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Villeneuve AR, White ER. Predicting organismal response to marine heatwaves using dynamic thermal tolerance landscape models. J Anim Ecol 2024. [PMID: 38850096 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause thermal stress in marine organisms, experienced as extreme 'pulses' against the gradual trend of anthropogenic warming. When thermal stress exceeds organismal capacity to maintain homeostasis, organism survival becomes time-limited and can result in mass mortality events. Current methods of detecting and categorizing MHWs rely on statistical analysis of historic climatology and do not consider biological effects as a basis of MHW severity. The re-emergence of ectotherm thermal tolerance landscape models provides a physiological framework for assessing the lethal effects of MHWs by accounting for both the magnitude and duration of extreme heat events. Here, we used a simulation approach to understand the effects of a suite of MHW profiles on organism survival probability across (1) three thermal tolerance adaptive strategies, (2) interannual temperature variation and (3) seasonal timing of MHWs. We identified survival isoclines across MHW magnitude and duration where acute (short duration-high magnitude) and chronic (long duration-low magnitude) events had equivalent lethal effects on marine organisms. While most research attention has focused on chronic MHW events, we show similar lethal effects can be experienced by more common but neglected acute marine heat spikes. Critically, a statistical definition of MHWs does not accurately categorize biological mortality. By letting organism responses define the extremeness of a MHW event, we can build a mechanistic understanding of MHW effects from a physiological basis. Organism responses can then be transferred across scales of ecological organization and better predict marine ecosystem shifts to MHWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Villeneuve
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Easton R White
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
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2
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Ørsted M, Willot Q, Olsen AK, Kongsgaard V, Overgaard J. Thermal limits of survival and reproduction depend on stress duration: A case study of Drosophila suzukii. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14421. [PMID: 38549250 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Studies of ectotherm responses to heat extremes often rely on assessing absolute critical limits for heat coma or death (CTmax), however, such single parameter metrics ignore the importance of stress exposure duration. Furthermore, population persistence may be affected at temperatures considerably below CTmax through decreased reproductive output. Here we investigate the relationship between tolerance duration and severity of heat stress across three ecologically relevant life-history traits (productivity, coma and mortality) using the global agricultural pest Drosophila suzukii. For the first time, we show that for sublethal reproductive traits, tolerance duration decreases exponentially with increasing temperature (R2 > 0.97), thereby extending the Thermal Death Time framework recently developed for mortality and coma. Using field micro-environmental temperatures, we show how thermal stress can lead to considerable reproductive loss at temperatures with limited heat mortality highlighting the importance of including limits to reproductive performance in ecological studies of heat stress vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ørsted
- Section of Bioscience and Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg E, Denmark
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Quentin Willot
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kirk Olsen
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Viktor Kongsgaard
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Walberg PB. Competition Increases Risk of Species Extinction during Extreme Warming. Am Nat 2024; 203:323-334. [PMID: 38358815 DOI: 10.1086/728672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
AbstractTemperature and interspecific competition are fundamental drivers of community structure in natural systems and can interact to affect many measures of species performance. However, surprisingly little is known about the extent to which competition affects extinction temperatures during extreme warming. This information is important for evaluating future threats to species from extreme high-temperature events and heat waves, which are rising in frequency and severity around the world. Using experimental freshwater communities of rotifers and ciliates, this study shows that interspecific competition can lower the threshold temperature at which local extinction occurs, reducing time to extinction during periods of sustained warming by as much as 2 weeks. Competitors may lower extinction temperatures by altering biochemical characteristics of the natural environment that affect temperature tolerance (e.g., levels of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, and metabolic wastes) or by accelerating population decline through traditional effects of resource depletion on life history parameters that affect population growth rates. The results suggest that changes in community structure in space and time could drive variability in upper thermal limits.
