1
|
Zhang Y, Yan M, Yu Y, Wang J, Jiao Y, Zheng M, Zhang S. 14-3-3ε: a protein with complex physiology function but promising therapeutic potential in cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:72. [PMID: 38279176 PMCID: PMC10811864 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the role of the 14-3-3 protein has received increasing interest. Seven subtypes of 14-3-3 proteins exhibit high homology; however, each subtype maintains its specificity. The 14-3-3ε protein is involved in various physiological processes, including signal transduction, cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle regulation, repolarization of cardiac action, cardiac development, intracellular electrolyte homeostasis, neurodevelopment, and innate immunity. It also plays a significant role in the development and progression of various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. These immense and various involvements of 14-3-3ε in diverse processes makes it a promising target for drug development. Although extensive research has been conducted on 14-3-3 dimers, studies on 14-3-3 monomers are limited. This review aimed to provide an overview of recent reports on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of binding partners by 14-3-3ε, focusing on issues that could help advance the frontiers of this field. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Yan
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300121, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Jiao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
López-Cortés GI, Díaz-Alvarez L, Ortega E. Leukocyte Membrane Enzymes Play the Cell Adhesion Game. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742292. [PMID: 34887854 PMCID: PMC8650063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, proteins with enzymatic activity have not been usually considered to carry out other functions different from catalyzing chemical reactions within or outside the cell. Nevertheless, in the last few years several reports have uncovered the participation of numerous enzymes in other processes, placing them in the category of moonlighting proteins. Some moonlighting enzymes have been shown to participate in complex processes such as cell adhesion. Cell adhesion plays a physiological role in multiple processes: it enables cells to establish close contact with one another, allowing communication; it is a key step during cell migration; it is also involved in tightly binding neighboring cells in tissues, etc. Importantly, cell adhesion is also of great importance in pathophysiological scenarios like migration and metastasis establishment of cancer cells. Cell adhesion is strictly regulated through numerous switches: proteins, glycoproteins and other components of the cell membrane. Recently, several cell membrane enzymes have been reported to participate in distinct steps of the cell adhesion process. Here, we review a variety of examples of membrane bound enzymes participating in adhesion of immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina I López-Cortés
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Díaz-Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh R, Zogg H, Ro S. Role of microRNAs in Disorders of Gut-Brain Interactions: Clinical Insights and Therapeutic Alternatives. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11101021. [PMID: 34683162 PMCID: PMC8541612 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of gut–brain interactions (DGBIs) are heterogeneous in nature and intertwine with diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. Regular functioning of the gut requires complex coordinated interplay between a variety of gastrointestinal (GI) cell types and their functions are regulated by multiple mechanisms at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by binding to specific mRNA targets to repress their translation and/or promote the target mRNA degradation. Dysregulation of miRNAs might impair gut physiological functions leading to DGBIs and gut motility disorders. Studies have shown miRNAs regulate gut functions such as visceral sensation, gut immune response, GI barrier function, enteric neuronal development, and GI motility. These biological processes are highly relevant to the gut where neuroimmune interactions are key contributors in controlling gut homeostasis and functional defects lead to DGBIs. Although extensive research has explored the pathophysiology of DGBIs, further research is warranted to bolster the molecular mechanisms behind these disorders. The therapeutic targeting of miRNAs represents an attractive approach for the treatment of DGBIs because they offer new insights into disease mechanisms and have great potential to be used in the clinic as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Here, we review recent advances regarding the regulation of miRNAs in GI pacemaking cells, immune cells, and enteric neurons modulating pathophysiological mechanisms of DGBIs. This review aims to assess the impacts of miRNAs on the pathophysiological mechanisms of DGBIs, including GI dysmotility, impaired intestinal barrier function, gut immune dysfunction, and visceral hypersensitivity. We also summarize the therapeutic alternatives for gut microbial dysbiosis in DGBIs, highlighting the clinical insights and areas for further exploration. We further discuss the challenges in miRNA therapeutics and promising emerging approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seungil Ro
