DAPK-HSF1 interaction as a positive-feedback mechanism stimulating TNF-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells

Role of HSF1 in cell division, tumorigenesis and therapy: a literature review

Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master orchestrator of the heat shock response (HSR), a critical process for maintaining cellular health and protein homeostasis. These effects are achieved through rapid expression of molecular chaperones, the heat shock proteins (HSPs), which ensure correct protein folding, repair, degradation and stabilization of multiprotein complexes. In addition to its role in the HSR, HSF1 influences the cell cycle, including processes such as S phase progression and regulation of the p53 pathway, highlighting its importance in cellular protein synthesis and division. While HSF1 activity offers neuroprotective benefits in neurodegenerative diseases, its proteome-stabilizing function may also reinforce tumorigenic transformation. HSF1 overexpression in many types of cancer reportedly enhances cell growth enables survival, alters metabolism, weakens immune response and promotes angiogenesis or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as these cells enter a form of "HSF1 addiction". Furthermore, the client proteins of HSF1-regulated chaperones, particularly Hsp90, include numerous key players in classical tumorigenic pathways. HSF1 thus presents a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment, potentially in combination with HSP inhibitors to alleviate typical initiation of HSR upon their use.

The molecular mechanism of actions and clinical utilities of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in gastrointestinal cancers: a comprehensive review and future prospects toward personalized medicine

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers remain a significant global health burden, accounting for a substantial number of cases and deaths. Regrettably, the inadequacy of dependable biomarkers hinders the precise forecasting of patient prognosis and the selection of appropriate therapeutic sequencing for individuals with GI cancers, leading to suboptimal outcomes for numerous patients. The intricate interplay between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has been shown to be a pivotal determinant of response to anti-cancer therapy and consequential clinical outcomes across a multitude of cancer types. Therefore, the assessment of TILs has garnered global interest as a promising prognostic biomarker in oncology, with the potential to improve clinical decision-making substantially. Moreover, recent discoveries in immunotherapy have progressively changed the landscape of cancer treatment and significantly prolonged the survival of patients with advanced cancers. Nonetheless, the response rate remains constrained within solid tumor sufferers, even when TIL landscapes appear comparable, which calls for the development of our understanding of cellular and molecular cross-talk between TIME and tumor. Hence, this comprehensive review encapsulates the extant literature elucidating the TILs' underlying molecular pathogenesis, prognostic significance, and their relevance in the realm of immunotherapy for patients afflicted by GI tract cancers. Within this review, we demonstrate that the type, density, and spatial distribution of distinct TIL subpopulations carries pivotal implications for the prediction of anti-cancer treatment responses and patient survival. Furthermore, this review underscores the indispensable role of TILs in modulating therapeutic responses within distinct molecular subtypes, such as those characterized by microsatellite stability or programmed cell death ligand-1 expression in GI tract cancers. The review concludes by outlining future directions in TIL-based personalized medicine, including integrating TIL-based approaches into existing treatment regimens and developing novel therapeutic strategies that exploit the unique properties of TILs and their potential as a promising avenue for personalized cancer treatment.

Regulatory Non-coding RNAs for Death Associated Protein Kinase Family

The death associated protein kinases (DAPKs) are a family of calcium dependent serine/threonine kinases initially identified in the regulation of apoptosis. Previous studies showed that DAPK family members, including DAPK1, DAPK2 and DAPK3 play a crucial regulatory role in malignant tumor development, in terms of cell apoptosis, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that non-coding RNAs, including microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circRNA, are involved in the regulation of gene expression and tumorigenesis. Recent studies indicated that non-coding RNAs participate in the regulation of DAPKs. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of non-coding RNAs, as well as the potential miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs, that are involved in the regulation of DAPKs.

Integrative analyses of molecular pathways and key candidate biomarkers associated with colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths and mining the molecular factors underlying CRC pathogenesis is imperative for alleviating the disease burden.

OBJECTIVE

To highlight key molecular pathways, prioritize hub genes and their regulators related to CRC.

METHODS

Data sets of TCGA-COAD and GTEx were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their functional enrichments in pathways and biological processes were analyzed using bioinformatics tools. Protein-protein interaction network was constructed and hub genes were identified using Cytoscape. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to analyze the relations of the hub genes with diseases and canonical pathways. Key regulators targeting the hub genes such as TFs, miRNAs and their interactions were identified using in silico tools.

RESULTS

AURKA, CDK1, MYC, CDH1, CCNB1, CDC20, UBE2C, PLK1, KIF11, and CCNA2 were prioritized as hub genes based on their topological properties. Enrichment analyses emphasized the roles of DEGs and hub genes in the cell cycle process. Interactions of the hub genes with TFs and miRNAs suggested TP53, EZH2 and KLF4 as being promising candidate biomarkers for CRC.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results provide in silico evidence for candidate biomolecules that may have strong biomarker potential for CRC-related translational strategies.

