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Molecular mechanism of calcium induced trimerization of C1q-like domain of otolin-1 from human and zebrafish. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12778. [PMID: 34140580 PMCID: PMC8211825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The C1q superfamily includes proteins involved in innate immunity, insulin sensitivity, biomineralization and more. Among these proteins is otolin-1, which is a collagen-like protein that forms a scaffold for the biomineralization of inner ear stones in vertebrates. The globular C1q-like domain (gC1q), which is the most conserved part of otolin-1, binds Ca2+ and stabilizes its collagen-like triple helix. The molecular details of the assembly of gC1q otolin-1 trimers are not known. Here, we substituted putative Ca2+-binding acidic residues of gC1q otolin-1 with alanine to analyse how alanine influences the formation of gC1q trimers. We used human and zebrafish gC1q otolin-1 to assess how evolutionary changes affected the function of the protein. Surprisingly, the mutated forms of gC1q otolin-1 trimerized even in the absence of Ca2+, although they were less stable than native proteins saturated with Ca2+. We also found that the zebrafish gC1q domain was less stable than the human homologue under all tested conditions and became stabilized at higher concentrations of Ca2+, which showed that specific interactions leading to the neutralization of the negative charge at the axis of a gC1q trimer by Ca2+ are required for the trimers to form. Moreover, human gC1q otolin-1 seems to be optimized to function at lower concentrations of Ca2+, which is consistent with reported Ca2+ concentrations in the endolymphs of fish and mammals. Our results allow us to explain the molecular mechanism of assembly of proteins from the C1q superfamily, the modulating role of Ca2+ and expand the knowledge of biomineralization of vertebrate inner ear stones: otoliths and otoconia.
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Kwan GT, Smith TR, Tresguerres M. Immunological characterization of two types of ionocytes in the inner ear epithelium of Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:419-431. [PMID: 32468089 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inner ear is essential for maintaining balance and hearing predator and prey in the environment. Each inner ear contains three CaCO3 otolith polycrystals, which are calcified within an alkaline, K+-rich endolymph secreted by the surrounding epithelium. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly understood, especially in marine fish. Here, we investigated the presence and cellular localization of several ion-transporting proteins within the saccular epithelium of the Pacific Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Western blotting revealed the presence of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), carbonic anhydrase (CA), Na+-K+-2Cl--co-transporter (NKCC), vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VHA), plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA), and soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Immunohistochemistry analysis identified two distinct ionocytes types in the saccular epithelium: Type-I ionocytes were mitochondrion-rich and abundantly expressed NKA and NKCC in their basolateral membrane, indicating a role in secreting K+ into the endolymph. On the other hand, Type-II ionocytes were enriched in cytoplasmic CA and VHA, suggesting they help transport HCO3- into the endolymph and remove H+. In addition, both types of ionocytes expressed cytoplasmic PMCA, which is likely involved in Ca2+ transport and homeostasis, as well as sAC, an evolutionary conserved acid-base sensing enzyme that regulates epithelial ion transport. Furthermore, CA, VHA, and sAC were also expressed within the capillaries that supply blood to the meshwork area, suggesting additional mechanisms that contribute to otolith calcification. This information improves our knowledge about the cellular mechanisms responsible for endolymph ion regulation and otolith formation, and can help understand responses to environmental stressors such as ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garfield T Kwan
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Taylor R Smith
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
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3
