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Miyokawa R, Hanada M, Togawa Y, Itoh TQ, Kobayakawa Y, Kusumi J. Symbiont specificity differs among green hydra strains. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220789. [PMID: 36312570 PMCID: PMC9554523 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic hydra Hydra viridissima has a stable symbiotic relationship with the green alga Chlorella. This hydra appears to cospeciate with the symbiotic alga, and some strains are known to have strain-specific host/symbiont combinations. To investigate the mechanism of the specificity between host and symbiont, we explored the effect of the removal or exchange of symbionts in two distantly related H. viridissima strains (K10 and M9). In the K10 strain, severe morphological and behavioural changes were found in symbiont-removed and symbiont-exchanged polyps. Interestingly, both polyps showed a similar gene expression pattern. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the removal or exchange of symbionts caused the downregulation of genes involved in the electron transport chain and the upregulation of genes involved in translation in the K10 strain. On the other hand, symbiont-removed and symbiont-exchanged M9 polyps showed modest changes in their morphology and behaviour compared with the K10 strain. Furthermore, the patterns of the gene expression changes in the M9 strain were quite different between the symbiont-removed and symbiont-exchanged polyps. Our results suggested that the regulation of energy balance is one of the crucial mechanisms for maintaining symbiotic relationships in green hydra, and this mechanism differs between the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyokawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Science for Global Society, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Maki Hanada
- Graduate School of Systems Life Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yumiko Togawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Ten-noudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Taichi Q. Itoh
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kobayakawa
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Junko Kusumi
- Department of Environmental Changes, Faculty of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Kević N, Brkanac SR, Vincek N, Štefanić PP, Faraguna F, Kovačević G, Kalafatić M, Franjević D. Endosymbiotic green algae in European Hydra strains show quantitative difference on morphological and isoenzyme level. Symbiosis 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-0579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miyokawa R, Tsuda T, Kanaya HJ, Kusumi J, Tachida H, Kobayakawa Y. Horizontal Transmission of Symbiotic Green Algae Between Hydra Strains. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2018; 235:113-122. [PMID: 30358444 DOI: 10.1086/699705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Some hydra strains belonging to the vulgaris group show a symbiotic relationship with green algae Chlorococcum sp. The symbiotic green algae can escape from the host polyps and can form swimming zoospores (which have two flagella) in culture solution. We observed that co-culture with the symbiotic polyps caused horizontal transmission of the symbionts into some non-symbiotic hydra strains that have no symbionts in nature and that belong not only to the vulgaris group but also to other hydra species groups. Although most of the horizontal transmission has ended in transient symbioses, a newly formed symbiosis between the symbiotic Chlorococcum sp. and strain 105 of Hydra vulgaris (Hydra magnipapillata) has been sustained for more than five years and has caused morphological and behavioral changes in the host polyps. We named this strain 105G. The asexual proliferation rate by budding increased under light conditions, although the feeding activity decreased and the polyp size was reduced in strain 105G. This new symbiosis between Chlorococcum sp. and strain 105G of H. vulgaris provides us with an intriguing research system for investigating the origin of symbiosis.
