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Zang Z, Zhang X, Song T, Li J, Nie B, Mei S, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Lu J. Association between gene expression and functional-metabolic architecture in Parkinson's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:5387-5401. [PMID: 37605831 PMCID: PMC10543112 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). How gene expression profiles are correlated with functional-metabolic architecture remains obscure. We enrolled 34 PD patients and 25 age-and-sex-matched healthy controls for simultaneous 18 F-FDG-PET/functional MRI scanning during resting state. We investigated the functional gradients and the ratio of standard uptake value. Principal component analysis was used to further combine the functional gradients and glucose metabolism into functional-metabolic architecture. Using partial least squares (PLS) regression, we introduced the transcriptomic data from the Allen Institute of Brain Sciences to identify gene expression patterns underlying the affected functional-metabolic architecture in PD. Between-group comparisons revealed significantly higher gradient variation in the visual, somatomotor, dorsal attention, frontoparietal, default mode, and subcortical network (pFDR < .048) in PD. Increased FDG-uptake was found in the somatomotor and ventral attention network while decreased FDG-uptake was found in the visual network (pFDR < .008). Spatial correlation analysis showed consistently affected patterns of functional gradients and metabolism (p = 2.47 × 10-8 ). PLS analysis and gene ontological analyses further revealed that genes were mainly enriched for metabolic, catabolic, cellular response to ions, and regulation of DNA transcription and RNA biosynthesis. In conclusion, our study provided genetic pathological mechanism to explain imaging-defined brain functional-metabolic architecture of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiang Zang
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain InformaticsBeijingChina
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical SciencesArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Tianbin Song
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain InformaticsBeijingChina
| | - Jiping Li
- Beijing Institute of Functional NeurosurgeryXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Binbin Nie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shanshan Mei
- Department of NeurologyXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhi'an Hu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical SciencesArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional NeurosurgeryXuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Brain InformaticsBeijingChina
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2
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Li F, Lin J, Li T, Jian J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu X, Li Q. Rrn3 gene knockout affects ethanol-induced locomotion in adult heterozygous zebrafish. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:621-630. [PMID: 35006303 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide analysis has identified the transcription factor, RRN3 (or TIF-1A), on human chromosome 16p13.11 as a candidate gene associated with mental disorders. Both genetic and biochemical experiments have demonstrated that RRN3 plays a major role in the transcriptional regulation of ribosomal DNA and cell growth. Previous research has suggested that loss of RRN3 from mature neurons reproduces the chronic nature of neurodegenerative processes. Here, we report the first generation and characterization of rrn3 mutant zebrafish in larval and adult stages using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technique. Homozygous knockout zebrafish exhibited morphological changes, such as pericardial oedema and deformed heads, and died at the larval stage of embryonic development. Behaviourally, the locomotion and shoaling behaviour of adult rrn3+/- zebrafish was not significantly different compared with rrn3+/+ zebrafish. Notably, rrn3+/- zebrafish demonstrated abnormal locomotor activity in response to ethanol. We found decreased norepinephrine expression in the brains of rrn3+/- zebrafish when treated with ethanol. In summary, our results indicated that rrn3 was closely associated with early embryonic development in zebrafish. Furthermore, behavioural and neurochemical research revealed the importance of genetic differences in drug sensitivity. The results suggest that caution should be taken when treating RRN3 heterozygous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Lin
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jian
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinglan Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuyun Liu
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Translational Medical Center for Development and Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Sönmez A, Mustafa R, Ryll ST, Tuorto F, Wacheul L, Ponti D, Litke C, Hering T, Kojer K, Koch J, Pitzer C, Kirsch J, Neueder A, Kreiner G, Lafontaine DLJ, Orth M, Liss B, Parlato R. Nucleolar stress controls mutant Huntington toxicity and monitors Huntington's disease progression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1139. [PMID: 34880223 PMCID: PMC8655027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional and cellular-stress surveillance deficits are hallmarks of Huntington's disease (HD), a fatal autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a pathological expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. The nucleolus, a dynamic nuclear biomolecular condensate and the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription, is implicated in the cellular stress response and in protein quality control. While the exact pathomechanisms of HD are still