMKK2 immunoprecipitates of forskolin/IBMX-treated cells. This inhibition was linked to phosphorylation of S495, since it was not seen in cells expressing a non-phosphorylatable CaMKK2 S495C mutant. Phosphorylation of S511 alone in these cells was not able to inhibit CaMKK2 activity. Moreover, phosphorylation of AMPK at S487 was not sufficient to inhibit VEGF-induced AMPK activation in cells, in which PKA-mediated CaMKK2 inhibition was prevented by expression of the CaMKK2 S495C mutant. cAMP elevation in endothelial cells reduced basal and VEGF-induced acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation at S79 even if AMPK was not inhibited. Together, this study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism of VEGF-induced AMPK activation by cAMP/PKA, which may explain, in part, inhibitory effects of PKA on angiogenic sprouting and play a role in balancing pro- and anti-angiogenic mechanisms in order to ensure functional angiogenesis.
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Corum DG, Jenkins DP, Heslop JA, Tallent LM, Beeson GC, Barth JL, Schnellmann RG, Muise-Helmericks RC. PDE5 inhibition rescues mitochondrial dysfunction and angiogenic responses induced by Akt3 inhibition by promotion of PRC expression. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18091-18104. [PMID: 33087445 PMCID: PMC7939459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Akt3 regulates mitochondrial content in endothelial cells through the inhibition of PGC-1α nuclear localization and is also required for angiogenesis. However, whether there is a direct link between mitochondrial function and angiogenesis is unknown. Here we show that Akt3 depletion in primary endothelial cells results in decreased uncoupled oxygen consumption, increased fission, decreased membrane potential, and increased expression of the mitochondria-specific protein chaperones, HSP60 and HSP10, suggesting that Akt3 is required for mitochondrial homeostasis. Direct inhibition of mitochondrial homeostasis by the model oxidant paraquat results in decreased angiogenesis, showing a direct link between angiogenesis and mitochondrial function. Next, in exploring functional links to PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, we searched for compounds that induce this process. We found that, sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, induced mitochondrial biogenesis as measured by increased uncoupled oxygen consumption, mitochondrial DNA content, and voltage-dependent anion channel protein expression. Sildenafil rescued the effects on mitochondria by Akt3 depletion or pharmacological inhibition and promoted angiogenesis, further supporting that mitochondrial homeostasis is required for angiogenesis. Sildenafil also induces the expression of PGC-1 family member PRC and can compensate for PGC-1α activity during mitochondrial stress by an Akt3-independent mechanism. The induction of PRC by sildenafil depends upon cAMP and the transcription factor CREB. Thus, PRC can functionally substitute during Akt3 depletion for absent PGC-1α activity to restore mitochondrial homeostasis and promote angiogenesis. These findings show that mitochondrial homeostasis as controlled by the PGC family of transcriptional activators is required for angiogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Corum
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Dorea P Jenkins
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - James A Heslop
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lacey M Tallent
- Department of Bioengineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gyda C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Robin C Muise-Helmericks
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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13
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Zhao X, Nedvetsky P, Stanchi F, Vion AC, Popp O, Zühlke K, Dittmar G, Klussmann E, Gerhardt H. Endothelial PKA activity regulates angiogenesis by limiting autophagy through phosphorylation of ATG16L1. eLife 2019; 8:e46380. [PMID: 31580256 PMCID: PMC6797479 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) regulates various cellular functions in health and disease. In endothelial cells PKA activity promotes vessel maturation and limits tip cell formation. Here, we used a chemical genetic screen to identify endothelial-specific direct substrates of PKA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) that may mediate these effects. Amongst several candidates, we identified ATG16L1, a regulator of autophagy, as novel target of PKA. Biochemical validation, mass spectrometry and peptide spot arrays revealed that PKA phosphorylates ATG16L1α at Ser268 and ATG16L1β at Ser269, driving phosphorylation-dependent degradation of ATG16L1 protein. Reducing PKA activity increased ATG16L1 protein levels and endothelial autophagy. Mouse in vivo genetics and pharmacological experiments demonstrated that autophagy inhibition partially rescues vascular hypersprouting caused by PKA deficiency. Together these results indicate that endothelial PKA activity mediates a critical switch from active sprouting to quiescence in part through phosphorylation of ATG16L1, which in turn reduces endothelial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Zhao
