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Rao VG, Shendge AA, D'Gama PP, Martis EAF, Mehta S, Coutinho EC, D'Souza JS. A-kinase anchoring proteins are enriched in the central pair microtubules of motile cilia in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:457-476. [PMID: 38140814 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based sensory organelles present in a number of eukaryotic cells. Mutations in the genes encoding ciliary proteins cause ciliopathies in humans. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) tether ciliary signaling proteins such as protein kinase A (PKA). The dimerization and docking domain (D/D) on the RIIα subunit of PKA interacts with AKAPs. Here, we show that AKAP240 from the central-pair microtubules of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cilia uses two C-terminal amphipathic helices to bind to its partner FAP174, an RIIα-like protein with a D/D domain at the N-terminus. Co-immunoprecipitation using anti-FAP174 antibody with an enriched central-pair microtubule fraction isolated seven interactors whose mass spectrometry analysis revealed proteins from the C2a (FAP65, FAP70, and FAP147) and C1b (CPC1, HSP70A, and FAP42) microtubule projections and FAP75, a protein whose sub-ciliary localization is unknown. Using RII D/D and FAP174 as baits, we identified two additional AKAPs (CPC1 and FAP297) in the central-pair microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanan G Rao
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, India
| | - Amruta A Shendge
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, India
| | - Percival P D'Gama
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, India
| | - Elvis A F Martis
- Molecular Simulations Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, India
| | - Shraddha Mehta
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, India
| | - Evans C Coutinho
- Molecular Simulations Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, India
- St John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar (E), Maharashtra, India
| | - Jacinta S D'Souza
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Kalina Campus, Santacruz (E), Mumbai, India
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2
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Kita T, Chiba K, Wang J, Nakagawa A, Niwa S. Comparative analysis of two Caenorhabditis elegans kinesins KLP-6 and UNC-104 reveals a common and distinct activation mechanism in kinesin-3. eLife 2024; 12:RP89040. [PMID: 38206323 PMCID: PMC10945585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-3 is a family of microtubule-dependent motor proteins that transport various cargos within the cell. However, the mechanism underlying kinesin-3 activations remains largely elusive. In this study, we compared the biochemical properties of two Caenorhabditis elegans kinesin-3 family proteins, KLP-6 and UNC-104. Both KLP-6 and UNC-104 are predominantly monomeric in solution. As previously shown for UNC-104, non-processive KLP-6 monomer is converted to a processive motor when artificially dimerized. We present evidence that releasing the autoinhibition is sufficient to trigger dimerization of monomeric UNC-104 at nanomolar concentrations, which results in processive movement of UNC-104 on microtubules, although it has long been thought that enrichment in the phospholipid microdomain on cargo vesicles is required for the dimerization and processive movement of UNC-104. In contrast, KLP-6 remains to be a non-processive monomer even when its autoinhibition is unlocked, suggesting a requirement of other factors for full activation. By examining the differences between KLP-6 and UNC-104, we identified a coiled-coil domain called coiled-coil 2 (CC2) that is required for the efficient dimerization and processive movement of UNC-104. Our results suggest a common activation mechanism for kinesin-3 family members, while also highlighting their diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kita
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Kyoko Chiba
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Jiye Wang
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | | | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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3
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Findinier J, Grossman AR. Chlamydomonas: Fast tracking from genomics. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:644-652. [PMID: 37417760 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating biological processes has relied on the establishment of model organisms, many of which offer advantageous features such as rapid axenic growth, extensive knowledge of their physiological features and gene content, and the ease with which they can be genetically manipulated. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been an exemplary model that has enabled many scientific breakthroughs over the decades, especially in the fields of photosynthesis, cilia function and biogenesis, and the acclimation of photosynthetic organisms to their environment. Here, we discuss recent molecular/technological advances that have been applied to C. reinhardtii and how they have further fostered its development as a "flagship" algal system. We also explore the future promise of this alga in leveraging advances in the fields of genomics, proteomics, imaging, and synthetic biology for addressing critical future biological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Findinier
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Science and Engineering, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- The Carnegie Institution for Science, Biosphere Science and Engineering, Stanford, California, USA
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Jin HJ, Wang JL, Geng XY, Wang CY, Wang BB, Chen SR. CFAP70 is a solid and valuable target for the genetic diagnosis of oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia in infertile men. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104675. [PMID: 37352829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male infertility is a worldwide population health concern, but its aetiology remains largely understood. Although CFAP70 variants have already been reported in two oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia (OAT) individuals by sequencing, animal evidence to support CFAP70 as a credible OAT-pathogenic gene is lacking. METHOD Cfap70-KO mice were generated to explore the physiological role of CFAP70. CFAP70 variants were detected in infertile men with OAT by whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing confirmation. Cfap70-truncated mice were further generated to explore the pathogenicity of the nonsense variant of CFAP70 identified in the proband. FINDINGS Here, we demonstrate that Cfap70-KO mice are sterile mainly due to OAT and further identify a Chinese infertile man carrying a homozygous nonsense variant (c.2962C > T/p.R988X) of CFAP70. Cfap70-truncated mice lacking 5-8 tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) mimic the patient's symptoms. CFAP70 is required for the biogenesis of spermatid flagella partially by regulating the expression of OAT-associated proteins (e.g., QRICH2), assisting the cytoplasmic preassembly of the calmodulin- and radial spoke-associated complex (CSC), and controlling the manchette localization of axoneme-related proteins. Moreover, we suggest that CFAP70-associated male infertility could be overcome by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment. INTERPRETATION Overall, we demonstrate that CFAP70 is necessary to assemble spermatid flagella and that CFAP70 gene could be used as a diagnostic target for male infertility with OAT in the clinic. FUNDING This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project (2019YFA0802101 to S.C), Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education (to S.C), Central Government to Guide Local Scientific and Technological Development (ZY21195023 to B.W), and Basic Research Projects of Central Scientific Research Institutes (to B.W).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jun-Li Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China; Environmental Health Risk Assessment and Prevention Engineering Center of Ecological Aluminum Industry Base of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xin-Yan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute of Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bin-Bin Wang
- Center for Genetics, National Research Institute of Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Engineering Technology Research (NRIFP), National Research Institute for Family Planning, 100081 Beijing, China.