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4
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Perez-Galvez FR, Zhou S, Wilson AC, Cornwell CL, Awde DN, Teets NM. Scoring thermal limits in small insects using open-source, computer-assisted motion detection. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246548. [PMID: 37902137 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Scoring thermal tolerance traits live or with recorded video can be time consuming and susceptible to observer bias, and as with many physiological measurements, there can be trade-offs between accuracy and throughput. Recent studies show that automated particle tracking is a viable alternative to manually scoring videos, although some of the software options are proprietary and costly. In this study, we present a novel strategy for automated scoring of thermal tolerance videos by inferring motor activity with motion detection using an open-source Python command line application called DIME (detector of insect motion endpoint). We apply our strategy to both dynamic and static thermal tolerance assays, and our results indicate that DIME can accurately measure thermal acclimation responses, generally agrees with visual estimates of thermal limits, and can significantly increase throughput over manual methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Annabelle C Wilson
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Catherine L Cornwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - David N Awde
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas M Teets
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
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5
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Burggren WW, Mendez-Sanchez JF. "Bet hedging" against climate change in developing and adult animals: roles for stochastic gene expression, phenotypic plasticity, epigenetic inheritance and adaptation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1245875. [PMID: 37869716 PMCID: PMC10588650 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1245875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals from embryos to adults experiencing stress from climate change have numerous mechanisms available for enhancing their long-term survival. In this review we consider these options, and how viable they are in a world increasingly experiencing extreme weather associated with climate change. A deeply understood mechanism involves natural selection, leading to evolution of new adaptations that help cope with extreme and stochastic weather events associated with climate change. While potentially effective at staving off environmental challenges, such adaptations typically occur very slowly and incrementally over evolutionary time. Consequently, adaptation through natural selection is in most instances regarded as too slow to aid survival in rapidly changing environments, especially when considering the stochastic nature of extreme weather events associated with climate change. Alternative mechanisms operating in a much shorter time frame than adaptation involve the rapid creation of alternate phenotypes within a life cycle or a few generations. Stochastic gene expression creates multiple phenotypes from the same genotype even in the absence of environmental cues. In contrast, other mechanisms for phenotype change that are externally driven by environmental clues include well-understood developmental phenotypic plasticity (variation, flexibility), which can enable rapid, within-generation changes. Increasingly appreciated are epigenetic influences during development leading to rapid phenotypic changes that can also immediately be very widespread throughout a population, rather than confined to a few individuals as in the case of favorable gene mutations. Such epigenetically-induced phenotypic plasticity can arise rapidly in response to stressors within a generation or across a few generations and just as rapidly be "sunsetted" when the stressor dissipates, providing some capability to withstand environmental stressors emerging from climate change. Importantly, survival mechanisms resulting from adaptations and developmental phenotypic plasticity are not necessarily mutually exclusive, allowing for classic "bet hedging". Thus, the appearance of multiple phenotypes within a single population provides for a phenotype potentially optimal for some future environment. This enhances survival during stochastic extreme weather events associated with climate change. Finally, we end with recommendations for future physiological experiments, recommending in particular that experiments investigating phenotypic flexibility adopt more realistic protocols that reflect the stochastic nature of weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W. Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Jose Fernando Mendez-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
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6
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Cicchino AS, Ghalambor CK, Funk WC. Linking critical thermal maximum to mortality from thermal stress in a cold-water frog. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230106. [PMID: 37311548 PMCID: PMC10264101 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimates of organismal thermal tolerance are frequently used to assess physiological risk from warming, yet the assumption that these estimates are predictive of mortality has been called into question. We tested this assumption in the cold-water-specialist frog, Ascaphus montanus. For seven populations, we used dynamic experimental assays to measure tadpole critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and measured mortality from chronic thermal stress for 3 days at different temperatures. We tested the relationship between previously estimated population CTmax and observed mortality, as well as the strength of CTmax as a predictor of mortality compared to local stream temperatures capturing varying timescales. Populations with higher CTmax experienced significantly less mortality in the warmest temperature treatment (25°C). We also found that population CTmax outperformed stream temperature metrics as the top predictor of observed mortality. These results demonstrate a clear link between CTmax and mortality from thermal stress, contributing evidence that CTmax is a relevant metric for physiological vulnerability assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Cicchino