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of OncologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Pavel Nedvetsky
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of OncologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
- Medical Cell Biology, Medical Clinic DUniversity Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Fabio Stanchi
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of OncologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
| | - Anne-Clemence Vion
- Integrative Vascular Biology LabMax-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC)BerlinGermany
- INSERM UMR-970, Paris Cardiovascular Research CenterParis Descartes UniversityParisFrance
| | - Oliver Popp
- ProteomicsMax-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC)BerlinGermany
| | - Kerstin Zühlke
- Anchored Signaling LabMax-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC)BerlinGermany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- ProteomicsMax-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC)BerlinGermany
- CRP Santé · Department of OncologyLIH Luxembourg Institute of HealthLuxembourgLuxembourg
| | - Enno Klussmann
- Anchored Signaling LabMax-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC)BerlinGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)BerlinGermany
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer BiologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Center for Cancer Biology, Department of OncologyVIBLeuvenBelgium
- Integrative Vascular Biology LabMax-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC)BerlinGermany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research)BerlinGermany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)BerlinGermany
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14
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Takubo N, Yura F, Naemura K, Yoshida R, Tokunaga T, Tokihiro T, Kurihara H. Cohesive and anisotropic vascular endothelial cell motility driving angiogenic morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9304. [PMID: 31243314 PMCID: PMC6594931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45666-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in angiogenesis exhibit inhomogeneous collective migration called “cell mixing”, in which cells change their relative positions by overtaking each other. However, how such complex EC dynamics lead to the formation of highly ordered branching structures remains largely unknown. To uncover hidden laws of integration driving angiogenic morphogenesis, we analyzed EC behaviors in an in vitro angiogenic sprouting assay using mouse aortic explants in combination with mathematical modeling. Time-lapse imaging of sprouts extended from EC sheets around tissue explants showed directional cohesive EC movements with frequent U-turns, which often coupled with tip cell overtaking. Imaging of isolated branches deprived of basal cell sheets revealed a requirement of a constant supply of immigrating cells for ECs to branch forward. Anisotropic attractive forces between neighboring cells passing each other were likely to underlie these EC motility patterns, as evidenced by an experimentally validated mathematical model. These results suggest that cohesive movements with anisotropic cell-to-cell interactions characterize the EC motility, which may drive branch elongation depending on a constant cell supply. The present findings provide novel insights into a cell motility-based understanding of angiogenic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Takubo
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan. .,Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
| | - Fumitaka Yura
- Department of Complex and Intelligent Systems, School of Systems Information Science, Future University Hakodate, 116-2 Kamedanakano-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8655, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Naemura
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshida
- The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, Japan
| | - Terumasa Tokunaga
- Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Tokihiro
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Interdisciplinary Center of Mathematical Sciences (ICMS), Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8914, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.