| | - Su-Ren Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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Walton T, Gui M, Velkova S, Fassad MR, Hirst RA, Haarman E, O'Callaghan C, Bottier M, Burgoyne T, Mitchison HM, Brown A. Axonemal structures reveal mechanoregulatory and disease mechanisms. Nature 2023; 618:625-633. [PMID: 37258679 PMCID: PMC10266980 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia and flagella beat rhythmically on the surface of cells to power the flow of fluid and to enable spermatozoa and unicellular eukaryotes to swim. In humans, defective ciliary motility can lead to male infertility and a congenital disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), in which impaired clearance of mucus by the cilia causes chronic respiratory infections1. Ciliary movement is generated by the axoneme, a molecular machine consisting of microtubules, ATP-powered dynein motors and regulatory complexes2. The size and complexity of the axoneme has so far prevented the development of an atomic model, hindering efforts to understand how it functions. Here we capitalize on recent developments in artificial intelligence-enabled structure prediction and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of the 96-nm modular repeats of axonemes from the flagella of the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and human respiratory cilia. Our atomic models provide insights into the conservation and specialization of axonemes, the interconnectivity between dyneins and their regulators, and the mechanisms that maintain axonemal periodicity. Correlated conformational changes in mechanoregulatory complexes with their associated axonemal dynein motors provide a mechanism for the long-hypothesized mechanotransduction pathway to regulate ciliary motility. Structures of respiratory-cilia doublet microtubules from four individuals with PCD reveal how the loss of individual docking factors can selectively eradicate periodically repeating structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Walton
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miao Gui
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Simona Velkova
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahmoud R Fassad
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Robert A Hirst
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Eric Haarman
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher O'Callaghan
- Infection, Immunity & Inflammation Department, NIHR GOSH BRC, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Bottier
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Burgoyne
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hannah M Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alan Brown
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Chen Z, Greenan GA, Shiozaki M, Liu Y, Skinner WM, Zhao X, Zhao S, Yan R, Yu Z, Lishko PV, Agard DA, Vale RD. In situ cryo-electron tomography reveals the asymmetric architecture of mammalian sperm axonemes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:360-369. [PMID: 36593309 PMCID: PMC10023559 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The flagella of mammalian sperm display non-planar, asymmetric beating, in contrast to the planar, symmetric beating of flagella from sea urchin sperm and unicellular organisms. The molecular basis of this difference is unclear. Here, we perform in situ cryo-electron tomography of mouse and human sperm, providing the highest-resolution structural information to date. Our subtomogram averages reveal mammalian sperm-specific protein complexes within the microtubules, the radial spokes and nexin-dynein regulatory complexes. The locations and structures of these complexes suggest potential roles in enhancing the mechanical strength of mammalian sperm axonemes and regulating dynein-based axonemal bending. Intriguingly, we find that each of the nine outer microtubule doublets is decorated with a distinct combination of sperm-specific complexes. We propose that this asymmetric distribution of proteins differentially regulates the sliding of each microtubule doublet and may underlie the asymmetric beating of mammalian sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Garrett A Greenan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Momoko Shiozaki
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yanxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Will M Skinner
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Shumei Zhao
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Rui Yan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Polina V Lishko
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Longevity and Equality, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - David A Agard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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7
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Wang J, Wang W, Shen L, Zheng A, Meng Q, Li H, Yang S. Clinical detection, diagnosis and treatment of morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella: A review of literature. Front Genet 2022; 13:1034951. [PMID: 36425067 PMCID: PMC9679630 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1034951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm carries male genetic information, and flagella help move the sperm to reach oocytes. When the ultrastructure of the flagella is abnormal, the sperm is unable to reach the oocyte and achieve insemination. Multiple morphological abnormalities of sperm flagella (MMAF) is a relatively rare idiopathic condition that is mainly characterized by multiple defects in sperm flagella. In the last decade, with the development of high-throughput DNA sequencing approaches, many genes have been revealed to be related to MMAF. However, the differences in sperm phenotypes and reproductive outcomes in many cases are attributed to different pathogenic genes or different pathogenic mutations in the same gene. Here, we will review information about the various phenotypes resulting from different pathogenic genes, including sperm ultrastructure and encoding proteins with their location and functions as well as assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes. We will share our clinical detection and diagnosis experience to provide additional clinical views and broaden the understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shenmin Yang
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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8