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Cameron K. Ghalambor
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - W. Chris Funk
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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7
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Reyes-Avalos W, Melgarejo-Velásquez G, Yzásiga-Barrera C, Ferrer-Chujutalli K. Thermal tolerance of the male freshwater prawn Cryphiops caementarius exposed to different acclimation temperatures. J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103494. [PMID: 37055113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The variation in water temperature influences metabolic and biochemical processes in ectothermic organisms, affecting development, behavior, and thermal responses. We conducted laboratory experiments based on different acclimation temperatures to determine the thermal tolerance in male specimens of the freshwater prawn Cryphiops caementarius. During 30 days, male prawns were exposed to acclimation temperatures of 19 °C (control), 24 °C, and 28 °C treatments. The Critical Thermal Maxima (CTMax) values at these acclimation temperatures were 33.42 °C, 34.92 °C, and 36.80 °C; whereas values for the Critical Thermal Minimum (CTMin) were 9.38 °C, 10.57 °C, and 13.88 °C. All acclimation temperature treatments had a positive effect (P < 0.05) on CTMax and CTMin, with high and significant correlations (CTMax: r = 0.992, P < 0.01; CTMin: r = 0.946, P < 0.01). The area of the thermal tolerance polygon over the three acclimation temperatures was 211.32 °C2 and the acclimation response rate values were high (CTMax from 0.30 to 0.47; CTMin from 0.24 to 0.83) but similar to those from other tropical crustacean species. These results demonstrate that adult males of the freshwater prawn C. caementarius can tolerate extreme water temperatures through a thermal plasticity response, which could be advantageous during a global warming scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Reyes-Avalos
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Ornamental, Departamento Académico de Biología, Microbiología y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Ancash, 02710, Peru.
| | - Gladis Melgarejo-Velásquez
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Ornamental, Departamento Académico de Biología, Microbiología y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Ancash, 02710, Peru
| | - Carmen Yzásiga-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Genética, Fisiología y Reproducción. Departamento Académico de Biología, Microbiología y Biotecnología. Universidad Nacional del Santa, Ancash, 02710, Peru
| | - Karla Ferrer-Chujutalli
- Escuela Profesional de Biología en Acuicultura, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Ancash, 02710, Peru
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8
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Wheeler CR, Lang BJ, Mandelman JW, Rummer JL. The upper thermal limit of epaulette sharks ( Hemiscyllium ocellatum) is conserved across three life history stages, sex and body size. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac074. [PMID: 36583221 PMCID: PMC9795165 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Owing to climate change, most notably the increasing frequency of marine heatwaves and long-term ocean warming, better elucidating the upper thermal limits of marine fishes is important for predicting the future of species and populations. The critical thermal maximum (CTmax), or the highest temperature a species can tolerate, is a physiological metric that is used to establish upper thermal limits. Among marine organisms, this metric is commonly assessed in bony fishes but less so in other taxonomic groups, such as elasmobranchs (subclass of sharks, rays and skates), where only thermal acclimation effects on CTmax have been assessed. Herein, we tested whether three life history stages, sex and body size affected CTmax in a tropical elasmobranch, the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum), collected from the reef flats surrounding Heron Island, Australia. Overall, we found no difference in CTmax between life history stages, sexes or across a range of body sizes. Findings from this research suggest that the energetically costly processes (i.e. growth, maturation and reproduction) associated with the life history stages occupying these tropical reef flats do not change overall acute thermal tolerance. However, it is important to note that neither embryos developing in ovo, neonates, nor females actively encapsulating egg cases were observed in or collected from the reef flats. Overall, our findings provide the first evidence in an elasmobranch that upper thermal tolerance is not impacted by life history stage or size. This information will help to improve our understanding of how anthropogenic climate change may (or may not) disproportionally affect particular life stages and, as such, where additional conservation and management actions may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Wheeler
- Corresponding author: 1 James Cook Drive, Douglas, Queensland 4814, Australia. Tel: + 61 0480 129 737.