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15
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MacKeil JL, Brzezinska P, Burke-Kleinman J, Theilmann AL, Nicol CJB, Ormiston ML, Maurice DH. Phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) antagonizes the anti-angiogenic actions of PKA in human and murine endothelial cells. Cell Signal 2019; 62:109342. [PMID: 31176020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports show that protein kinase A (PKA), but not exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC), acts in a cell autonomous manner to constitutively reduce the angiogenic sprouting capacity of murine and human endothelial cells. Specificity in the cellular actions of individual cAMP-effectors can be achieved when a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme acts locally to control the "pool" of cAMP that activates the cAMP-effector. Here, we examined whether PDEs coordinate the actions of PKA during endothelial cell sprouting. Inhibiting each of the cAMP-hydrolyzing PDEs expressed in human endothelial cells revealed that phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibition with cilostamide reduced angiogenic sprouting in vitro, while inhibitors of PDE2 and PDE4 family enzymes had no such effect. Identifying a critical role for PDE3B in the anti-angiogenic effects of cilostamide, silencing this PDE3 variant, but not PDE3A, markedly impaired sprouting. Importantly, using both in vitro and ex vivo models of angiogenesis, we show the hypo-sprouting phenotype induced by PDE3 inhibition or PDE3B silencing was reversed by PKA inhibition. Examination of the individual cellular events required for sprouting revealed that PDE3B and PKA each regulated angiogenic sprouting by controlling the invasive capacity of endothelial cells, more specifically, by regulating podosome rosette biogenesis and matrix degradation. In support of the idea that PDE3B acts to inhibit angiogenic sprouting by limiting PKA-mediated reductions in active cdc42, the effects of PDE3B and/or PKA on angiogenic sprouting were negated in cells with reduced cdc42 expression or activity. Since PDE3B and PKA were co-localized in a perinuclear region in human ECs, could be co-immunoprecipitated from lysates of these cells, and silencing PDE3B activated the perinuclear pool of PKA in these cells, we conclude that PDE3B-mediated hydrolysis of cAMP acts to limit the anti-angiogenic potential of PKA in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L MacKeil
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Paulina Brzezinska
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jonah Burke-Kleinman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Anne L Theilmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christopher J B Nicol
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Mark L Ormiston
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Donald H Maurice
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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16
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Chen W, Xia P, Wang H, Tu J, Liang X, Zhang X, Li L. The endothelial tip-stalk cell selection and shuffling during angiogenesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:291-301. [PMID: 30903604 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical, fine-tuned, multi-staged biological process. Tip-stalk cell selection and shuffling are the building blocks of sprouting angiogenesis. Accumulated evidences show that tip-stalk cell selection and shuffling are regulated by a variety of physical, chemical and biological factors, especially the interaction among multiple genes, their products and environments. The classic Notch-VEGFR, Slit-Robo, ECM-binding integrin, semaphorin and CCN family play important roles in tip-stalk cell selection and shuffling. In this review, we outline the progress and prospect in the mechanism and the roles of the various molecules and related signaling pathways in endothelial tip-stalk cell selection and shuffling. In the future, the regulators of tip-stalk cell selection and shuffling would be the potential markers and targets for angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Anesthesia, Jilin Provincial People's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Heping Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihao Tu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China. .,Institute of Immunology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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17
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MacKeil JL, Brzezinska P, Burke-Kleinman J, Craig AW, Nicol CJB, Maurice DH. A PKA/cdc42 Signaling Axis Restricts Angiogenic Sprouting by Regulating Podosome Rosette Biogenesis and Matrix Remodeling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2385. [PMID: 30787359 PMCID: PMC6382826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic sprouting can contribute adaptively, or mal-adaptively, to a myriad of conditions including ischemic heart disease and cancer. While the cellular and molecular systems that regulate tip versus stalk endothelial cell (EC) specification during angiogenesis are known, those systems that regulate their distinct actions remain poorly understood. Pre-clinical and clinical findings support sustained adrenergic signaling in promoting angiogenesis, but links between adrenergic signaling and angiogenesis are lacking; importantly, adrenergic agents alter the activation status of the cAMP signaling system. Here, we show that the cAMP effector, PKA, acts in a cell autonomous fashion to constitutively reduce the in vitro and ex vivo angiogenic sprouting capacity of ECs. At a cellular level, we observed that silencing or inhibiting PKA in human ECs increased their invasive capacity, their generation of podosome rosettes and, consequently, their ability to degrade a collagen matrix. While inhibition of either Src-family kinases or of cdc42 reduced these events in control ECs, only cdc42 inhibition, or silencing, significantly impacted them in PKA(Cα)-silenced ECs. Consistent with these findings, cell-based measurements of cdc42 activity revealed that PKA activation inhibits EC cdc42 activity, at least in part, by promoting its interaction with the inhibitory regulator, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor-α (RhoGDIα).