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-775-784-1462; Fax: +1-775-784-6903
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mahurkar-Joshi S, Rankin CR, Videlock EJ, Soroosh A, Verma A, Khandadash A, Iliopoulos D, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA, Chang L. The Colonic Mucosal MicroRNAs, MicroRNA-219a-5p, and MicroRNA-338-3p Are Downregulated in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Are Associated With Barrier Function and MAPK Signaling. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2409-2422.e19. [PMID: 33617890 PMCID: PMC8169529 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Alterations in microRNA (miRNA) and in the intestinal barrier are putative risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to identify differentially expressed colonic mucosal miRNAs, their targets in IBS compared to healthy controls (HCs), and putative downstream pathways. METHODS Twenty-nine IBS patients (15 IBS with constipation [IBS-C], 14 IBS with diarrhea [IBS-D]), and 15 age-matched HCs underwent sigmoidoscopy with biopsies. A nCounter array was used to assess biopsy specimen-associated miRNA levels. A false discovery rate (FDR) < 10% was considered significant. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to validate differentially expressed genes. To assess barrier function, trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and dextran flux assays were performed on Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells that were transfected with miRNA-inhibitors or control inhibitors. Protein expression of barrier function associated genes was confirmed using western blots. RESULTS Four out of 247 miRNAs tested were differentially expressed in IBS compared to HCs (FDR < 10%). Real-time PCR validation suggested decreased levels of miR-219a-5p and miR-338-3p in IBS (P = .026 and P = .004), and IBS-C (P = .02 and P = .06) vs. HCs as the strongest associations. Inhibition of miR-219a-5p resulted in altered expression of proteasome/barrier function genes. Functionally, miR-219a-5p inhibition enhanced the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells as TEER was reduced (25-50%, P < .05) and dextran flux was increased (P < .01). Additionally, inhibition of miR-338-3p in cells caused alterations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway genes. CONCLUSION Two microRNAs that potentially affect permeability and visceral nociception were identified to be altered in IBS patients. MiR-219a-5p and miR-338-3p potentially alter barrier function and visceral hypersensitivity via neuronal and MAPK signaling and could be therapeutic targets in IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Mahurkar-Joshi
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Carl Robert Rankin
- UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Elizabeth Jane Videlock
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Artin Soroosh
- UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Abhishek Verma
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Ariela Khandadash
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- UCLA Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Lin Chang
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Enhancing the chondrogenic potential of chondrogenic progenitor cells by deleting RAB5C. iScience 2021; 24:102464. [PMID: 34013174 PMCID: PMC8113995 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic joint disease that affects a large proportion of the elderly population. Chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) reside in late-stage OA cartilage tissue, producing a fibrocartilaginous extracellular matrix; these cells can be manipulated in vitro to deposit proteins of healthy articular cartilage. CPCs are under the control of SOX9 and RUNX2. In our earlier studies, we showed that a knockdown of RUNX2 enhanced the chondrogenic potential of CPCs. Here we demonstrate that CPCs carrying a knockout of RAB5C, a protein involved in endosomal trafficking, exhibited elevated expression of multiple chondrogenic markers, including the SOX trio, and increased COL2 deposition, whereas no changes in COL1 deposition were observed. We report RAB5C as an attractive target for future therapeutic approaches designed to increase the COL2 content in the diseased joint.