| | - Bethan J Lang
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
| | - John W Mandelman
- School for the Environment, The University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Anderson Cabot Center for Ocean Life, New England Aquarium, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4814, Australia
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9
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Thermal limits of Africanized honey bees are influenced by temperature ramping rate but not by other experimental conditions. J Therm Biol 2022; 110:103369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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10
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The point of no return for species facing heatwaves. Nature 2022; 611:39-40. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-022-03365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Ørsted M, Jørgensen LB, Overgaard J. Finding the right thermal limit: a framework to reconcile ecological, physiological and methodological aspects of CTmax in ectotherms. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:277015. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Upper thermal limits (CTmax) are frequently used to parameterize the fundamental niche of ectothermic animals and to infer biogeographical distribution limits under current and future climate scenarios. However, there is considerable debate associated with the methodological, ecological and physiological definitions of CTmax. The recent (re)introduction of the thermal death time (TDT) model has reconciled some of these issues and now offers a solid mathematical foundation to model CTmax by considering both intensity and duration of thermal stress. Nevertheless, the physiological origin and boundaries of this temperature–duration model remain unexplored. Supported by empirical data, we here outline a reconciling framework that integrates the TDT model, which operates at stressful temperatures, with the classic thermal performance curve (TPC) that typically describes biological functions at permissive temperatures. Further, we discuss how the TDT model is founded on a balance between disruptive and regenerative biological processes that ultimately defines a critical boundary temperature (Tc) separating the TDT and TPC models. Collectively, this framework allows inclusion of both repair and accumulation of heat stress, and therefore also offers a consistent conceptual approach to understand the impact of high temperature under fluctuating thermal conditions. Further, this reconciling framework allows improved experimental designs to understand the physiological underpinnings and ecological consequences of ectotherm heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ørsted
- Aarhus University Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | | | - Johannes Overgaard
- Aarhus University Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology , , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
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12
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Leclerc MA, Guivarc'h L, Lazzari CR, Pincebourde S. Thermal tolerance of two Diptera that pollinate thermogenic plants. J Therm Biol 2022; 109:103339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Harding L, Gallagher A, Jackson A, Bortoluzzi J, Dolton HR, Shea B, Harman L, Edwards D, Payne N. Capture heats up sharks. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac065. [PMID: 36186915 PMCID: PMC9517936 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Catch-and-release fishing is an important component of ecotourism industries and scientific research worldwide, but its total impact on animal physiology, health and survival is understudied for many species of fishes, particularly sharks. We combined biologging and blood chemistry to explore how this fisheries interaction influenced the physiology of two widely distributed, highly migratory shark species: the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and the tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier). Nineteen sharks were caught by drum line or rod-and-reel angling; subcutaneous body temperature measurements were taken immediately upon capture, with six individuals also providing subsequent subcutaneous body temperature measurements via biologging as they swam freely for several hours post-release. We found that short-term capture caused shark body temperature to increase significantly and rapidly, with increases of 0.6°C-2.7°C for blue sharks (mean, 1.2 ± 0.6°C) and 0.5°C-0.9°C for tiger sharks (mean, 0.7 ± 0.2°C) and with capture-induced heating rates of blue sharks averaging 0.3°C min-1 but as high as 0.8°C min-1. Blue shark body temperature was even higher deeper into the white muscle. These heating rates were three to eight times faster than maximum rates encountered by our biologging sharks swimming through thermally stratified waters and faster than most acute heating experiments conducted with ectotherms in laboratory experiments. Biologging data showed that body temperatures underwent gradual decline after release, returning to match water temperatures 10-40 mins post-release. Blood biochemistry showed variable lactate/glucose levels following capture; however, these concentrations were not correlated with the magnitude of body temperature increase, nor with body size or hooking time. These perturbations of the natural state could have immediate and longer-term effects on the welfare and ecology of sharks caught in catch-and-release fisheries and we encourage further study of the broader implications of this reported phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Harding
- Corresponding author: Lucy Harding, Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland. E-mail:
| | | | - Andrew Jackson
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin,
D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Jenny Bortoluzzi
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin,
D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Haley R Dolton
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin,