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Affiliation(s)
- J L MacKeil
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - P Brzezinska
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Burke-Kleinman
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - A W Craig
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - C J B Nicol
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - D H Maurice
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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18
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Epac agonist improves barrier function in iPSC-derived endothelial colony forming cells for whole organ tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2019; 200:25-34. [PMID: 30754017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole organ engineering paradigms typically involve repopulating acellular organ scaffolds with recipient-compatible cells, to generate a neo-organ that may provide key physiological functions. In the case of whole lung engineering, functionally endothelialized pulmonary vasculature is critical for establishing a fluid-tight barrier at the level of the alveolus, so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged in the organ. We have previously developed a protocol to efficiently seed endothelial cells into the microvascular channels of decellularized lung scaffolds, but fully functional endothelial coverage, in terms of barrier function and resistance to thrombosis, was not achieved. In this study, we investigated whether various small molecules could favorably impact endothelial functionality after seeding into decellularized lung scaffolds. We demonstrated that the Epac-selective cAMP analog 8CPT-2Me-cAMP improves endothelial barrier function in repopulated lung scaffolds. When treated with the Epac agonist, barrier function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) improved, and was maintained for at least three days, whereas the effect of other tested molecules lasted for only 5 h. Treatment with the Epac agonist re-organized actin structure, and appeared to increase the continuity of junction proteins such as VE-cadherin and ZO1. Blockade of actin polymerization abolished the effect of the Epac agonist on barrier function and actin reorganization, confirming a strong actin-mediated effect. Similarly, after treatment with Epac agonist, the barrier function in iPSC-derived endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) was increased and the enhanced barrier was maintained for at least 60 h. After culture in lung scaffolds for 5 days, iPSC-ECFCs maintained their phenotype by expressing CD31, eNOS, vWF, and VE-Cadherin. Treatment with the Epac agonist significantly improved the barrier function of iPSC-ECFC-repopulated lung for at least 6 h. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that Epac-selective 8CPT-2Me-cAMP activation enhanced vascular barrier in iPSC-ECFC-engineered lungs, and may be useful to improve endothelial functionality for whole organ tissue engineering.
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Zebrafish has provided a powerful platform to study vascular biology over the past 25 years, owing to their distinct advantages for imaging and genetic manipulation. In this review, we summarize recent progress in vascular biology with particular emphasis on vascular development in zebrafish. RECENT FINDINGS The advent of transcription activator-like effector nuclease and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome-editing technologies has dramatically facilitated reverse genetic approaches in zebrafish, as in other models. Here, we highlight recent studies on vascular development in zebrafish which mainly employed forward or reverse genetics combined with high-resolution imaging. These studies have advanced our understanding of diverse areas in vascular biology, including transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell differentiation, endothelial cell signaling during angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, vascular bed-specific developmental mechanisms, and perivascular cell recruitment. SUMMARY The unique attributes of the zebrafish model have allowed critical cellular and molecular insights into fundamental mechanisms of vascular development. Knowledge acquired through recent zebrafish work further advances our understanding of basic mechanisms underlying vascular morphogenesis, maintenance, and homeostasis. Ultimately, insights provided by the zebrafish model will help to understand the genetic, cellular, and molecular underpinnings of human vascular malformations and diseases.
