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Memon A, Khidri FF, Waryah YM, Nigar R, Bhinder MA, Shaikh AM, Shaikh H, Waryah AM. Association of MSX1 Gene Variants with Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and/or Palate in the Pakistani Population. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023:10556656231185218. [PMID: 37431261 DOI: 10.1177/10556656231185218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the association of MSX1 gene variants rs3821949 and rs12532 with nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate (NSCL/P) in the Pakistani population. DESIGN Comparative cross-sectional study.Setting: Multicenter of CL/P malformation.Patients/Participants: Unrelated Non-Syndromic cleft Lip/Palate patients and healthy controls were enrolled. METHODS One hundred (n = 100) subjects with NSCL/P and n = 50 unrelated healthy controls were enrolled in a multicenter comparative cross-sectional study. A tetra amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to analyze MSXI gene single nucleotide variants (SNVs). RESULTS Among 100 NSCL/P subjects, the majority were males (56%; male: female = 1.27: 1). Most of the cases (74%) had cleft lip and palate (CLP) compared to isolated clefts. Genotyping of MSX1 gene variant rs3821949 showed an increased risk for NSCL/P in various genetic models (P < 0.0001), and the A allele exhibited a more than 4-fold increased risk among cases (OR = 4.22: 95% CI = 2.16-8.22; P < 0.0001). Our investigation found no significant difference between the rs12532 variation and NSCL/P. CONCLUSION Our study findings suggest that MSX1 gene variants may increase predisposition to NSCL/P in the Pakistani population. Further studies comprising large samples are required to identify the genetic aetiology of NSCL/P among our people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Memon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Feriha Fatima Khidri
- Department of Biochemistry, Bilawal Medical College, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Yar Muhammad Waryah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Sindh Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hyderabad, Pakistan
| | - Roohi Nigar
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bilawal Medical College, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Munir Ahmad Bhinder
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Hina Shaikh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Ali Muhammad Waryah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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2
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Alvizi L, Nani D, Brito LA, Kobayashi GS, Passos-Bueno MR, Mayor R. Neural crest E-cadherin loss drives cleft lip/palate by epigenetic modulation via pro-inflammatory gene-environment interaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2868. [PMID: 37225711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions are believed to play a role in multifactorial phenotypes, although poorly described mechanistically. Cleft lip/palate (CLP), the most common craniofacial malformation, has been associated with both genetic and environmental factors, with little gene-environment interaction experimentally demonstrated. Here, we study CLP families harbouring CDH1/E-Cadherin variants with incomplete penetrance and we explore the association of pro-inflammatory conditions to CLP. By studying neural crest (NC) from mouse, Xenopus and humans, we show that CLP can be explained by a 2-hit model, where NC migration is impaired by a combination of genetic (CDH1 loss-of-function) and environmental (pro-inflammatory activation) factors, leading to CLP. Finally, using in vivo targeted methylation assays, we demonstrate that CDH1 hypermethylation is the major target of the pro-inflammatory response, and a direct regulator of E-cadherin levels and NC migration. These results unveil a gene-environment interaction during craniofacial development and provide a 2-hit mechanism to explain cleft lip/palate aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Alvizi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Diogo Nani
- Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano e Celulas-Tronco, Departamento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Abreu Brito
- Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano e Celulas-Tronco, Departamento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Shigeru Kobayashi
- Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano e Celulas-Tronco, Departamento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Centro de Estudos do Genoma Humano e Celulas-Tronco, Departamento de Genetica e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
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3