D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Brendan Shea
- Beneath the Waves, PO BOX 126, Herndon, VA 20172, USA
| | - Luke Harman
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, T23 N73K, Ireland
| | - David Edwards
- West Cork Charters, Shannonvale, Clonakilty, Co. Cork, , P85 FV00, Ireland
| | - Nicholas Payne
- Department of Zoology, Trinity College Dublin,
D02 PN40, Ireland
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14
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Moyen NE, Somero GN, Denny MW. Effects of heat acclimation on cardiac function in the intertidal mussel Mytilus californianus: can laboratory-based indices predict survival in the field? J Exp Biol 2022; 225:275332. [PMID: 35388895 PMCID: PMC9163446 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermal performance curves are commonly used to investigate the effects of heat acclimation on thermal tolerance and physiological performance. However, recent work indicates that the metrics of these curves heavily depend on experimental design and may be poor predictors of animal survival during heat events in the field. In intertidal mussels, cardiac thermal performance (CTP) tests have been widely used as indicators of animals' acclimation or acclimatization state, providing two indices of thermal responses: critical temperature (Tcrit; the temperature above which heart rate abruptly declines) and flatline temperature (Tflat; the temperature where heart rate ceases). Despite the wide use of CTP tests, it remains largely unknown how Tcrit and Tflat change within a single individual after heat acclimation, and whether changes in these indices can predict altered survival in the field. Here, we addressed these issues by evaluating changes in CTP indices in the same individuals before and after heat acclimation. For control mussels, merely reaching Tcrit was not lethal, whereas remaining at Tcrit for ≥10 min was lethal. Heat acclimation significantly increased Tcrit only in mussels with an initially low Tcrit (<35°C), but improved their survival time above Tcrit by 20 min on average. Tflat increased by ∼1.6°C with heat acclimation, but it is unlikely that increased Tflat improves survival in the field. In summary, Tcrit and Tflat per se may fall short of providing quantitative indices of thermal tolerance in mussels; instead, a combination of Tcrit and tolerance time at temperatures ≥Tcrit better defines changes in thermal tolerance with heat acclimation.
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15
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MacLean HJ, Hjort Hansen J, Sørensen JG. Validating the automation of different measures of high temperature tolerance of small terrestrial insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 137:104362. [PMID: 35108549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Accurately phenotyping numerous test subjects is essential for most experimental research. Collecting such data can be tedious or time-consuming, and it can be biased or limited using manual observations. The thermal tolerance of small ectotherms is a good example of this type of phenotypic data, and it is widely used to investigate thermal adaptation, acclimation capacity and climate change resilience of small ectotherms. Here, we present the results of automatically generated thermal tolerance data using motion-tracking software on video recordings. The automatization was applied to two different heat tolerance assays, in two Drosophila species and used temperature acclimation to create variation in thermal tolerances. We find similar effect sizes of acclimation and hardening responses between manual and automated approaches, but different absolute tolerance estimates. This discrepancy likely reflects both technical differences in the assay conditions as well as the measured end-points of the assays. We conclude that both methods generate biological meaningful results, which reflect different aspects of the thermal biology, find no evidence of inflated variance in the manually scored assays, but find that automation can increase throughput several times without compromising quality. Further we show that the method can be applied to a wide range of arthropod taxa. We suggest that this automated method is a useful example of high throughput phenotyping. Further, we suggest this approach might be applied to other tedious laboratory traits, such as desiccation or starvation tolerance, with similar benefits to throughput but caution that the interpretation and potential comparison to results using different methodology rely on thorough validation of the assay and the involved biological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J MacLean
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Hjort Hansen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper G Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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16
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Braschler B, Chown SL, Duffy GA. Sub-critical limits are viable alternatives to critical thermal limits. J Therm Biol 2021; 101:103106. [PMID: 34879920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermal traits are frequently used to explain variation in species distributions, abundance, and sensitivity to climate change. Due to their utility and ease of measurement, critical thermal limits in particular have proliferated across the ecophysiological literature. Critical limit assays can, however, have deleterious or even lethal effects on individuals and there is growing recognition that intermediate metrics of performance can provide a further, nuanced understanding of how species interact with their environments. Meanwhile, the scarcity of data describing sub-critical or voluntary limits, which have been proposed as alternatives to critical limits and can be collected under less extreme conditions, reduces their value in comparative analyses and broad-scale syntheses. To overcome these limitations and determine if sub-critical limits are viable proxies for upper and lower critical thermal limits we measured and compared