unclear, the impact of nucleolar dysfunction on HD pathophysiology in vivo remains elusive. Here we identified aberrant maturation of rRNA and decreased translational rate in association with human mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) expression. The protein nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), important for nucleolar integrity and rRNA maturation, loses its prominent nucleolar localization. Genetic disruption of nucleolar integrity in vulnerable striatal neurons of the R6/2 HD mouse model decreases the distribution of mHTT in a disperse state in the nucleus, exacerbating motor deficits. We confirmed NPM1 delocalization in the gradually progressing zQ175 knock-in HD mouse model: in the striatum at a presymptomatic stage and in the skeletal muscle at an early symptomatic stage. In Huntington's patient skeletal muscle biopsies, we found a selective redistribution of NPM1, similar to that in the zQ175 model. Taken together, our study demonstrates that nucleolar integrity regulates the formation of mHTT inclusions in vivo, and identifies NPM1 as a novel, readily detectable peripheral histopathological marker of HD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aynur Sönmez
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Rasem Mustafa
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Salome T Ryll
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Tuorto
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim and Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludivine Wacheul
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Donatella Ponti
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Litke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Hering
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kojer
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jenniver Koch
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Pitzer
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core (INBC), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Department of Brain Biochemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Denis L J Lafontaine
- RNA Molecular Biology, Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S./FNRS), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark campus, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Michael Orth
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Linacre & New College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
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4
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Kumar AV, Lapierre LR. Location, location, location: subcellular protein partitioning in proteostasis and aging. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:931-941. [PMID: 35047088 PMCID: PMC8724496 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic maintenance and cell survival rely on proper protein homeostasis to ensure reliable functions across the cell and to prevent proteome collapse. Maintaining protein folding and solubility is central to proteostasis and is coordinated by protein synthesis, chaperoning, and degradation capacities. An emerging aspect that influences proteostasis is the dynamic protein partitioning across different subcellular structures and compartments. Here, we review recent literature related to nucleocytoplasmic partitioning of proteins, nuclear and cytoplasmic quality control mechanisms, and their impact on the development of age-related diseases. We also highlight new points of entry to modulate spatially-regulated proteostatic mechanisms to delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita V. Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Louis R. Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 USA
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5
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Kim W, Kim DY, Lee KH. RNA-Binding Proteins and the Complex Pathophysiology of ALS. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052598. [PMID: 33807542 PMCID: PMC7961459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have identified disease-causing mutations and accelerated the unveiling of complex molecular pathogenic mechanisms, which may be important for understanding the disease and developing therapeutic strategies. Many disease-related genes encode RNA-binding proteins, and most of the disease-causing RNA or proteins encoded by these genes form aggregates and disrupt cellular function related to RNA metabolism. Disease-related RNA or proteins interact or sequester other RNA-binding proteins. Eventually, many disease-causing mutations lead to the dysregulation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, the dysfunction of stress granules, and the altered dynamic function of the nucleolus as well as other membrane-less organelles. As RNA-binding proteins are usually components of several RNA-binding protein complexes that have other roles, the dysregulation of RNA-binding proteins tends to cause diverse forms of cellular dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the role of RNA-binding proteins will help elucidate the complex pathophysiology of ALS. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the function of disease-associated RNA-binding proteins and their role in the dysfunction of membrane-less organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanil Kim
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38610, Korea;
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-Y.K.); (K.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-53-660-6880 (D.-Y.K.); +82-53-819-7743 (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kyung-Ha Lee
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38610, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.-Y.K.); (K.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-53-660-6880 (D.-Y.K.); +82-53-819-7743 (K.-H.L.)