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Collier AE, Piekos SN, Liu A, Pattison JM, Felix F, Bailetti AA, Sedov E, Gaddam S, Zhen H, Oro AE. GRHL2 and AP2a coordinate early surface ectoderm lineage commitment during development. iScience 2023; 26:106125. [PMID: 36843855 PMCID: PMC9950457 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectodermal dysplasias including skin abnormalities and cleft lip/palate result from improper surface ectoderm (SE) patterning. However, the connection between SE gene regulatory networks and disease remains poorly understood. Here, we dissect human SE differentiation with multiomics and establish GRHL2 as a key mediator of early SE commitment, which acts by skewing cell fate away from the neural lineage. GRHL2 and master SE regulator AP2a balance early cell fate output, with GRHL2 facilitating AP2a binding to SE loci. In turn, AP2a restricts GRHL2 DNA binding away from de novo chromatin contacts. Integration of these regulatory sites with ectodermal dysplasia-associated genomic variants annotated within the Biomedical Data Commons identifies 55 loci previously implicated in craniofacial disorders. These include ABCA4/ARHGAP29 and NOG regulatory regions where disease-linked variants directly affect GRHL2/AP2a binding and gene transcription. These studies elucidate the logic underlying SE commitment and deepen our understanding of human oligogenic disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Collier
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Samantha N. Piekos
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Angela Liu
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Franco Felix
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | | | - Egor Sedov
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Sadhana Gaddam
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Hanson Zhen
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Anthony E. Oro
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
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4
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Iwaya C, Suzuki A, Iwata J. MicroRNAs and Gene Regulatory Networks Related to Cleft Lip and Palate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043552. [PMID: 36834963 PMCID: PMC9958963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most common congenital birth defects and has a complex etiology. Either genetic or environmental factors, or both, are involved at various degrees, and the type and severity of clefts vary. One of the longstanding questions is how environmental factors lead to craniofacial developmental anomalies. Recent studies highlight non-coding RNAs as potential epigenetic regulators in cleft lip and palate. In this review, we will discuss microRNAs, a type of small non-coding RNAs that can simultaneously regulate expression of many downstream target genes, as a causative mechanism of cleft lip and palate in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Iwaya
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-486-2641; Fax: +1-713-486-4416
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Msx1 is essential for proper rostral tip formation of the mouse mandible. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 642:75-82. [PMID: 36566565 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The right and left mandibular processes derived from the first branchial arch grow toward the midline and fuse to create the rostral tip region of the mandible during mandibular development. Severe and mild cases of failure in this process results in rare median cleft of the lower lip and cleft chin, respectively. The detailed molecular mechanisms of mandibular tip formation are unknown. We hypothesize that the Msx1 gene is involved in mandibular tip development, because Msx1 has a central role in other craniofacial morphogenesis processes, such as teeth and the secondary palate development. Normal Msx1 expression was observed in the rostral end of the developing mandible; however, a reduced expression of Msx1 was observed in the soft tissue of the mandibular tip than in the lower incisor bud region. The rostral tip of the right and left mandibular processes was unfused in both control and Msx1-null (Msx1-/-) mice at embryonic day (E) 12.5; however, a complete fusion of these processes was observed at E13.5 in the control. The fused processes exhibited a conical shape in the control, whereas the same region remained bifurcated in Msx1-/-. This phenotype occurred with 100% penetrance and was not restored at subsequent stages of development. Furthermore, Meckel's cartilage in addition to the outline surface soft tissues was also unfused and bifurcated in Msx1-/- from E14.5 onward. The expression of phosho-Smad1/5, which is a mediator of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling, was downregulated in the mandibular tip of Msx1-/- at E12.5 and E13.5, probably due to the downregulated Bmp4 expression in the neighboring lower incisor bud. Cell proliferation was significantly reduced in the midline region of the mandibular tip in Msx1-/- at the same developmental stages in which downregulation of pSmad was observed. Our results indicate that Msx1 is indispensable for proper mandibular tip development.