the critical and sub-critical thermal limits of 2023 ants representing 51 species. Sub-critical limits in isolation were a satisfactory linear predictor for both individual and species critical limits and when species identity was also considered there were substantial gains in variance explained. These gains indicate that a species-specific conversion factor can further improve estimates of critical traits using sub-critical proxies. Sub-critical limits can, therefore, be integrated into broader syntheses of critical limits and confidently used to calculate common ecological metrics, such as warming tolerance, so long as uncertainty in estimates is explicitly acknowledged. Although lower thermal traits exhibited more variation than their upper counterparts, the stronger phylogenetic signal of lower thermal traits indicates that appropriate conversions for lower thermal traits can be inferred from congenerics or other closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Braschler
- Section of Conservation Biology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Steven L Chown
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Grant A Duffy
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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17
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Bawa SA, Gregg PC, Del Soccoro AP, Miller C, Andrew NR. Estimating the differences in critical thermal maximum and metabolic rate of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) across life stages. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12479. [PMID: 34820201 PMCID: PMC8605760 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a crucial driver of insect activity and physiological processes throughout their life-history, and heat stress may impact life stages (larvae, pupae and adult) in different ways. Using thermolimit respirometry, we assessed the critical thermal maxima (CTmax-temperature at which an organism loses neuromuscular control), CO2 emission rate (V́CO2) and Q10 (a measure of V́CO2 temperature sensitivity) of three different life stages of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) by increasing their temperature exposure from 25 °C to 55 °C at a rate of 0.25 °C min−1. We found that the CTmax of larvae (49.1 °C ± 0.3 °C) was higher than pupae (47.4 °C ± 0.2 °C) and adults (46.9 °C ± 0.2 °C). The mean mass-specific CO2 emission rate (ml V́CO2 h−1) of larvae (0.26 ± 0.03 ml V́CO2 h−1) was also higher than adults (0.24 ± 0.04 ml V́CO2 h−1) and pupae (0.06 ± 0.02 ml V́CO2 h−1). The Q10: 25–35 °C for adults (2.01 ± 0.22) was significantly higher compared to larvae (1.40 ± 0.06) and Q10: 35–45 °C for adults (3.42 ± 0.24) was significantly higher compared to larvae (1.95 ± 0.08) and pupae (1.42 ± 0.98) respectively. We have established the upper thermal tolerance of H. punctigera, which will lead to a better understanding of the thermal physiology of this species both in its native range, and as a pest species in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Bawa
- Zoology, Insect Ecology Laboratory, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Asuansi Agric. Station, Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana
| | - Peter C Gregg
- Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Alice P Del Soccoro
- Agronomy and Soil Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Cara Miller
- Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel R Andrew
- Zoology, Insect Ecology Laboratory, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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18
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Buckley LB, Kingsolver JG. Evolution of Thermal Sensitivity in Changing and Variable Climates. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011521-102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary adaptation to temperature and climate depends on both the extent to which organisms experience spatial and temporal environmental variation (exposure) and how responsive they are to the environmental variation (sensitivity). Theoretical models and experiments suggesting substantial potential for thermal adaptation have largely omitted realistic environmental variation. Environmental variation can drive fluctuations in selection that slow adaptive evolution. We review how carefully filtering environmental conditions based on how organisms experience their environment and further considering organismal sensitivity can improve predictions of thermal adaptation. We contrast taxa differing in exposure and sensitivity. Plasticity can increase the rate of evolutionary adaptation in taxa exposed to pronounced environmental variation. However, forms of plasticity that severely limit exposure, such as behavioral thermoregulation and phenological shifts, can hinder thermal adaptation. Despite examples of rapid thermal adaptation, experimental studies often reveal evolutionary constraints. Further investigating these constraints and issues of timescale and thermal history are needed to predict evolutionary adaptation and, consequently, population persistence in changing and variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B. Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195‐1800, USA
| | - Joel G. Kingsolver
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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19