Collapse
|
6
|
González-Muñiz R, Bonache MÁ, Pérez de Vega MJ. Modulating Protein-Protein Interactions by Cyclic and Macrocyclic Peptides. Prominent Strategies and Examples. Molecules 2021; 26:445. [PMID: 33467010 PMCID: PMC7830901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic and macrocyclic peptides constitute advanced molecules for modulating protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Although still peptide derivatives, they are metabolically more stable than linear counterparts, and should have a lower degree of flexibility, with more defined secondary structure conformations that can be adapted to imitate protein interfaces. In this review, we analyze recent progress on the main methods to access cyclic/macrocyclic peptide derivatives, with emphasis in a few selected examples designed to interfere within PPIs. These types of peptides can be from natural origin, or prepared by biochemical or synthetic methodologies, and their design could be aided by computational approaches. Some advances to facilitate the permeability of these quite big molecules by conjugation with cell penetrating peptides, and the incorporation of β-amino acid and peptoid structures to improve metabolic stability, are also commented. It is predicted that this field of research could have an important future mission, running in parallel to the discovery of new, relevant PPIs involved in pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario González-Muñiz
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.B.); (M.J.P.d.V.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Drug metabolizing enzymes catalyze the biotransformation of many of drugs and chemicals. The drug metabolizing enzymes are distributed among several evolutionary families and catalyze a range of detoxication reactions, including oxidation/reduction, conjugative, and hydrolytic reactions that serve to detoxify potentially toxic compounds. This detoxication function requires that drug metabolizing enzymes exhibit substrate promiscuity. In addition to their catalytic functions, many drug metabolizing enzymes possess functions unrelated to or in addition to catalysis. Such proteins are termed 'moonlighting proteins' and are defined as proteins with multiple biochemical or biophysical functions that reside in a single protein. This review discusses the diverse moonlighting functions of drug metabolizing enzymes and the roles they play in physiological functions relating to reproduction, vision, cell signaling, cancer, and transport. Further research will likely reveal new examples of moonlighting functions of drug metabolizing enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Board
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiehstaller S, Ottmann C, Hennig S. MMP activation-associated aminopeptidase N reveals a bivalent 14-3-3 binding motif. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18266-18275. [PMID: 33109610 PMCID: PMC7939381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N (APN, CD13) is a transmembrane ectopeptidase involved in many crucial cellular functions. Besides its role as a peptidase, APN also mediates signal transduction and is involved in the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs function in tissue remodeling within the extracellular space and are therefore involved in many human diseases, such as fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis, as well as viral infections. However, the exact mechanism that leads to APN-driven MMP activation is unclear. It was previously shown that extracellular 14-3-3 adapter proteins bind to APN and thereby induce the transcription of MMPs. As a first step, we sought to identify potential 14-3-3-binding sites in the APN sequence. We constructed a set of phosphorylated peptides derived from APN to probe for interactions. We identified and characterized a canonical 14-3-3-binding site (site 1) within the flexible, structurally unresolved N-terminal APN region using direct binding fluorescence polarization assays and thermodynamic analysis. In addition, we identified a secondary, noncanonical binding site (site 2), which enhances the binding affinity in combination with site 1 by many orders of magnitude. Finally, we solved crystal structures of 14-3-3σ bound to mono- and bis-phosphorylated APN-derived peptides, which revealed atomic details of the binding mode of mono- and bivalent 14-3-3 interactions. Therefore, our findings shed some light on the first steps of APN-mediated MMP activation and open the field for further investigation of this important signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kiehstaller
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Sven Hennig
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Guo Y, Fang X, Zheng B, Gao W, Yu H, Chen Z, Roman RJ, Fan F. Reduced pericyte and tight junction coverage in old diabetic rats are associated with hyperglycemia-induced cerebrovascular pericyte dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H549-H562. [PMID: 33306445 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00726.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the primary pathological factors that contributes to aging-related cognitive impairments, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We recently reported that old DM rats exhibited impaired myogenic responses of the cerebral arteries and arterioles, poor cerebral blood flow autoregulation, enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and cognitive impairments. These changes were associated with diminished vascular smooth muscle cell contractile capability linked to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced ATP production. In the present study, using a nonobese T2DN DM rat, we isolated parenchymal arterioles (PAs), cultured cerebral microvascular pericytes, and examined whether cerebrovascular pericyte in DM is damaged and whether pericyte dysfunction may play a role in the regulation of cerebral hemodynamics and BBB integrity. We found that ROS and mitochondrial superoxide production were elevated in PAs isolated from old DM rats and in high glucose (HG)-treated α-smooth muscle actin-positive pericytes. HG-treated pericytes displayed decreased contractile capability in association with diminished mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. Additionally, the expression of advanced glycation end products, transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibronectin were enhanced, but claudin 5 and integrin β1 was reduced in the brain of old DM rats and HG-treated pericytes. Further, endothelial tight junction and pericyte coverage on microvessels were reduced in the cortex of old DM rats. These results demonstrate our previous findings that the impaired cerebral hemodynamics and BBB leakage and cognitive impairments in the same old DM model are associated with hyperglycemia-induced cerebrovascular pericyte dysfunction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that the loss of contractile capability in pericytes in diabetes is associated with enhanced ROS and reduced ATP production. Enhanced advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in diabetes accompany with reduced pericyte and endothelial tight junction coverage in the cortical capillaries of old diabetic rats. These results suggest our previous findings that the impaired cerebral hemodynamics, BBB leakage, and cognitive impairments in old DM model are associated with hyperglycemia-induced cerebrovascular pericyte dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yedan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Ya Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xing Fang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Baoying Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Hongwei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Zongbo Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Richard J Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aldana AA, Uhart M, Abraham GA, Bustos DM, Boccaccini AR. 14-3-3ε protein-loaded 3D hydrogels favor osteogenesis. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2020; 31:105. [PMID: 33141369 PMCID: PMC7609425 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-020-06434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has emerged as vanguard technique of biofabrication to assemble cells, biomaterials and biomolecules in a spatially controlled manner to reproduce native tissues. In this work, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/alginate hydrogel scaffolds were obtained by 3D printing and 14-3-3ε protein was encapsulated in the hydrogel to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASC). GelMA/alginate-based grid-like structures were printed and remained stable upon photo-crosslinking. The viscosity of alginate allowed to control the pore size and strand width. A higher viscosity of hydrogel ink enhanced the printing accuracy. Protein-loaded GelMA/alginate-based hydrogel showed a clear induction of the osteogenic differentiation of hASC cells. The results are relevant for future developments of GelMA/alginate for bone tissue engineering given the positive effect of 14-3-3ε protein on both cell adhesion and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Aldana
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA (UNMdP-CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marina Uhart
- Laboratorio de Integración de Señales Celulares, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET-UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Abraham
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA (UNMdP-CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Diego M Bustos
- Laboratorio de Integración de Señales Celulares, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET-UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina.
- Facultad de Cs Exactas y Naturales -UNCuyo Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu C, Amin MA, Fox DA. CD13/Aminopeptidase N Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3-11. [PMID: 31848300 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD13/aminopeptidase N is a widely expressed ectoenzyme with multiple functions. As an enzyme, CD13 regulates activities of numerous cytokines by cleaving their N-terminals and is involved in Ag processing by trimming the peptides bound to MHC class II. Independent of its enzymatic activity, cell membrane CD13 functions by cross-linking-induced signal transduction, regulation of receptor recycling, enhancement of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, and acting as a receptor for cytokines. Moreover, soluble CD13 has multiple proinflammatory roles mediated by binding to G-protein-coupled receptors. CD13 not only modulates development and activities of immune-related cells, but also regulates functions of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, CD13 is important in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. Inhibitors of CD13 have shown impressive anti-inflammatory effects, but none of them has yet been used for clinical therapy of human inflammatory diseases. We reevaluate CD13's regulatory role in inflammation and suggest that CD13 could be a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Lu
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Mohammad A Amin
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Millerand M, Sudre L, Nefla M, Pène F, Rousseau C, Pons A, Ravat A, André-Leroux G, Akira S, Satoh T, Berenbaum F, Jacques C. Activation of innate immunity by 14-3-3 ε, a new potential alarmin in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:646-657. [PMID: 32173627 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The innate immune system plays a central role in osteoarthritis (OA). We identified 14-3-3ε as a novel mediator that guides chondrocytes toward an inflammatory phenotype. 14-3-3ε shares common characteristics with alarmins. These endogenous molecules, released into extracellular media, are increasingly incriminated in sustaining OA inflammation. Alarmins bind mainly to toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 receptors and polarize macrophages in the synovium. We investigated the effects of 14-3-3ε in joint cells and tissues and its interactions with TLRs to define it as a new alarmin involved in OA. DESIGN Chondrocyte, synoviocyte and macrophage cultures from murine or OA human samples were treated with 14-3-3ε. To inhibit TLR2/4 in chondrocytes, blocking antibodies were used. Moreover, chondrocytes and bone marrow macrophage (BMM) cultures from knockout (KO) TLRs mice were stimulated with 14-3-3ε. Gene expression and release of inflammatory mediators [interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)] were evaluated via reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and ELISA. RESULTS In vitro, 14-3-3ε induced gene expression and release of IL6 and MCP1 in the treated cells. The inflammatory effects of 14-3-3ε were significantly reduced following TLRs inhibition or in TLRs KO chondrocytes and BMM. CONCLUSIONS 14-3-3ε is able to induce an inflammatory phenotype in synoviocytes, macrophages and chondrocytes in addition to polarizing macrophages. These effects seem to involve TLR2 or TLR4 to trigger innate immunity. Our results designate 14-3-3ε as a novel alarmin in OA and as a new target either for therapeutic and/or prognostic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Millerand
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - L Sudre
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - M Nefla
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - F Pène
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - C Rousseau
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris France
| | - A Pons
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - A Ravat
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| | - G André-Leroux
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Akira
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Satoh
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - F Berenbaum
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Department of Rheumatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France.