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6
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Popova B, Wang D, Pätz C, Akkermann D, Lázaro DF, Galka D, Kolog Gulko M, Bohnsack MT, Möbius W, Bohnsack KE, Outeiro TF, Braus GH. DEAD-box RNA helicase Dbp4/DDX10 is an enhancer of α-synuclein toxicity and oligomerization. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009407. [PMID: 33657088 PMCID: PMC7928443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein as a hallmark protein. Two yeast strain collections comprising conditional alleles of essential genes were screened for the ability of each allele to reduce or improve yeast growth upon α-synuclein expression. The resulting 98 novel modulators of α-synuclein toxicity clustered in several major categories including transcription, rRNA processing and ribosome biogenesis, RNA metabolism and protein degradation. Furthermore, expression of α-synuclein caused alterations in pre-rRNA transcript levels in yeast and in human cells. We identified the nucleolar DEAD-box helicase Dbp4 as a prominent modulator of α-synuclein toxicity. Downregulation of DBP4 rescued cells from α-synuclein toxicity, whereas overexpression led to a synthetic lethal phenotype. We discovered that α-synuclein interacts with Dbp4 or its human ortholog DDX10, sequesters the protein outside the nucleolus in yeast and in human cells, and stabilizes a fraction of α-synuclein oligomeric species. These findings provide a novel link between nucleolar processes and α-synuclein mediated toxicity with DDX10 emerging as a promising drug target. Neurodegenerative Parkinson’s disease affects about 2% of the over 65 years old human population. It is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in midbrain and the presence of Lewy inclusion bodies that are predominantly composed of the α-synuclein protein. Expression of human α-synuclein in yeast cells results in dosage-dependent toxicity monitored as growth reduction and the formation of inclusions similar to mammalian neurons. Systematic analysis of yeast genes, which are essential for growth, revealed that reduced expression of central cellular proteostasis pathways, such as protein synthesis and ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation can enhance or reduce toxic effects of α-synuclein on yeast growth. Expression of α-synuclein affects not only early steps of ribosome biogenesis in yeast but also in human cells. We discovered the nucleolar DEAD-box RNA helicase Dbp4 as a novel strong enhancer of α-synuclein toxicity. The interaction of α-synuclein in yeast with Dbp4 as well as in human cells with its ortholog DDX10 results in sub-cellular exclusion from the nucleolus and promotes the accumulation of toxic oligomeric α-synuclein species. This molecular interaction of α-synuclein with DDX10 and its consequences for human cells provide a novel view in understanding the complexity of Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagovesta Popova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Pätz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Akkermann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diana F. Lázaro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dajana Galka
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Kolog Gulko
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus T. Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katherine E. Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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Airavaara M, Parkkinen I, Konovalova J, Albert K, Chmielarz P, Domanskyi A. Back and to the Future: From Neurotoxin-Induced to Human Parkinson's Disease Models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 91:e88. [PMID: 32049438 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as tremor, slowness of movement, rigidity, and postural instability, as well as non-motor features like sleep disturbances, loss of ability to smell, depression, constipation, and pain. Motor symptoms are caused by depletion of dopamine in the striatum due to the progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Approximately 10% of PD cases are familial arising from genetic mutations in α-synuclein, LRRK2, DJ-1, PINK1, parkin, and several other proteins. The majority of PD cases are, however, idiopathic, i.e., having no clear etiology. PD is characterized by progressive accumulation of insoluble inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, mostly composed of α-synuclein and membrane components. The cause of PD is currently attributed to cellular proteostasis deregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which are likely interdependent. In addition, neuroinflammation is present in brains of PD patients, but whether it is the cause or consequence of neurodegeneration remains to be studied. Rodents do not develop PD or PD-like motor symptoms spontaneously; however, neurotoxins, genetic mutations, viral vector-mediated transgene expression and, recently, injections of misfolded α-synuclein have been successfully utilized to model certain aspects of the disease. Here, we critically review the advantages and drawbacks of rodent PD models and discuss approaches to advance pre-clinical PD research towards successful disease-modifying therapy. © 2020 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Airavaara
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmari Parkkinen
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Konovalova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katrina Albert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Chmielarz