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Dong YW, Liao ML, Han GD, Somero GN. An integrated, multi-level analysis of thermal effects on intertidal molluscs for understanding species distribution patterns. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:554-581. [PMID: 34713568 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the physiological mechanisms that underlie thermal stress and discovering how species differ in capacities for phenotypic acclimatization and evolutionary adaptation to this stress is critical for understanding current latitudinal and vertical distribution patterns of species and for predicting their future state in a warming world. Such mechanistic analyses require careful choice of study systems (species and temperature-sensitive traits) and design of laboratory experiments that reflect the complexities of in situ conditions. Here, we critically review a wide range of studies of intertidal molluscs that provide mechanistic accounts of thermal effects across all levels of biological organization - behavioural, organismal, organ level, cellular, molecular, and genomic - and show how temperature-sensitive traits govern distribution patterns and capacities for coping with thermal stress. Comparisons of congeners from different thermal habitats are especially effective means for identifying adaptive variation. We employ these mechanistic analyses to illustrate how species differ in the severity of threats posed by rising temperature. Counterintuitively, we show that some of the most heat-tolerant species may be most threatened by increases in temperatures because of their small thermal safety margins and minimal abilities to acclimatize to higher temperatures. We discuss recent molecular biological and genomic studies that provide critical foundations for understanding the types of evolutionary changes in protein structure, RNA secondary structure, genome content, and gene expression capacities that underlie adaptation to temperature. Duplication of stress-related genes, as found in heat-tolerant molluscs, may provide enhanced capacity for coping with higher temperatures. We propose that the anatomical, behavioural, physiological, and genomic diversity found among intertidal molluscs, which commonly are of critical importance and high abundance in these ecosystems, makes this group of animals a highly appropriate study system for addressing questions about the mechanistic determinants of current and future distribution patterns of intertidal organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wei Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Ming-Ling Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guo-Dong Han
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - George N Somero
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, 93950, U.S.A
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20
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Hector TE, Sgrò CM, Hall MD. Thermal limits in the face of infectious disease: How important are pathogens? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4469-4480. [PMID: 34170603 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and severity of both extreme thermal events and disease outbreaks are predicted to continue to shift as a consequence of global change. As a result, species persistence will likely be increasingly dependent on the interaction between thermal stress and pathogen exposure. Missing from the intersection between studies of infectious disease and thermal ecology, however, is the capacity for pathogen exposure to directly disrupt a host's ability to cope with thermal stress. Common sources of variation in host thermal performance, which are likely to interact with infection, are also often unaccounted for when assessing either the vulnerability of species or the potential for disease spread during extreme thermal events. Here, we describe how infection can directly alter host thermal limits, to a degree that exceeds the level of variation commonly seen across species large geographic distributions and that equals the detrimental impact of other ecologically relevant stressors. We then discuss various sources of heterogeneity within and between populations that are likely to be important in mediating the impact that infection has on variation in host thermal limits. In doing so we highlight how infection is a widespread and important source of variation in host thermal performance, which will have implications for both the persistence and vulnerability of species and the dynamics and transmission of disease in a more thermally extreme world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias E Hector
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Matthew D Hall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Centre of Geometric Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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21
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Willot Q, Loos B, Terblanche JS. Interactions between developmental and adult acclimation have distinct consequences for heat tolerance and heat stress recovery. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271049. [PMID: 34308995 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental and adult thermal acclimation can have distinct, even opposite, effects on adult heat resistance in ectotherms. Yet, their relative contribution to heat-hardiness of ectotherms remains unclear despite the broad ecological implications thereof. Furthermore, the deterministic relationship between heat knockdown and recovery from heat stress is poorly understood but significant for establishing causal links between climate variability and population dynamics. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster in a full-factorial experimental design, we assessed the heat tolerance of flies in static stress assays, and document how developmental and adult acclimation interact with a distinct pattern to promote survival to heat stress in adults. We show that warmer adult acclimation is the initial factor enhancing survival to constant stressful high temperatures in flies, but also that the interaction between adult and developmental acclimation becomes gradually more important to ensure survival as the stress persists. This provides an important framework revealing the dynamic interplay between these two forms of acclimation that ultimately enhance thermal tolerance as a function of stress duration. Furthermore, by investigating recovery rates post-stress, we also show that the process of heat-hardening and recovery post-heat knockdown are likely to be based on set of (at least partially) divergent mechanisms. This could bear ecological significance as a trade-off may exist between increasing thermal tolerance and maximizing recovery rates post-stress, constraining population responses when exposed to variable and stressful climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Willot