| | - C Jacques
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM (UMR_S938) and Labex Transimmunom, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rivero G, Aldana AA, Frontini Lopez YR, Liverani L, Boccacini AR, Bustos DM, Abraham GA. 14-3-3ε protein-immobilized PCL-HA electrospun scaffolds with enhanced osteogenicity. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:99. [PMID: 31455977 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) accelerate the osteointegration of bone grafts and improve the efficiency in the formation of uniform bone tissue, providing a practical and clinically attractive approach in bone tissue regeneration. In this work, the effect of nanofibrous biomimetic matrices composed of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), nanometric hydroxyapatite (nHA) particles and 14-3-3 protein isoform epsilon on the initial stages of human ASCs (hASCs) osteogenic differentiation was investigated. The cells were characterized by flow cytometry and induction to differentiation to adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. The isolated hASCs were induced to differentiate to osteoblasts over all scaffolds, and adhesion and viability of the hASCs were found to be similar. However, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as early osteogenic marker in the PCL-nHA/protein scaffold was four times higher than in PCL-nHA and more than five times than the measured in neat PCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Rivero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA (UNMdP-CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - A A Aldana
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA (UNMdP-CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Y R Frontini Lopez
- Laboratorio de Integración de Señales Celulares, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - L Liverani
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - A R Boccacini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - D M Bustos
- Laboratorio de Integración de Señales Celulares, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - G A Abraham
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales, INTEMA (UNMdP-CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu Q, Li L, Huang A, Cui L, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z, Dai M. Molecular Characterization and Biological Function of a Novel LncRNA CRNG in Swine. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:539. [PMID: 31178726 PMCID: PMC6537671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study has showed that a novel gene is differentially expressed in the liver of cyadox-fed piglets, but its sequence and function are unknown. Here, rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and bioinformatics analysis showed that the novel gene is 953 bp without protein-coding ability and locates in chromosome 11. Hence, we identified the novel gene as long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and named it cyadox-related novel gene (CRNG). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that CRNG mainly distributes in cytoplasm. Moreover, microarray assay in combination with CRNG interference and overexpression showed that the differential genes such as ANPEP, KITLG, STAT5A, FOXP3, miR-451, IL-2, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α are mainly involved in viral and pathogens infection and the immune-inflammatory responses in PK-15 cells. This work reveals that CRNG might play a role in preventing the host from being infected by pathogens and viruses and exerting immune regulatory effects in the cytoplasm, which may be involved in prophylaxis of cyadox in piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Lu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aixin Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luqing Cui
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Krüger DM, Glas A, Bier D, Pospiech N, Wallraven K, Dietrich L, Ottmann C, Koch O, Hennig S, Grossmann TN. Structure-Based Design of Non-natural Macrocyclic Peptides That Inhibit Protein-Protein Interactions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8982-8988. [PMID: 29028171 PMCID: PMC5682607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Macrocyclic
peptides can interfere with challenging biomolecular
targets including protein–protein interactions. Whereas there
are various approaches that facilitate the identification of peptide-derived
ligands, their evolution into higher affinity binders remains a major
hurdle. We report a virtual screen based on molecular docking that
allows the affinity maturation of macrocyclic peptides taking non-natural
amino acids into consideration. These macrocycles bear large and flexible
substituents that usually complicate the use of docking approaches.