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Gonzalez-Hunt CP, Sanders LH. DNA damage and repair in Parkinson's disease: Recent advances and new opportunities. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:180-189. [PMID: 32048327 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement neurodegenerative disorder. Although our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis in PD has greatly expanded, this knowledge thus far has failed to translate into disease-modifying therapies. Therefore, it is of the utmost urgency to interrogate further the multifactorial etiology of PD. DNA repair defects cause many neurodegenerative diseases. An exciting new PD research avenue is the role that DNA damage and repair may play in neuronal death. The goal of this mini-review was to discuss the evidence for the types of DNA damage that accumulates in PD, which has provided clues for which DNA repair pathways, such as DNA double-strand break repair, are dysfunctional. We further highlight compelling data for activation of the DNA damage response in familial and idiopathic PD. The significance of DNA damage and repair is emerging in the PD field and linking these insights to PD pathogenesis may provide new insights into PD pathophysiology and consequently lead to new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie H Sanders
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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9
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Meyer NH, Dellago H, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Merle DA, Parlato R, Gesslbauer B, Almer J, Gschwandtner M, Leon A, Franzmann TM, Grillari J, Kungl AJ, Zangger K, Falsone SF. Structural Fuzziness of the RNA-Organizing Protein SERF Determines a Toxic Gain-of-interaction. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:930-951. [PMID: 31794729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which protein complexes convert from functional to pathogenic are the subject of intensive research. Here, we report how functionally unfavorable protein interactions can be induced by structural fuzziness, i.e., by persisting conformational disorder in protein complexes. We show that extreme disorder in the bound state transforms the intrinsically disordered protein SERF1a from an RNA-organizing factor into a pathogenic enhancer of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) amyloid toxicity. We demonstrate that SERF1a promotes the incorporation of RNA into nucleoli and liquid-like artificial RNA-organelles by retaining an unusually high degree of conformational disorder in the RNA-bound state. However, this type of structural fuzziness also determines an undifferentiated interaction with aSyn. RNA and aSyn both bind to one identical, positively charged site of SERF1a by an analogous electrostatic binding mode, with similar binding affinities, and without any observable disorder-to-order transition. The absence of primary or secondary structure discriminants results in SERF1a being unable to select between nucleic acid and amyloidogenic protein, leading the pro-amyloid aSyn:SERF1a interaction to prevail in the cytosol under conditions of cellular stress. We suggest that fuzzy disorder in SERF1a complexes accounts for an adverse gain-of-interaction which favors toxic binding to aSyn at the expense of nontoxic RNA binding, thereby leading to a functionally distorted and pathogenic process. Thus, structural fuzziness constitutes a direct link between extreme conformational flexibility, amyloid aggregation, and the malfunctioning of RNA-associated cellular processes, three signatures of neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Helge Meyer
- Division of Experimental Allergology and Immunodermatology, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Dellago
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Carmen Tam-Amersdorfer
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 31, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David A Merle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Gesslbauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstr. 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Almer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstr. 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martha Gschwandtner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstr. 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - A Leon
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstr. 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Titus M Franzmann
- Biotechnology Center of the TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Department of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstr. 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Austria
| | - Andreas J Kungl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstr. 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstr. 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - S Fabio Falsone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstr. 1, 8010 Graz, Austria; Steiermärkische Krankenanstaltengesellschaft m.b.H. (KAGes), Stiftingtalstraße 4-6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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10
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Chen J, Stark LA. Insights into the Relationship between Nucleolar Stress and the NF-κB Pathway. Trends Genet 2019; 35:768-780. [PMID: 31434627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear organelle the nucleolus and the transcription factor nuclear factor of κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) are both central to the control of cellular homeostasis, dysregulated in common diseases and implicated in the ageing process. Until recently, it was believed that they acted independently to regulate homeostasis in health and disease. However, there is an emerging body of evidence suggesting that nucleoli and NF-κB signalling converge at multiple levels. Here we will review current understanding of this crosstalk. We will discuss activation of the NF-κB pathway by nucleolar stress and induction of apoptosis by nucleolar sequestration of NF-κB/RelA. We will also discuss the role of TIF-IA, COMMD1, and nucleophosmin, which are key players in this crosstalk, and the therapeutic relevance, particularly with respect to the antitumour effects of aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Chen
- University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lesley A Stark
- University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH4 2XU, UK.