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Xue L, Shang H, Ma P, Wang X, He X, Niu J, Wu J. Analysis of growth and lipid production characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris in artificially constructed consortia with symbiotic bacteria. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:358-367. [PMID: 29488634 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to study the effect of artificially constructed consortia of microalgae-bacterial symbionts on growth and lipid production by Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris), as well as the inter-relationship between microalgae and bacterial in a photoautotrophic system. The results showed that compared to an axenic culture of C. vulgaris, H1 co-culture system (axenic C. vulgaris-Stenotrophomona smaltophilia) had the strongest effect on the C. vulgaris growth. The biomass, specific growth rate and maximum productivity of C. vulgaris were increased by 21.9, 20.4, and 18%, respectively. The bacteria in co-culture system had a significant effect on the accumulation of lipid and fatty acid components of C. vulgaris: the content of lipid was increased by 8.2-33.83%, and the components of the saturated fatty acids and oleic acids also had an obvious improvement. The results indicate that the microalgae-bacterial co-culture system can improve microalgal biomass and the quality of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingui Xue
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hai Shang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junbo Niu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juanli Wu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering, Gansu Province,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Ishikawa M, Shimizu H, Nozawa M, Ikeo K, Gojobori T. Two-step evolution of endosymbiosis between hydra and algae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 103:19-25. [PMID: 27404042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the Hydra vulgaris group, only 2 of the 25 strains in the collection of the National Institute of Genetics in Japan currently show endosymbiosis with green algae. However, whether the other non-symbiotic strains also have the potential to harbor algae remains unknown. The endosymbiotic potential of non-symbiotic strains that can harbor algae may have been acquired before or during divergence of the strains. With the aim of understanding the evolutionary process of endosymbiosis in the H. vulgaris group, we examined the endosymbiotic potential of non-symbiotic strains of the H. vulgaris group by artificially introducing endosymbiotic algae. We found that 12 of the 23 non-symbiotic strains were able to harbor the algae until reaching the grand-offspring through the asexual reproduction by budding. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genome sequences showed that all the strains with endosymbiotic potential grouped into a single cluster (cluster γ). This cluster contained two strains (J7 and J10) that currently harbor algae; however, these strains were not the closest relatives. These results suggest that evolution of endosymbiosis occurred in two steps; first, endosymbiotic potential was gained once in the ancestor of the cluster γ lineage; second, strains J7 and J10 obtained algae independently after the divergence of the strains. By demonstrating the evolution of the endosymbiotic potential in non-symbiotic H. vulgaris group strains, we have clearly distinguished two evolutionary steps. The step-by-step evolutionary process provides significant insight into the evolution of endosymbiosis in cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ishikawa
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masafumi Nozawa
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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de-Bashan LE, Mayali X, Bebout BM, Weber PK, Detweiler AM, Hernandez JP, Prufert-Bebout L, Bashan Y. Establishment of stable synthetic mutualism without co-evolution between microalgae and bacteria demonstrated by mutual transfer of metabolites (NanoSIMS isotopic imaging) and persistent physical association (Fluorescent in situ hybridization). ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rajević N, Kovačević G, Kalafatić M, Gould SB, Martin WF, Franjević D. Algal endosymbionts in European Hydra strains reflect multiple origins of the zoochlorella symbiosis. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015. [PMID: 26220839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic associations are of broad significance in evolution and biodiversity. Green Hydra is a classic example of endosymbiosis. In its gastrodermal myoepithelial cells it harbors endosymbiotic unicellular green algae, most commonly from the genus Chlorella. We reconstructed the phylogeny of cultured algal endosymbionts isolated and maintained in laboratory conditions for years from green Hydra strains collected from four different geographical sites within Croatia, one from Germany and one from Israel. Nuclear (18S rDNA, ITS region) and chloroplast markers (16S, rbcL) for maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were used. We focused on investigating the positions of these algal endosymbiotic strains within the chlorophyte lineage. Molecular analyses established that different genera and species of unicellular green algae are present as endosymbionts in green Hydra, showing that endosymbiotic algae growing within green Hydra sampled from four Croatian localities are not monophyletic. Our results indicate that the intracellular algal endosymbionts of green Hydra have become established several times independently in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nives Rajević
- Department of Biology, Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Kovačević
- Department of Biology, Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Kalafatić
- Department of Biology, Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Henrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - William F Martin
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Henrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Damjan Franjević
- Department of Biology, Division of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kessler E, Kauer G, Rahat M. Excretion of Sugars byChlorellaSpecies Capable and Incapable of Symbiosis withHydra viridis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1991.tb00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kawaida H, Ohba K, Koutake Y, Shimizu H, Tachida H, Kobayakawa Y. Symbiosis between hydra and chlorella: molecular phylogenetic analysis and experimental study provide insight into its origin and evolution. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 66:906-14. [PMID: 23219706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although many physiological studies have been reported on the symbiosis between hydra and green algae, very little information from a molecular phylogenetic aspect of symbiosis is available. In order to understand the origin and evolution of symbiosis between the two organisms, we compared the phylogenetic relationships among symbiotic green algae with the phylogenetic relationships among host hydra strains. To do so, we reconstructed molecular phylogenetic trees of several strains of symbiotic chlorella harbored in the endodermal epithelial cells of viridissima group hydra strains and investigated their congruence with the molecular phylogenetic trees of the host hydra strains. To examine the species specificity between the host and the symbiont with respect to the genetic distance, we also tried to introduce chlorella strains into two aposymbiotic strains of viridissima group hydra in which symbiotic chlorella had been eliminated in advance. We discussed the origin and history of symbiosis between hydra and green algae based on the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Kawaida