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Han DG, Kim DJ. The evolutionary hypothesis of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Med Hypotheses 2020; 134:109445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Różycka M, Coronado I, Brach K, Olesiak‐Bańska J, Samoć M, Zarębski M, Dobrucki J, Ptak M, Weber E, Polishchuk I, Pokroy B, Stolarski J, Ożyhar A. Lattice Shrinkage by Incorporation of Recombinant Starmaker-Like Protein within Bioinspired Calcium Carbonate Crystals. Chemistry 2019; 25:12740-12750. [PMID: 31241793 PMCID: PMC6790713 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biological mediation of mineral formation (biomineralization) is realized through diverse organic macromolecules that guide this process in a spatial and temporal manner. Although the role of these molecules in biomineralization is being gradually revealed, the molecular basis of their regulatory function is still poorly understood. In this study, the incorporation and distribution of the model intrinsically disordered starmaker-like (Stm-l) protein, which is active in fish otoliths biomineralization, within calcium carbonate crystals, is revealed. Stm-l promotes crystal nucleation and anisotropic tailoring of crystal morphology. Intracrystalline incorporation of Stm-l protein unexpectedly results in shrinkage (and not expansion, as commonly described in biomineral and bioinspired crystals) of the crystal lattice volume, which is described herein, for the first time, for bioinspired mineralization. A ring pattern was observed in crystals grown for 48 h; this was composed of a protein-enriched region flanked by protein-depleted regions. It can be explained as a result of the Ostwald-like ripening process and intrinsic properties of Stm-l, and bears some analogy to the daily growth layers of the otolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Różycka
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ChemistryWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50-370Poland
| | - Ismael Coronado
- Institute of PaleobiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsaw00-818Poland
| | - Katarzyna Brach
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling GroupFaculty of ChemistryWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50-370Poland
| | - Joanna Olesiak‐Bańska
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling GroupFaculty of ChemistryWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50-370Poland
| | - Marek Samoć
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling GroupFaculty of ChemistryWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50-370Poland
| | - Mirosław Zarębski
- Department of Cell BiophysicsFaculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakow30-387Poland
| | - Jerzy Dobrucki
- Department of Cell BiophysicsFaculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakow30-387Poland
| | - Maciej Ptak
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure ResearchPolish Academy of SciencesWroclaw50-422Poland
| | - Eva Weber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Iryna Polishchuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | | | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of ChemistryWroclaw University of Science and TechnologyWroclaw50-370Poland
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5
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Thomas ORB, Swearer SE, Kapp EA, Peng P, Tonkin‐Hill GQ, Papenfuss A, Roberts A, Bernard P, Roberts BR. The inner ear proteome of fish. FEBS J 2018; 286:66-81. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Eugene A. Kapp
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Po Peng
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Gerry Q. Tonkin‐Hill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Anthony Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Anne Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Pascal Bernard
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
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Cook PK, Mocuta C, Dufour É, Languille MA, Bertrand L. Full-section otolith microtexture imaged by local-probe X-ray diffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 2018. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576718008610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimized synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction method is described for the direct and efficient measurement of crystallite phase and orientation at micrometre resolution across textured polycrystalline samples of millimetre size (high scale dynamics) within a reasonable time frame. The method is demonstrated by application to biomineral fish otoliths. Otoliths are calcium carbonate accretions formed in the inner ears of vertebrates. Fish otoliths are essential biological archives, providing information for individual age estimation, the study of population dynamics and fish stock management, as well as past environmental and climatic conditions from archaeological specimens. Here, X-ray diffraction mapping is discussed as a means of describing the mineralogical structure and microtexture of otoliths. Texture maps could be generated with a fewa priorihypotheses on the aragonitic system. Full-section imaging allows quantitative intercomparison of crystal orientation coupled to microstructural description, across the zones of the otoliths that represent distinctive mineral organization. It reveals the extents of these regions and their internal textural structure. Characterization of structural and textural correlations across whole images is therefore proposed as a complementary approach to investigate and validate the local in-depth nanometre-scale study of biominerals. The estimation of crystallite size and orientational distribution points to diffracting domains intermediate in size between the otolith nanogranules and the crystalline units, in agreement with recently reported results.