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11
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Pfister AS. Emerging Role of the Nucleolar Stress Response in Autophagy. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:156. [PMID: 31114481 PMCID: PMC6503120 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy represents a conserved self-digestion program, which allows regulated degradation of cellular material. Autophagy is activated by cellular stress, serum starvation and nutrient deprivation. Several autophagic pathways have been uncovered, which either non-selectively or selectively target the cellular cargo for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy engages the coordinated action of various key regulators involved in the steps of autophagosome formation, cargo targeting and lysosomal fusion. While non-selective (macro)autophagy is required for removal of bulk material or recycling of nutrients, selective autophagy mediates specific targeting of damaged organelles or protein aggregates. By proper action of the autophagic machinery, cellular homeostasis is maintained. In contrast, failure of this fundamental process is accompanied by severe pathophysiological conditions. Hallmarks of neuropathological disorders are for instance accumulated, mis-folded protein aggregates and damaged mitochondria. The nucleolus has been recognized as central hub in the cellular stress response. It represents a sub-nuclear organelle essential for ribosome biogenesis and also functions as stress sensor by mediating cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Thus, proper nucleolar function is mandatory for cell growth and survival. Here, I highlight the emerging role of nucleolar factors in the regulation of autophagy. Moreover, I discuss the nucleolar stress response as a novel signaling pathway in the context of autophagy, health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Pfister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Kreiner G, Sönmez A, Liss B, Parlato R. Integration of the Deacetylase SIRT1 in the Response to Nucleolar Stress: Metabolic Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:106. [PMID: 31110473 PMCID: PMC6499230 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding underlying mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases is fundamental to develop effective therapeutic intervention. Yet they remain largely elusive, but metabolic, and transcriptional dysregulation are common events. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent lysine deacetylase, regulating transcription, and critical for the cellular adaptations to metabolic stress. SIRT1 regulates the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), connecting the energetic state with cell growth and function. The activity of the transcription initiation factor-IA (TIF-IA) is important for the transcriptional regulation of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes in the nucleolus, and is also sensitive to changes in the cellular energetic state. Moreover, TIF-IA is responsive to nutrient-deprivation, neurotrophic stimulation, and oxidative stress. Hence, both SIRT1 and TIF-IA connect changes in cellular stress with transcriptional regulation and metabolic adaptation. Moreover, they finely tune the activity of the transcription factor p53, maintain mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress responses. Here we reviewed and discussed evidence that SIRT1 and TIF-IA are regulated by shared pathways and their activities preserve neuronal homeostasis in response to metabolic stressors. We provide evidence that loss of rDNA transcription due to altered TIF-IA function alters SIRT1 expression and propose a model of interdependent feedback mechanisms. An imbalance of this signaling might be a critical common event in neurodegenerative diseases. In conclusion, we provide a novel perspective for the prediction of the therapeutic benefits of the modulation of SIRT1- and nucleolar-dependent pathways in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aynur Sönmez
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Birgit Liss
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,New College, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Stimulation of noradrenergic transmission by reboxetine is beneficial for a mouse model of progressive parkinsonism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5262. [PMID: 30918302 PMCID: PMC6437187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by motor deficits such as tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. These symptoms are directly caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. However, a wealth of clinical evidence indicates that the dopaminergic system is not the only system affected in PD. Postmortem studies of brains from PD patients have revealed the degeneration of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) to the same or even greater extent than that observed in the dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Moreover, studies performed on rodent models suggest that enhancement of noradrenergic transmission may attenuate the PD-like phenotype induced by MPTP administration, a neurotoxin-based PD model. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chronic treatment with either of two compounds targeting the noradrenergic system (reboxetine or atipamezole) possess the ability to reduce the progression of a PD-like phenotype in a novel mouse model of progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by the genetic inhibition of rRNA synthesis in dopaminergic neurons, mimicking a PD-like phenotype. The results showed that reboxetine improved the parkinsonian phenotype associated with delayed progression of SN/VTA dopaminergic neurodegeneration and higher dopamine content in the striatum. Moreover, the alpha1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine enhanced survival of TH+ neurons in primary cell cultures, supporting the putative neuroprotective effects of noradrenergic stimulation. Our results provide new insights regarding the possible influence of the noradrenergic system on dopaminergic neuron survival and strongly support the hypothesis regarding the neuroprotective role of noradrenaline.
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14
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Tuorto F, Parlato R. rRNA and tRNA Bridges to Neuronal Homeostasis in Health and Disease. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1763-1779. [PMID: 30876917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of protein translation is emerging as a unifying mechanism in the pathogenesis of many neuronal disorders. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) are structural molecules that have complementary and coordinated functions in protein synthesis. Defects in both rRNAs and tRNAs have been described in mammalian brain development, neurological syndromes, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we present the molecular mechanisms that link aberrant rRNA and tRNA transcription, processing and modifications to translation deficits, and neuropathogenesis. We also discuss the interdependence of rRNA and tRNA biosynthesis and how their metabolism brings together proteotoxic stress and impaired neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tuorto
- Division of Epigenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Institute of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Zhang Q, An Y, Chen ZS, Koon AC, Lau KF, Ngo JCK, Chan HYE. A Peptidylic Inhibitor for Neutralizing r(GGGGCC) exp-Associated Neurodegeneration in C9ALS-FTD. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 16:172-185. [PMID: 30889483 PMCID: PMC6424097 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One drug, two diseases is a rare and economical therapeutic strategy that is highly desirable in the pharmaceutical industry. We previously reported a 21-amino acid peptide named beta-structured inhibitor for neurodegenerative diseases (BIND) that can effectively inhibit expanded CAG trinucleotide toxicity in polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases. Here we report that BIND also effectively inhibits GGGGCC repeat-mediated neurodegeneration in vitro and in vivo. When fused with a cell-penetrating peptide derived from the transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein of the HIV, TAT-BIND reduces cell death, formation of GGGGCC RNA foci, and levels of poly-GR, poly-GA, and poly-GP dipeptide proteins in cell models of C9ORF72-associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (C9ALS-FTD). We showed that TAT-BIND disrupts the interaction between GGGGCC RNA and nucleolin protein, restores rRNA maturation, and inhibits mislocalization of nucleolin and B23, which eventually suppresses nucleolar stress in C9ALS-FTD. In a Drosophila model of C9ALS-FTD, TAT-BIND suppresses retinal degeneration, rescues climbing ability, and extends the lifespan of flies. In contrast, TAT-BIND has no effect on UAS-poly-glycine-arginine (poly-GR)100-expressing flies, which generate only poly-GR protein toxicity, indicating BIND ameliorates toxicity in C9ALS-FTD models via a r(GGGGCC)exp-dependent inhibitory mechanism. Our findings demonstrated that, apart from being a potential therapeutic for polyQ diseases, BIND is also a potent peptidylic inhibitor that suppresses expanded GGGGCC RNA-mediated neurodegeneration, highlighting its potential application in C9ALS-FTD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying An
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhefan Stephen Chen
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex Chun Koon
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jacky Chi Ki Ngo