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6
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Steele RE, Sanders R, Phillips HM, Bamforth SD. PAX Genes in Cardiovascular Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7713. [PMID: 35887061 PMCID: PMC9324344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian heart is a four-chambered organ with systemic and pulmonary circulations to deliver oxygenated blood to the body, and a tightly regulated genetic network exists to shape normal development of the heart and its associated major arteries. A key process during cardiovascular morphogenesis is the septation of the outflow tract which initially forms as a single vessel before separating into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The outflow tract connects to the aortic arch arteries which are derived from the pharyngeal arch arteries. Congenital heart defects are a major cause of death and morbidity and are frequently associated with a failure to deliver oxygenated blood to the body. The Pax transcription factor family is characterised through their highly conserved paired box and DNA binding domains and are crucial in organogenesis, regulating the development of a wide range of cells, organs and tissues including the cardiovascular system. Studies altering the expression of these genes in murine models, notably Pax3 and Pax9, have found a range of cardiovascular patterning abnormalities such as interruption of the aortic arch and common arterial trunk. This suggests that these Pax genes play a crucial role in the regulatory networks governing cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simon D. Bamforth
- Bioscience Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK; (R.E.S.); (R.S.); (H.M.P.)
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Association of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in China: a large prospective cohort study. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1352-1358. [PMID: 35762476 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The associations between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFCs) are not consistent or based on case-control study design. We hypothesize that OFCs and NSOFCs are associated with hypertensive disease in pregnancy. METHODS Data were collected from the Project for Neural Tube Defects Prevention (1993-1996), a large population-based cohort study conducted in two southern provinces of China. We used a system to record all births after 20 complete gestational weeks, including live births and stillbirths, and all structural congenital anomalies regardless of gestational week. A total of 200 215 singleton live births without other external birth defects were finally included. RESULTS The incidence of NSOFCs was 20.2 per 10 000 for the whole population, and 20.5 and 39.2 per 10 000 for women with gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, respectively. Compared with the nonpreeclampsia group, preeclampsia was associated with an increased risk of NSOFCs [adjusted risk ratio (RR) = 2.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27-3.20], cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) [adjusted RR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.37-3.65], and cleft lip and palate (CLP) [adjusted RR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.45-4.67] but not cleft lip only (CLO) [adjusted RR = 1.66, 95% CI 0.68-4.07] or cleft palate only (CPO) [adjusted RR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.27-4.45]. No associations were observed between gestational hypertension and any types of NSOFCs. CONCLUSION Our study supported that among hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, only preeclampsia increased the risk of NSOFCs and its subtypes (CL/P and CLP).
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8
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Suazo J. Environmental factors in non-syndromic orofacial clefts: A review based on meta-analyses results. Oral Dis 2022; 28:3-8. [PMID: 33872445 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-syndromic orofacial clefts (NSOFCs) are prevalent birth defects with a complex etiology where several interacting genetic and environmental factors have been observed. This narrative review describes maternal exposures that have been significantly associated with protective effects or risk factors. The statistically significant information reported here was found in meta-analysis studies, taking advantage of their precision in defining intervention effects and their management of heterogeneity between studies. In addition, I propose a hypothesis explaining the biological basis for the results of the meta-analyses. This review aims to improve the evidence available in parent counseling, to prevent the occurrence of orofacial clefts by suggesting lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Suazo