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Hołubowicz R, Wojtas M, Taube M, Kozak M, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. Effect of calcium ions on structure and stability of the C1q-like domain of otolin-1 from human and zebrafish. FEBS J 2017; 284:4278-4297. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hołubowicz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Michał Taube
- Department of Macromolecular Physics; Faculty of Physics; A. Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics; Faculty of Physics; A. Mickiewicz University; Poznan Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; Wroclaw University of Science and Technology; Poland
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Poznar M, Hołubowicz R, Wojtas M, Gapiński J, Banachowicz E, Patkowski A, Ożyhar A, Dobryszycki P. Structural properties of the intrinsically disordered, multiple calcium ion-binding otolith matrix macromolecule-64 (OMM-64). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1358-1371. [PMID: 28866388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Fish otoliths are calcium carbonate biominerals that are involved in hearing and balance sensing. An organic matrix plays a crucial role in their formation. Otolith matrix macromolecule-64 (OMM-64) is a highly acidic, calcium-binding protein (CBP) found in rainbow trout otoliths. It is a component of high-molecular-weight aggregates, which influence the size, shape and polymorph of calcium carbonate in vitro. In this study, a protocol for the efficient expression and purification of OMM-64 was developed. For the first time, the complete structural characteristics of OMM-64 were described. Various biophysical methods were combined to show that OMM-64 occurs as an intrinsically disordered monomer. Under denaturing conditions (pH, temperature) OMM-64 exhibits folding propensity. It was determined that OMM-64 binds approximately 61 calcium ions with millimolar affinity. The folding-unfolding experiments showed that calcium ions induced the collapse of OMM-64. The effect of other counter ions present in trout endolymph on OMM-64 conformational changes was studied. The significance of disordered properties of OMM-64 and the possible function of this protein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Poznar
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rafał Hołubowicz
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Gapiński
- A. Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Molecular Biophysics Division, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Banachowicz
- A. Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Molecular Biophysics Division, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Adam Patkowski
- A. Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Physics, Molecular Biophysics Division, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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Weigele J, Franz-Odendaal TA, Hilbig R. Formation of the inner ear during embryonic and larval development of the cichlid fish (Oreochromis mossambicus). Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:172-195. [PMID: 27268076 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1198337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertebrate inner ear comprises mineralized elements, namely the otoliths (fishes) or the otoconia (mammals). These elements serve vestibular and auditory functions. The formation of otoconia and otoliths is described as a stepwise process, and in fish, it is generally divided into an aggregation of the otolith primordia from precursor particles and then a growth process that continues throughout life. RESULTS This study was undertaken to investigate the complex transition between these two steps. Therefore, we investigated the developmental profiles of several inner ear structural and calcium-binding proteins during the complete embryonic and larval development of the cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambicus in parallel with the morphology of inner ear and especially otoliths. We show that the formation of otoliths is a highly regulated temporal and spatial process which takes place throughout embryonic and larval development. CONCLUSIONS Based on our data we defined eight phases of otolith differentiation from the primordia to the mature otolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Weigele
- a Zoological Institute , University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany.,b Department of Biology , Mount Saint Vincent University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | | | - Reinhard Hilbig
- a Zoological Institute , University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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10
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Różycka M, Wojtas M, Jakób M, Stigloher C, Grzeszkowiak M, Mazur M, Ożyhar A. Intrinsically disordered and pliable Starmaker-like protein from medaka (Oryzias latipes) controls the formation of calcium carbonate crystals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114308. [PMID: 25490041 PMCID: PMC4260845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish otoliths, biominerals composed of calcium carbonate with a small amount of organic matrix, are involved in the functioning of the inner ear. Starmaker (Stm) from zebrafish (Danio rerio) was the first protein found to be capable of controlling the formation of otoliths. Recently, a gene was identified encoding the Starmaker-like (Stm-l) protein from medaka (Oryzias latipes), a putative homologue of Stm and human dentine sialophosphoprotein. Although there is no sequence similarity between Stm-l and Stm, Stm-l was suggested to be involved in the biomineralization of otoliths, as had been observed for Stm even before. The molecular properties and functioning of Stm-l as a putative regulatory protein in otolith formation have not been characterized yet. A comprehensive biochemical and biophysical analysis of recombinant Stm-l, along with in silico examinations, indicated that Stm-l exhibits properties of a coil-like intrinsically disordered protein. Stm-l possesses an elongated and pliable structure that is able to adopt a more ordered and rigid conformation under the influence of different factors. An in vitro assay of the biomineralization activity of Stm-l indicated that Stm-l affected the size, shape and number of calcium carbonate crystals. The functional significance of intrinsically disordered properties of Stm-l and the possible role of this protein in controlling the formation of calcium carbonate crystals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirosława Różycka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Jakób
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mikołaj Grzeszkowiak