- Graduated School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Sher D, Zlotkin E. A hydra with many heads: Protein and polypeptide toxins from hydra and their biological roles. Toxicon 2009; 54:1148-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Fujii K, Nakashima H, Hashidzume Y. Isolation of folate-producing microalgae, from oligotrophic ponds in Yamaguchi, Japan. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1421-9. [PMID: 19796121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Folate (FA) is a B-vitamin that plays an important role in the prevention of several disorders. Although synthetic FA currently dominates the market, consumers tend to demand natural FA. Because microalgae can produce organic compounds photoautotrophically, we isolated and characterized FA-producing microalgal strains. METHODS AND RESULTS To isolate microalgae that produce vitamins de novo, fresh water samples were cultivated in a mineral salts medium without any vitamins. After repeated subculture, 11 isolates were obtained. A biological assay revealed that four isolates accumulated FA at significantly higher levels (15-36 mg kg(-1) in dry biomass) than any known commercial microalgae. Thiamine content of the isolates was also remarkably high (71-90 mg kg(-1) in dry biomass). Phylogenetic studies based on SSU-rDNA suggested that one isolate was Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while others were likely novel species of Chlorococcum. CONCLUSION There are no reports of toxicity associated with Chlamydomonas and Chlorococcum; therefore, the isolates are expected to be safe and useful not only as a promising alternative source of FA and thiamine but also as nutraceuticals for humans and animals. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present results advance our understanding of FA-producing microalgae in aquatic environments and suggest their potentials for application to biotechnological vitamin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujii
- Department of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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Hemmrich G, Anokhin B, Zacharias H, Bosch TCG. Molecular phylogenetics in Hydra, a classical model in evolutionary developmental biology. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 44:281-90. [PMID: 17174108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Among the earliest diverging animal phyla are the Cnidaria. Freshwater polyps of the genus Hydra (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) have long been of general interest because different species of Hydra reveal fundamental principles that underlie development, differentiation, regeneration and also symbiosis. The phylogenetic relationships among the Hydra species most commonly used in current research are not resolved yet. Here we estimate the phylogenetic relations among eight scientifically important members of the genus Hydra with molecular data from two nuclear (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA) and two mitochondrial (16S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI)) genes. The phylogenetic trees obtained by maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods were generally compatible with present morphological classification patterns. However, the present analysis also bears on several long-standing questions about Hydra systematics and reveals some characteristics of the phylogenetic relationships of this genus that were unknown so far. It indicates that Hydra viridissima, the only species in Hydra, which contains symbiotic algae, might be considered as the sister group to all other species within this genus. Analyses of both nuclear and mitochondrial sequences support the view that Hydra oligactis and Hydra circumcincta are sisters to all other Hydra species. Unexpectedly, we also find that in contrast to its initial description, the strain used for making transgenic Hydra, Hydra vulgaris (strain AEP) is more closely related to Hydra carnea than to other species of Hydra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hemmrich
- Zoological Institute, Christian Albrechts University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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Habetha M, Bosch TCG. SymbioticHydraexpress a plant-like peroxidase gene during oogenesis. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:2157-65. [PMID: 15914659 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYSymbiotic associations accompanied by gene exchange between the symbionts form the phylogenetic origin of eukaryotic cells and, therefore, had significant impact on species diversity and evolutionary novelty. Among the phylogenetically oldest metazoan animals known to form symbiotic relationships are the Cnidaria. In the Cnidarian Hydra viridis, symbiotic algae of the genus Chlorella are located in endodermal epithelial cells and impact sexual differentiation. When screening for Hydra viridis genes that are differentially expressed during symbiosis, we found a gene, HvAPX1, coding for a plant-related ascorbate peroxidase. HvAPX1 is expressed exclusively during oogenesis and in contrast to all known ascorbate peroxidase genes in plants does not contain introns. No member of this gene family has previously been identified from a member of the animal kingdom. We discuss the origin of the HvAPX1 gene and propose that it may have been transferred horizontally following an endosymbiotic event early in evolution of the Hydra lineage as an RNA or cDNA intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Habetha
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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14
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McAuley PJ. Interactions between hosts and symbionts in algal invertebrate intracellular symbioses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/03746609408684820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Meier R, Wiessner W. Infection of algae-free Paramecium bursaria with symbiotic Chlorella sp. Isolated from green paramecia. Eur J Protistol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0932-4739(88)80011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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