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ho Yin Edwin Chan
- Laboratory of Drosophila Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Crosstalk between NF-κB and Nucleoli in the Regulation of Cellular Homeostasis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100157. [PMID: 30301139 PMCID: PMC6210184 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoli are emerging as key sensors of cellular stress and regulators of the downstream consequences on proliferation, metabolism, senescence, and apoptosis. NF-κB signalling is activated in response to a similar plethora of stresses, which leads to modulation of cell growth and death programs. While nucleolar and NF-κB pathways are distinct, it is increasingly apparent that they converge at multiple levels. Exposure of cells to certain insults causes a specific type of nucleolar stress that is characterised by degradation of the PolI complex component, TIF-IA, and increased nucleolar size. Recent studies have shown that this atypical nucleolar stress lies upstream of cytosolic IκB degradation and NF-κB nuclear translocation. Under these stress conditions, the RelA component of NF-κB accumulates within functionally altered nucleoli to trigger a nucleophosmin dependent, apoptotic pathway. In this review, we will discuss these points of crosstalk and their relevance to anti-tumour mechanism of aspirin and small molecule CDK4 inhibitors. We will also briefly the discuss how crosstalk between nucleoli and NF-κB signalling may be more broadly relevant to the regulation of cellular homeostasis and how it may be exploited for therapeutic purpose.
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17
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Abstract
The nucleolus is a prominent subnuclear compartment, where ribosome biosynthesis takes place. Recently, the nucleolus has gained attention for its novel role in the regulation of cellular stress. Nucleolar stress is emerging as a new concept, which is characterized by diverse cellular insult-induced abnormalities in nucleolar structure and function, ultimately leading to activation of p53 or other stress signaling pathways and alterations in cell behavior. Despite a number of comprehensive reviews on this concept, straightforward and clear-cut way criteria for a nucleolar stress state, regarding the factors that elicit this state, the morphological and functional alterations as well as the rationale for p53 activation are still missing. Based on literature of the past two decades, we herein summarize the evolution of the concept and provide hallmarks of nucleolar stress. Along with updated information and thorough discussion of existing confusions in the field, we pay particular attention to the current understanding of the sensing mechanisms, i.e., how stress is integrated by p53. In addition, we propose our own emphasis regarding the role of nucleolar protein NPM1 in the hallmarks of nucleolar stress and sensing mechanisms. Finally, the links of nucleolar stress to human diseases are briefly and selectively introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
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C9orf72-associated neurodegeneration in ALS-FTD: breaking new ground in ribosomal RNA and nucleolar dysfunction. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:351-360. [PMID: 29450726 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) are neurodegenerative diseases with distinct clinical appearance. However, both share as major genetic risk factor a C9orf72 locus intronic hexanucleotide expansion. The pathogenic pathways associated with the expansion-dependent neuronal toxicity are still poorly understood. Recent efforts to identify common threads of neuronal dysfunction have pointed towards deficits of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) biogenesis and loss of nucleolar integrity, a condition known as nucleolar stress that is an emerging shared feature among neurodegenerative diseases. Intriguingly, the C9orf72 mutation in ALS-FTD interferes with the function of the nucleolus by transcripts and dipeptide repeats (DPRs) produced by the hexanucleotide expansion. Experimental discrepancies have given rise to different hypotheses with regard to the connection of C9orf72 and nucleolar activity. In this review, we present and discuss emerging concepts concerning the impact of C9orf72 expansion on nucleolar biology. Moreover, we discuss the "nucleolar stress hypothesis," according to which nucleolar malfunction accompanies, exacerbates, or potentially triggers a degenerative phenotype. Upcoming awareness of the involvement of nucleolar stress in C9orf72 ALS-FTD could shed light into its pathogenesis, enabling potential treatment options aimed at shielding an "Achilles' heel" of neurons.
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