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Ciliary central apparatus structure reveals mechanisms of microtubule patterning. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:483-492. [PMID: 35578023 PMCID: PMC9930914 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A pair of extensively modified microtubules form the central apparatus (CA) of the axoneme of most motile cilia, where they regulate ciliary motility. The external surfaces of both CA microtubules are patterned asymmetrically with large protein complexes that repeat every 16 or 32 nm. The composition of these projections and the mechanisms that establish asymmetry and longitudinal periodicity are unknown. Here, by determining cryo-EM structures of the CA microtubules, we identify 48 different CA-associated proteins, which in turn reveal mechanisms for asymmetric and periodic protein binding to microtubules. We identify arc-MIPs, a novel class of microtubule inner protein, that bind laterally across protofilaments and remodel tubulin structure and lattice contacts. The binding mechanisms utilized by CA proteins may be generalizable to other microtubule-associated proteins. These structures establish a foundation to elucidate the contributions of individual CA proteins to ciliary motility and ciliopathies.
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9
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Cai K, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Phan N, Hou Y, Cheng X, Witman GB, Nicastro D. Structural organization of the C1b projection within the ciliary central apparatus. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272503. [PMID: 34651179 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia have a '9+2' structure containing nine doublet microtubules and a central apparatus (CA) composed of two singlet microtubules with associated projections. The CA plays crucial roles in regulating ciliary motility. Defects in CA assembly or function usually result in motility-impaired or paralyzed cilia, which in humans causes disease. Despite their importance, the protein composition and functions of most CA projections remain largely unknown. Here, we combined genetic, proteomic and cryo-electron tomographic approaches to compare the CA of wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with those of three CA mutants. Our results show that two proteins, FAP42 and FAP246, are localized to the L-shaped C1b projection of the CA, where they interact with the candidate CA protein FAP413. FAP42 is a large protein that forms the peripheral 'beam' of the C1b projection, and the FAP246-FAP413 subcomplex serves as the 'bracket' between the beam (FAP42) and the C1b 'pillar' that attaches the projection to the C1 microtubule. The FAP246-FAP413-FAP42 complex is essential for stable assembly of the C1b, C1f and C2b projections, and loss of these proteins leads to ciliary motility defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Yanhe Zhao
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Nhan Phan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Yuqing Hou
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Xi Cheng
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - George B Witman
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Daniela Nicastro
- Departments of Cell Biology and Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
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10
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Macedo-Osorio KS, Martínez-Antonio A, Badillo-Corona JA. Pas de Trois: An Overview of Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-Tricopeptide Repeat Proteins From Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Their Role in Chloroplast Gene Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:775366. [PMID: 34868174 PMCID: PMC8635915 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.775366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Penta-, Tetra-, and Octo-tricopeptide repeat (PPR, TPR, and OPR) proteins are nucleus-encoded proteins composed of tandem repeats of 35, 34, and 38-40 amino acids, respectively. They form helix-turn-helix structures that interact with mRNA or other proteins and participate in RNA stabilization, processing, maturation, and act as translation enhancers of chloroplast and mitochondrial mRNAs. These helical repeat proteins are unevenly present in plants and algae. While PPR proteins are more abundant in plants than in algae, OPR proteins are more abundant in algae. In Arabidopsis, maize, and rice there have been 450, 661, and 477 PPR proteins identified, respectively, which contrasts with only 14 PPR proteins identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Likewise, more than 120 OPR proteins members have been predicted from the nuclear genome of C. reinhardtii and only one has been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Due to their abundance in land plants, PPR proteins have been largely characterized making it possible to elucidate their RNA-binding code. This has even allowed researchers to generate engineered PPR proteins with defined affinity to a particular target, which has served as the basis to develop tools for gene expression in biotechnological applications. However, fine elucidation of the helical repeat proteins code in Chlamydomonas is a pending task. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role PPR, TPR, and OPR proteins play in chloroplast gene expression in the green algae C. reinhardtii, pointing to relevant similarities and differences with their counterparts in plants. We also recapitulate on how these proteins have been engineered and shown to serve as mRNA regulatory factors for biotechnological applications in plants and how this could be used as a starting point for applications in algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla S. Macedo-Osorio
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City, México
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, México
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, México
- *Correspondence: Karla S. Macedo-Osorio,
| | - Agustino Martínez-Antonio
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Genetic Engineering Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, México
| | - Jesús A. Badillo-Corona
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, México City, México
- Jesús A. Badillo-Corona,
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