- NanoBioMedical Centre and Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Mazur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Kapłon TM, Michnik A, Drzazga Z, Richter K, Kochman M, Ożyhar A. The rod-shaped conformation of Starmaker. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1616-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Dauphin Y, Dufour E. Nanostructures of the aragonitic otolith of cod (Gadus morhua). Micron 2008; 39:891-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Jolivet A, Bardeau JF, Fablet R, Paulet YM, de Pontual H. Understanding otolith biomineralization processes: new insights into microscale spatial distribution of organic and mineral fractions from Raman microspectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:551-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Zhang F, Cai W, Sun Z, Zhang J. Regular variations in organic matrix composition of small yellow croaker (Pseudociaena polyactis) otoliths: an in situ Raman microspectroscopy and mapping study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:777-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Parmentier E, Cloots R, Warin R, Henrist C. Otolith crystals (in Carapidae): Growth and habit. J Struct Biol 2007; 159:462-73. [PMID: 17616468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The biomineralization of otoliths results mainly from the release of soluble Ca(2+), which is in turn precipitated as CaCO(3) crystals. In some Carapidae, sagittae sections have been shown to reveal a three-dimensional asymmetry with a nucleus close to the sulcal side, an unusual position. This study seeks to understand otolith formation in Carapus boraborensis. The unusual shape of the otolith is partly explained by the distribution of the epithelium cells, and particularly the sensory epithelium. Experimental evidence shows for the first time that aragonite growth takes place along the c-axis. These aragonite needles present two different habits. On the sulcal side is found the acicular form resulting from rapid growth during a short period of time. On the anti-sulcal side, the prismatic form seen there is due to a slower growth speed over longer periods. The otolith surface was observed each hour during a period of 24h in fishes reared in similar conditions. This allowed for the first time the direct observation on the otolith surface of the deposition of the two layers (L-zone and D-zone). In C. boraborensis, the organic-rich layer (D-zone) develops during the day, whereas the CaCO(3) layer (L-zone) seems to be deposited during the night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Parmentier
- Laboratoire de Morphologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Institut de chimie, Bât. B6C, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Guibbolini M, Borelli G, Mayer-Gostan N, Priouzeau F, De Pontual H, Allemand D, Payan P. Characterization and variations of organic parameters in teleost fish endolymph during day–night cycle, starvation and stress conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2006; 145:99-107. [PMID: 16777451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2005] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to examine the modifications of the organic composition of fish endolymph under environmental conditions (day-night cycle, starvation and Cl2-stress) known to modify otolith growth. Endolymph electrophoretic patterns were compared. An antibody raised against the trout otolith organic matrix allowed examining the variations of organic matrix precursors in the endolymph under the above conditions. Western blot analysis showed bands around 60-80 kDa. A 50% decrease of immunolabelling was observed during the night whereas increases were seen after starvation (factor 3) or stress (factor 2) suggesting that these variations could be related to the organic matrix deposit. A factor retarding in vitro CaCO3 crystallization (FRC) was shown to co-precipitate with endolymph proteins and its apparent molecular mass (determined by measuring the activity after electro elution of gel electrophoresis) was estimated around 20 kDa. The FRC activity was stable during day-night cycle whereas it decreased by 70% and nearly 100% under starvation and stress respectively. These results suggest that the FRC, although retarding in vitro crystallization, plays a major role in the process of otolith calcification and that the decreases measured after starvation and stress are responsible for the decreases of the otolith growth. The variations of these two parameters (precursors and FRC) could contribute for the changes in the microstructure of the otolith.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Guibbolini
- UMR INRA-UNSA N 1112, Laboratoire ROSE, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
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Hughes I, Thalmann I, Thalmann R, Ornitz DM. Mixing model systems: using zebrafish and mouse inner ear mutants and other organ systems to unravel the mystery of otoconial development. Brain Res 2006; 1091:58-74. [PMID: 16529728 PMCID: PMC2100415 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human vestibular dysfunction is an increasing clinical problem. Degeneration or displacement of otoconia is a significant etiology of age-related balance disorders and Benign Positional Vertigo (BPV). In addition, commonly used antibiotics, such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, can lead to disruption of otoconial structure and function. Despite such clinical significance, relatively little information has been compiled about the development and maintenance of otoconia in humans. Recent studies in model organisms and other mammalian organ systems have revealed some of the proteins and processes required for the normal biomineralization of otoconia and otoliths in the inner ear of vertebrates. Orchestration of extracellular biomineralization requires bringing together ionic and proteinaceous components in time and space. Coordination of these events requires the normal formation of the otocyst and sensory maculae, specific secretion and localization of extracellular matrix proteins, as well as tight regulation of the endolymph ionic environment. Disruption of any of these processes can lead to the formation of abnormally shaped, or ectopic, otoconia, or otoconial agenesis. We propose that normal generation of otoconia requires a complex temporal and spatial control of developmental and biochemical events. In this review, we suggest a new hypothetical model for normal otoconial and otolith formation based on matrix vesicle mineralization in bone which we believe to be supported by information from existing mutants, morphants, and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Hughes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Rm. 3902 South Building (Campus Box 8103), Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Isolde Thalmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ruediger Thalmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Rm. 3902 South Building (Campus Box 8103), Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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