A virtual library containing more than 1400 structures was screened
against the target focusing on docking poses with the core structure
resembling a known bioactive conformation. Based on this screen, a
macrocyclic peptide 22 involving two non-natural amino
acids was evolved showing increased target affinity and biological
activity. Predicted binding modes were verified by X-ray crystallography.
The presented workflow allows the screening of large macrocyclic peptides
with diverse modifications thereby expanding the accessible chemical
space and reducing synthetic efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Krüger
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Adrian Glas
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - David Bier
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Nicole Pospiech
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wallraven
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Laura Dietrich
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen , Universitätstr. 7, 45141 Essen, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Koch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom N Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society , Otto-Hahn-Str. 15, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Guella I, McKenzie MB, Evans DM, Buerki SE, Toyota EB, Van Allen MI, Suri M, Elmslie F, Simon ME, van Gassen KL, Héron D, Keren B, Nava C, Connolly MB, Demos M, Farrer MJ, Adam S, Boelman C, Bolbocean C, Candido T, Eydoux P, Horvath G, Huh L, Nelson TN, Sinclair G, van Karnebeek C, Vercauteren S. De Novo Mutations in YWHAG Cause Early-Onset Epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 101:300-310. [PMID: 28777935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing has revealed many de novo mutations in the etiology of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (EEs), highlighting their genetic heterogeneity. Additional candidate genes have been prioritized in silico by their co-expression in the brain. Here, we evaluate rare coding variability in 20 candidates nominated with the use of a reference gene set of 51 established EE-associated genes. Variants within the 20 candidate genes were extracted from exome-sequencing data of 42 subjects with EE and no previous genetic diagnosis. We identified 7 rare non-synonymous variants in 7 of 20 genes and performed Sanger sequence validation in affected probands and parental samples. De novo variants were found only in SLC1A2 (aka EAAT2 or GLT1) (c.244G>A [p.Gly82Arg]) and YWHAG (aka 14-3-3γ) (c.394C>T [p.Arg132Cys]), highlighting the potential cause of EE in 5% (2/42) of subjects. Seven additional subjects with de novo variants in SLC1A2 (n = 1) and YWHAG (n = 6) were subsequently identified through online tools. We identified a highly significant enrichment of de novo variants in YWHAG, establishing their role in early-onset epilepsy, and we provide additional support for the prior assignment of SLC1A2. Hence, in silico modeling of brain co-expression is an efficient method for nominating EE-associated genes to further elucidate the disorder's etiology and genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kaplan A, Bueno M, Fournier AE. Extracellular functions of 14-3-3 adaptor proteins. Cell Signal 2017; 31:26-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
18
|
Morgan RL, Behbahani-Nejad N, Endres J, Amin MA, Lepore NJ, Du Y, Urquhart A, Chung KC, Fox DA. Localization, Shedding, Regulation and Function of Aminopeptidase N/CD13 on Fibroblast like Synoviocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162008. [PMID: 27658265 PMCID: PMC5033571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminopeptidase N/CD13 is highly expressed by fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLS) and may play a role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CD13 was previously detected in human synovial fluid where it was significantly increased in RA compared to osteoarthritis. In this study we found that CD13 in biological fluids (plasma, synovial fluid, FLS culture supernatant) is present as both a soluble molecule and on extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, as assessed by differential ultracentrifugation and density gradient separation. Having determined CD13 could be released as a soluble molecule from FLS, we examined potential mechanisms by which CD13 might be shed from the FLS membrane. The use of protease inhibitors revealed that CD13 is cleaved from the FLS surface by metalloproteinases. siRNA treatment of FLS revealed one of those proteases to be MMP14. We determined that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-17) upregulated CD13 mRNA in FLS, which may contribute to the increased CD13 in RA synovium and synovial fluid. Inhibition of CD13 function by either inhibitors of enzymatic activity or anti-CD13 antibodies resulted in decreased growth and diminished migration of FLS. This suggests that CD13 may be involved in the pathogenic hyperplasia of RA FLS. This data expands potential roles for CD13 in the pathogenesis of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Morgan
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nilofar Behbahani-Nejad
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Judith Endres
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - M. Asif Amin
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nick J. Lepore
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yuxuan Du
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew Urquhart
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin C. Chung
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - David A. Fox
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|