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Khasawneh RR, Kist R, Queen R, Hussain R, Coxhead J, Schneider JE, Mohun TJ, Zaffran S, Peters H, Phillips HM, Bamforth SD. Msx1 haploinsufficiency modifies the Pax9-deficient cardiovascular phenotype. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2021; 21:14. [PMID: 34615475 PMCID: PMC8493722 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-021-00245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful embryogenesis relies on the coordinated interaction between genes and tissues. The transcription factors Pax9 and Msx1 genetically interact during mouse craniofacial morphogenesis, and mice deficient for either gene display abnormal tooth and palate development. Pax9 is expressed specifically in the pharyngeal endoderm at mid-embryogenesis, and mice deficient for Pax9 on a C57Bl/6 genetic background also have cardiovascular defects affecting the outflow tract and aortic arch arteries giving double-outlet right ventricle, absent common carotid arteries and interruption of the aortic arch. RESULTS In this study we have investigated both the effect of a different genetic background and Msx1 haploinsufficiency on the presentation of the Pax9-deficient cardiovascular phenotype. Compared to mice on a C57Bl/6 background, congenic CD1-Pax9-/- mice displayed a significantly reduced incidence of outflow tract defects but aortic arch defects were unchanged. Pax9-/- mice with Msx1 haploinsufficiency, however, have a reduced incidence of interrupted aortic arch, but more cases with cervical origins of the right subclavian artery and aortic arch, than seen in Pax9-/- mice. This alteration in arch artery defects was accompanied by a rescue in third pharyngeal arch neural crest cell migration and smooth muscle cell coverage of the third pharyngeal arch arteries. Although this change in phenotype could theoretically be compatible with post-natal survival, using tissue-specific inactivation of Pax9 to maintain correct palate development whilst inducing the cardiovascular defects was unable to prevent postnatal death in the mutant mice. Hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage formation were abnormal in Pax9-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Msx1 haploinsufficiency mitigates the arch artery defects in Pax9-/- mice, potentially by maintaining the survival of the 3rd arch artery through unimpaired migration of neural crest cells to the third pharyngeal arches. With the neural crest cell derived hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage also being defective in Pax9-/- mice, we speculate that the pharyngeal endoderm is a key signalling centre that impacts on neural crest cell behaviour highlighting the ability of cells in different tissues to act synergistically or antagonistically during embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramada R. Khasawneh
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK ,grid.14440.350000 0004 0622 5497Present Address: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ralf Kist
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK ,grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE2 4BW UK
| | - Rachel Queen
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Rafiqul Hussain
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Genomics Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Jonathan Coxhead
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Genomics Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Jürgen E. Schneider
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Biomedical Imaging, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Timothy J. Mohun
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT UK
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, U1251, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Heiko Peters
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Helen M. Phillips
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Simon D. Bamforth
- grid.419328.50000 0000 9225 6820Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Centre for Life, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ UK
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Zhu S, Song H, Zhong L, Huo S, Fang Y, Zhao W, Yang X, Dai ZM, He R, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Zhu XJ. Essential role of Msx1 in regulating anterior-posterior patterning of the secondary palate in mice. J Genet Genomics 2021; 49:63-73. [PMID: 34857492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of the secondary palate displays molecular heterogeneity along the anterior-posterior axis; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. MSX1 is an anteriorly expressed transcription repressor required for palate development. Here, we investigate the role of Msx1 in regional patterning of the secondary palate. The Wnt1-Cre-mediated expression of Msx1 (RosaMsx1Wnt1-Cre) throughout the palatal mesenchyme leads to cleft palate in mice, associated with aberrant cell proliferation and cell death. Osteogenic patterning of the hard palate in RosaMsx1Wnt1-Cre mice is severely impaired, as revealed by a marked reduction in palatine bone formation and decreased expression of the osteogenic regulator Sp7. Overexpression and knockout of Msx1 in mice show that the transcription repressor promotes the expression of the anterior palate-specific Alx1 but represses the expression of the medial-posterior palate genes Barx1, Meox2, and Tbx22. Furthermore, Tbx22 constitutes a direct Msx1 target gene in the secondary palate, suggesting that Msx1 can directly repress the expression of medial-posterior specific genes. Finally, we determine that Sp7 is downstream of Tbx22 in palatal mesenchymal cells, suggesting that a Msx1/Tbx22/Sp7 axis participates in the regulation of palate development. Our findings unveil a novel role for Msx1 in regulating the anterior-posterior growth and patterning of the secondary palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Hanjing Song
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Suman Huo
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yukun Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Wanxin Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Zhong-Min Dai
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Rui He
- The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mammalian Organogenesis and Regeneration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; The Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China.