Emerging roles of HSF1 in cancer: Cellular and molecular episodes

Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) systematically guards proteome stability and proteostasis by regulating the expression of heat shock protein (HSP), thus rendering cancer cells addicted to HSF1. The non-canonical transcriptional programme driven by HSF1, which is distinct from the heat shock response (HSR), plays an indispensable role in the initiation, promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, HSF1 is widely exploited as a potential therapeutic target in a broad spectrum of cancers. Various molecules and signals in the cell jointly regulate the activation and attenuation of HSF1. The high-level expression of HSF1 in tumours and its relationship with patient prognosis imply that HSF1 can be used as a biomarker for patient prognosis and a target for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the newly identified mechanisms of HSF1 activation and regulation, the diverse functions of HSF1 in tumourigenesis, and the feasibility of using HSF1 as a prognostic marker. Disrupting cancer cell proteostasis by targeting HSF1 represents a novel anti-cancer therapeutic strategy.

HSF1Base: A Comprehensive Database of HSF1 (Heat Shock Factor 1) Target Genes

HSF1 (heat shock factor 1) is an evolutionarily conserved master transcriptional regulator of the heat shock response (HSR) in eukaryotic cells. In response to high temperatures, HSF1 upregulates genes encoding molecular chaperones, also called heat shock proteins, which assist the refolding or degradation of damaged intracellular proteins. Accumulating evidence reveals however that HSF1 participates in several other physiological and pathological processes such as differentiation, immune response, and multidrug resistance, as well as in ageing, neurodegenerative demise, and cancer. To address how HSF1 controls these processes one should systematically analyze its target genes. Here we present a novel database called HSF1Base (hsf1base.org) that contains a nearly comprehensive list of HSF1 target genes identified so far. The list was obtained by manually curating publications on individual HSF1 targets and analyzing relevant high throughput transcriptomic and chromatin immunoprecipitation data derived from the literature and the Yeastract database. To support the biological relevance of HSF1 targets identified by high throughput methods, we performed an enrichment analysis of (potential) HSF1 targets across different tissues/cell types and organisms. We found that general HSF1 functions (targets are expressed in all tissues/cell types) are mostly related to cellular proteostasis. Furthermore, HSF1 targets that are conserved across various animal taxa operate mostly in cellular stress pathways (e.g., autophagy), chromatin remodeling, ribosome biogenesis, and ageing. Together, these data highlight diverse roles for HSF1, expanding far beyond the HSR.

Genomic and regulatory characteristics of significant transcription factors in colorectal cancer metastasis

The dysregulation of transcription factors has an important impact on the oncogenesis and tumor progression. Nonetheless, its functions in colorectal cancer metastasis are still unclear. In this study, four transcription factors (HNF4A, HSF1, MECP2 and RAD21) were demonstrated to be associated with the metastasis of colorectal cancer in both RNA and protein levels. To comprehensively explore the intrinsic mechanisms, we profiled the molecular landscape of these metastasis-related transcription factors from multiple perspectives. In particular, as the crucial factors affecting genome stability, both copy number variation and DNA methylation exerted their strengths on the expression of these transcription factors (except MECP2). Additionally, based on a series of bioinformatics analyses, putative long non-coding RNAs were identified as functional regulators. Besides that, rely on the ATAC-Seq and ChIP-Seq profiles, we detected the target genes regulated by each transcription factor in the active chromatin zones. Finally, we inferred the associations between the target genes by Bayesian networks and identified LMO7 and ARL8A as potential clinical biomarkers. Taken together, our research systematically characterized the regulatory cascades of HNF4A, HSF1, MECP2 and RAD21 in colorectal cancer metastasis.

Modulation of the mechanism of apoptosis in cancer cell lines by treatment with silica-based nanostructured materials functionalized with different metallodrugs