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20
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Emerson SE, Grebber BK, McNellis ME, Orr AR, Deming PB, Ebert AM. Developmental expression patterns of protein kinase A catalytic subunits in zebrafish. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 31:1-6. [PMID: 30468770 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA), also known as cAMP dependent protein kinase, is an essential component of many signaling pathways, many of which regulate key developmental processes. Inactive PKA is a tetrameric holoenzyme, comprised of two catalytic (PRKAC), and two regulatory subunits. Upon cAMP binding, the catalytic subunits are released and thereby activated. There are multiple isoforms of PKA catalytic subunits, but their individual roles are not well understood. In order to begin studying their roles in zebrafish development, it is first necessary to identify the spatial and temporal expression profiles for each prkac subunit. Here we evaluate the expression profiles for the four zebrafish prkacs: prkacαa, αb, βa, and βb, at key developmental time points: 24, 48 and 72 h post fertilization. We show that zebrafish prkacs are expressed throughout the developing nervous system, each showing unique expression patterns. This body of work will inform future functional studies into the roles of PKA during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Emerson
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Benjamin K Grebber
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Morgan E McNellis
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Ambrose R Orr
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Paula B Deming
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Alicia M Ebert
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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21
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Schiattarella GG, Cattaneo F, Carrizzo A, Paolillo R, Boccella N, Ambrosio M, Damato A, Pironti G, Franzone A, Russo G, Magliulo F, Pirozzi M, Storto M, Madonna M, Gargiulo G, Trimarco V, Rinaldi L, De Lucia M, Garbi C, Feliciello A, Esposito G, Vecchione C, Perrino C. Akap1
Regulates Vascular Function and Endothelial Cells Behavior. Hypertension 2018; 71:507-517. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Giacomo Schiattarella
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Fabio Cattaneo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Roberta Paolillo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Nicola Boccella
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Mariateresa Ambrosio
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Antonio Damato
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Gianluigi Pironti
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Anna Franzone
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Giusi Russo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Fabio Magliulo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Marinella Pirozzi
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Marianna Storto
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Michele Madonna
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Valentina Trimarco
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Massimiliano De Lucia
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Corrado Garbi
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Antonio Feliciello
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences (G.G.S., F.C., R.P., N.B., A.F., F.M., G.G., G.E., C.P.), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies (G.R., L.R., C.G., A.F.), and Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostomatology (V.T.), University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (A.C., M.A., A.D., M.S., M.M., M.D.L., C.V.); Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (G.P.); Department
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Panneerselvan N, Ragunathan M. Targeting expression of adenosine receptors during hypoxia induced angiogenesis - A study using zebrafish model. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:101-112. [PMID: 29329032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is known to be a major player during pathological angiogenesis and adenosine as a negative feedback signaling to maintain oxygen delivery in pathological ischemic condition. We mimicked hypoxic condition and studied angiogenesis by inducing adenosine receptors using forskolin, a plant compound and NECA analogue of adenosine using zebrafish model. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to play a key role during pathological angiogenesis and regulated by the factors HIF1a under hypoxic condition and recently Notch is proposed to play a negative feedback loop mechanism along with VEGF signaling but the role of adenosine receptor during the process is not known. We evaluated the mRNA expression of adenosine receptors (A1, A2a.1, A2a.2, A2b), HIF1a, VEGF A, VEGF R2, NRP1a, NOTCH 1a and DLL4 and the phenotypic variations of zebrafish embryos when treated with DAPT, γ-secretase inhibitor of Notch in addition to treating the embryos with SU5416, a VEGF receptor inhibitor. Upregulation of adenosine receptors (A1, A2a.1, A2a.2, A2b), HIF1a, VEGF A, VEGF R2, NRP1a, NOTCH1a and DLL4 was observed embryos were when treated with forskolin and NECA could possibly mimic hypoxic condition. Hatching and heart rate also increased with NECA and forskolin. SU5416 showed decreases in blood vessel formation and decreased adenosine receptors, VEGF, VEGFR2, HIF1a and NRP1a expression and DAPT, exhibited decreases in blood vessels and decreased NRP1a, NOTCH1a, DLL4 expression. These embryos developed with poor vasculature, tail bending, abnormal phenotypes and developmental delay. Forskolin treated with inhibitors showed increased blood vessel formation, normal phenotype, development and adenosine receptors (A1, A2a.1, A2a.2, A2b), HIF1a, VEGF A, VEGF R2, NRP1a, NOTCH 1a and DLL4 gene expression suggesting that adenosine mediated Notch and VEGF could play an important role during development and angiogenesis. Targeting VEGF and Notch signaling with adenosine receptors inhibitors which might have a therapeutic significance during hypoxia and abnormal angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navina Panneerselvan
- Department of Genetics, University of Madras, Dr.ALM.PG.IBMS, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600113, India.
| | - Malathi Ragunathan
- Department of Genetics, University of Madras, Dr.ALM.PG.IBMS, Taramani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600113, India.
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