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Phenytoin Inhibits Cell Proliferation through microRNA-196a-5p in Mouse Lip Mesenchymal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041746. [PMID: 33572377 PMCID: PMC7916186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft lip (CL) is one of the most common birth defects. It is caused by either genetic mutations or environmental factors. Recent studies suggest that environmental factors influence the expression of noncoding RNAs [e.g., microRNA (miRNA)], which can regulate the expression of genes crucial for cellular functions. In this study, we examined which miRNAs are associated with CL. Among 10 candidate miRNAs (miR-98-3p, miR-101a-3p, miR-101b-3p, miR-141-3p, miR-144-3p, miR-181a-5p, miR-196a-5p, miR-196b-5p, miR-200a-3p, and miR-710) identified through our bioinformatic analysis of CL-associated genes, overexpression of miR-181a-5p, miR-196a-5p, miR-196b-5p, and miR-710 inhibited cell proliferation through suppression of genes associated with CL in cultured mouse embryonic lip mesenchymal cells (MELM cells) and O9-1 cells, a mouse cranial neural crest cell line. In addition, we found that phenytoin, an inducer of CL, decreased cell proliferation through miR-196a-5p induction. Notably, treatment with a specific inhibitor for miR-196a-5p restored cell proliferation through normalization of expression of CL-associated genes in the cells treated with phenytoin. Taken together, our results suggest that phenytoin induces CL through miR-196a-5p induction, which suppresses the expression of CL-associated genes.
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Garland MA, Reynolds K, Zhou CJ. Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1660-1698. [PMID: 33125192 PMCID: PMC7902093 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most common birth defects and impart a significant burden on afflicted individuals and their families. It is increasingly understood that many nonsyndromic OFCs are a consequence of extrinsic factors, genetic susceptibilities, and interactions of the two. Therefore, understanding the environmental mechanisms of OFCs is important in the prevention of future cases. This review examines the molecular mechanisms associated with environmental factors that either protect against or increase the risk of OFCs. We focus on essential metabolic pathways, environmental signaling mechanisms, detoxification pathways, behavioral risk factors, and biological hazards that may disrupt orofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Chengji J. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Park J, Nakatomi M, Sasaguri M, Habu M, Takahashi O, Yoshiga D, Matsuyama K, Kataoka S, Toyono T, Seta Y, Peters H, Tominaga K. Msx1 Heterozygosity in Mice Enhances Susceptibility to Phenytoin-Induced Hypoxic Stress Causing Cleft Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2020; 58:697-706. [PMID: 34047208 DOI: 10.1177/1055665620962690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cleft palate is among the most frequent congenital defects in humans. While gene-environment multifactorial threshold models have been proposed to explain this cleft palate formation, only a few experimental models have verified this theory. This study aimed to clarify whether gene-environment interaction can cause cleft palate through a combination of specific genetic and environmental factors. METHODS Msx1 heterozygosity in mice (Msx1+/-) was selected as a genetic factor since human MSX1 gene mutations may cause nonsyndromic cleft palate. As an environmental factor, hypoxic stress was induced in pregnant mice by administration of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin, a known arrhythmia inducer, during palatal development from embryonic day (E) 11 to E14. Embryos were dissected at E13 for histological analysis or at E17 for recording of the palatal state. RESULTS Phenytoin administration downregulated cell proliferation in palatal processes in both wild-type and Msx1+/- embryos. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) expression was slightly downregulated in the anterior palatal process of Msx1+/- embryos. Although Msx1+/- embryos do not show cleft palate under normal conditions, phenytoin administration induced a significantly higher incidence of cleft palate in Msx1+/- embryos compared to wild-type littermates. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that cleft palate may occur because of the additive effects of Bmp4 downregulation as a result of Msx1 heterozygosity and decreased cell proliferation upon hypoxic stress. Human carriers of MSX1 mutations may have to take more precautions during pregnancy to avoid exposure to environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsil Park
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sasaguri
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Manabu Habu
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Osamu Takahashi
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Daigo Yoshiga
- Division of Oral Medicine, Department of Science of Physical Functions, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kae Matsuyama
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Shinji Kataoka
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyono
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yuji Seta
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Health Promotion, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Heiko Peters
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kazuhiro Tominaga
- Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Science of Physical Functions, 12920Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
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