The mesoporous silica-based material SBA-15 (Santa Barbara Amorphous-15) has been modified with the aminodiol ligand 3-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propyltriethoxysilane (PADOH) to give the corresponding material SBA-PADOH. Subsequent functionalization with a diorganotin(iv) compound, SnPh2Cl2 (1), and with two titanocene derivatives, TiCp2Cl2 ([Ti(η5-C5H5)2Cl2] (2)) and TiCpCpPhNfCl2 ([Ti(η5-C5H5)(η5-C5H4CHPhNf)Cl2] (3) (Ph = C6H5; Nf = C10H7)), gave the materials SBA-PADO-SnPh2 (M1), SBA-PADO-TiCp2 (M2) and SBA-PADO-TiCpCp* (M3), respectively. SBA-PADOH and M1-M3 have been characterized by various techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, XRF, solid-state NMR, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, electrochemical methods, SEM and TEM, observing that the functionalization has mainly taken place inside the pores of the corresponding porous system. In addition, mechanistic aspects of the apoptosis triggered by the synthesized materials have been studied in vitro in tumour cell lines derived from three distinct types of cancer in order to elucidate their growth inhibition and interference with the expression of tumour necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) and the first apoptosis signal receptor (Fas or tumour necrosis factor receptor 6). It was observed that the antiproliferative and proapoptotic capacity of the materials depends on their functionalization with the different cytotoxic prodrugs (organotin or titanocene derivatives). The study shows that M1-M3 influence the metabolic activity of the tumour cells and modulate the apoptotic pathways by different mechanisms, according to the active compound inside the material.

Roles of heat shock factor 1 beyond the heat shock response

Various stress factors leading to protein damage induce the activation of an evolutionarily conserved cell protective mechanism, the heat shock response (HSR), to maintain protein homeostasis in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) plays a central role in the HSR. HSF1 was initially known as a transcription factor that upregulates genes encoding heat shock proteins (HSPs), also called molecular chaperones, which assist in refolding or degrading injured intracellular proteins. However, recent accumulating evidence indicates multiple additional functions for HSF1 beyond the activation of HSPs. Here, we present a nearly comprehensive list of non-HSP-related target genes of HSF1 identified so far. Through controlling these targets, HSF1 acts in diverse stress-induced cellular processes and molecular mechanisms, including the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response and ubiquitin-proteasome system, multidrug resistance, autophagy, apoptosis, immune response, cell growth arrest, differentiation underlying developmental diapause, chromatin remodelling, cancer development, and ageing. Hence, HSF1 emerges as a major orchestrator of cellular stress response pathways.

The predictive value and role of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)

Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that the presence of tumor infiltrating immune cells has shown predictive significance for many solid tumors. Present study was performed to evaluate the predictive value of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for the presence of liver metastasis and overall survival in PDAC (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) patients after complete resection and to explore the potential role of lymphocytes in PDAC. A total of 155 resectable patients with PDAC were enrolled in our study. Stromal TIL density was investigated in hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of surgical specimens and scored. The effect and possible mechanism of lymphocytes on cancer cells was evaluated using co-culture techniques and ELISA test. Stromal TIL negative status (HR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.75-4.48, P < 0.01) was not only an independent predictor of worse OS (HR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.80-4.06, P = <0.01) but also a significant independent predictor of liver metastasis. Higher CEA (P = 0.01) or CA19-9 (P = 0.01) levels were associated with low stromal TIL density. Stromal TIL negative patients appeared to develop tumors with a higher CEA (P = 0.01), larger diameter (P = 0.05) and advanced stage (P = 0.02). The co-culture experiment suggests that lymphocytes can inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Further ELISA and cell culture test indicate that lymphocytes may cause pancreatic cancer cells apoptosis through TNF-alpha secretion. Our data suggest a potential favorable role of stromal TILs in predicting liver metastasis and overall survival of patients with PDAC after complete resection. Lymphocytes may inhibit the growth of PDAC through TNF-alpha secretion, which suggest a potential therapeutic approach against PDAC.

High HSF4 expression is an independent indicator of poor overall survival and recurrence free survival in patients with primary colorectal cancer

Heat shock factor 4 (HSF4) is a member of the HSF family. In this study, by using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas-Colorectal Cancer (TCGA-CRC), we investigated the expression profile and the prognostic value of the HSF4 in terms of overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) in CRC patients. RNA-Seq data showed that HSF4 RNA expression was significantly higher in CRC tissues (N = 380) than in the corresponding normal tissues (N = 51) (mean ± SD: 3.56 ± 1.28 vs. 1.85 ± 0.87, P < 0.0001). High HSF4 expression group had significantly higher ratio of stages III/IV patients (52/86, 60.5%) than low HSF4 expression group (110/264, 41.7%; P = 0.0024). Besides, the high HSF4 expression group also had significantly increased expression of CEA (CEA ≥ 5, 26/51, 51.0% vs. 64/186, 34.4%), higher proportion of recurrence (32/86, 37.2% vs. 48/254, 18.9%, P = 0.0005) and death (36/90, 40.0% vs. 49/277, 17.7%, P < 0.0001) compared with the low HSF4 expression group. Multivariate analysis confirmed that high HSF4 expression was an independent prognostic factor of poor OS (HR = 2.111, 95%CI: 1.350-3.302, P = 0.001) and RFS (HR = 1.958, 95%CI: 1.224-3.131, P = 0.005). Bioinformatic analysis showed that HSF4 can directly interact with DUSP26, ZBED8, and MAPK14. It is also coexpressed with PTGER1, COL11A2, CLPS, and ARSA and colocalized with PTGER1, ADRB1, PEX12, CLPS, PSEN2, KCNJ5, CPA1, ARSA, PNLIP, IRX4, CPA2, IDUA, BCKDHA, and CTRL. We hypothesized that HSF4 might exert its oncogenic effects in CRC via some of these genes. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(12):956-961, 2017.

Rethinking HSF1 in Stress, Development, and Organismal Health

The heat shock response (HSR) was originally discovered as a transcriptional response to elevated temperature shock and led to the identification of heat shock proteins and heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). Since then HSF1 has been shown to be important for combating other forms of environmental perturbations as well as genetic variations that cause proteotoxic stress. The HSR has long been thought to be an absolute response to conditions of cell stress and the primary mechanism by which HSF1 promotes organismal health by preventing protein aggregation and subsequent proteome imbalance. Accumulating evidence now shows that HSF1, the central player in the HSR, is regulated according to specific cellular requirements through cell-autonomous and non-autonomous signals, and directs transcriptional programs distinct from the HSR during development and in carcinogenesis. We discuss here these 'non-canonical' roles of HSF1, its regulation in diverse conditions of development, reproduction, metabolism, and aging, and posit that HSF1 serves to integrate diverse biological and pathological responses.

PP2A mediates apoptosis or autophagic cell death in multiple myeloma cell lines

The crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy contributes to tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. The process by which BetA (betulinic acid), a naturally occurring triterpenoid, regulates apoptosis and autophagy as a cancer therapy is unclear. In this study, we show for the first time that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) acts as a switch to regulate apoptosis and autophagic cell death mediated by BetA. Under normal conditions, caspase-3 is activated by the mitochondrial pathway upon BetA treatment. Activated caspase-3 cleaves the A subunit of PP2A (PP2A/A), resulting in the association of PP2A and Akt. This association inactivates Akt to initiate apoptosis. Overexpression of Bcl-2 attenuates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, resulting in caspase-3 inactivation and the dissociation of PP2A and Akt. PP2A isolated from Akt binds with DAPK to induce autophagic cell death. Meanwhile, in vivo tumor experiments have demonstrated that BetA initiates different types of cell death in a myeloma xenograft model. Thus, PP2A can shift myeloma cells from apoptosis to autophagic cell death. These findings have important implications for the therapeutic application of BetA, particularly against apoptosis-resistant cancers.

ADIPOQ rs266729 G/C gene polymorphism and plasmatic adipocytokines connect metabolic syndrome to colorectal cancer

Background: ADIPOQ gene, which encode for Adiponectin (APN), is sited on chromosome 3q27 and linked to a susceptibility locus for metabolic syndrome (MetS). The ADIPOQ rs266729 G/C gene polymorphism is significantly associated with low APN levels and linked to susceptibility to develop cancer. In addition, decreased APN serum levels are linked with tumor development and progression and inversely associated with markers of inflammation. Here, we investigate the influence of APN rs266729 G/C polymorphism on adipocytokine circulating levels and their association with MetS in colorectal cancer patients (CRC). Methods: Blood samples from 105 CRC patients (50 women and 55 men) with and without MetS were genotyped for APN rs266729 G/C polymorphism by TETRA ARMS PCR. ELISA assay was used to measure plasma levels of APN and inflammatory TNF-α cytokine. Biochemical and anthropometric parameters of MetS were also analyzed. Results: We found that CRC patients (N=75) with genotype rs266729G/C or carriers of G allele were associated with a significantly increased risk of MetS development (OR =2.9) compared to those with CC genotype (N=30). Also, CG/GG genotypes were associated with significantly lower plasma APN levels and higher TNF-α levels in comparison to CC genotype (P=0.034) and APN levels were decreased in relation to BMI increases (P=0.001). Conclusions: Our findings show that APN rs266729 G/C polymorphism is associated with lower APN levels in CRC patients, indicating that decreased circulating levels of APN may be a determinant risk factor for CRC in MetS patients.

Death-associated protein kinase: A molecule with functional antagonistic duality and a potential role in inflammatory bowel disease (Review)

The cytoskeleton-associated serine/threonine kinase death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) has been described as a cancer gene chameleon with functional antagonistic duality in a cell type and context specific manner. The broad range of interaction partners and substrates link DAPK to inflammatory processes especially in the gut. Herein we summarize our knowledge on the role of DAPK in different cell types that play a role under inflammatory conditions in the gut. Besides some promising experimental data suggesting DAPK as an interesting drug target in inflammatory bowel disease there are many open questions regarding direct evidence for a role of DAPK in intestinal inflammation.