- Center for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - John S Terblanche
- Center for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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22
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Rodríguez M, Pagola L, Norry FM, Ferrero P. Cardiac performance in heat-stressed flies of heat-susceptible and heat-resistant Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104268. [PMID: 34171365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerance is a complex trait that can greatly differ between heat-susceptible (HS) and heat-adapted populations of small insects including Drosophila, with short-term effects after a sub-lethal level of heat stress on many physiological functions. Cardiac performance could accordingly be more robust in heat-resistant (HR) than in HS individuals under heat stress. Here, we tested heart performance under heat-stress effects in two recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of Drosophila melanogaster that dramatically differ in heat knockdown resistance. Heart rate did not strongly differ between heat-susceptible and heat-tolerant flies after a sub-lethal heat stress. Instead, heat-susceptible flies showed a much higher arrhythmia incidence, a longer duration of each heartbeat, and a larger amount of bradycardia than heat-tolerant flies. The highly conserved cardiac proteins SERCA, RyR and NCX that participate in the excitation/contraction coupling, did not differ in activity level between HR and HS flies. Available information for both RIL suggests that heart performance under heat stress may be linked, at least partially, to candidate genes of previously identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for thermotolerance. This study indicates that HR flies can be genetically more robust in their heart performance than HS flies under even sub-lethal levels of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Experimentales, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino 2700, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Pagola
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares 'Dr. Horacio E. Cingolani', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabian M Norry
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C-1428-EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA) - CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C-1428-EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Paola Ferrero
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Experimentales, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Pergamino 2700, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares 'Dr. Horacio E. Cingolani', Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Telemeco RS, Gangloff EJ. Introduction to the special issue-Beyond CT MAX and CT MIN : Advances in studying the thermal limits of reptiles and amphibians. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:5-12. [PMID: 33544981 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two themes emerging from the special issue "Beyond CTMAX and CTMIN : Advances in Studying the Thermal Limits of Reptiles and Amphibians" are: (1) the need to identify mechanisms that determine the shape of thermal performance curves and (2) how these curves can be best used predictively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory S Telemeco
- Department of Biology, California State University Fresno, Fresno, California, USA
| | - Eric J Gangloff
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, USA
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24
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Jørgensen LB, Malte H, Ørsted M, Klahn NA, Overgaard J. A unifying model to estimate thermal tolerance limits in ectotherms across static, dynamic and fluctuating exposures to thermal stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12840. [PMID: 34145337 PMCID: PMC8213714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature tolerance is critical for defining the fundamental niche of ectotherms and researchers classically use either static (exposure to a constant temperature) or dynamic (ramping temperature) assays to assess tolerance. The use of different methods complicates comparison between studies and here we present a mathematical model (and R-scripts) to reconcile thermal tolerance measures obtained from static and dynamic assays. Our model uses input data from several static or dynamic experiments and is based on the well-supported assumption that thermal injury accumulation rate increases exponentially with temperature (known as a thermal death time curve). The model also assumes thermal stress at different temperatures to be additive and using experiments with Drosophila melanogaster, we validate these central assumptions by demonstrating that heat injury attained at different heat stress intensities and durations is additive. In a separate experiment we demonstrate that our model can accurately describe injury accumulation during fluctuating temperature stress and further we validate the model by successfully converting literature data of ectotherm heat tolerance (both static and dynamic assays) to a single, comparable metric (the temperature tolerated for 1 h). The model presented here has many promising applications for the analysis of ectotherm thermal tolerance and we also discuss potential pitfalls that should be considered and avoided using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Malte
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Ørsted
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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25
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Edmands S. Sex Ratios in a Warming World: Thermal Effects on Sex-Biased Survival, Sex Determination, and Sex Reversal. J Hered 2021; 112:155-164. [PMID: 33585893 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising global temperatures threaten to disrupt population sex ratios, which can in turn cause mate shortages, reduce population growth and adaptive potential, and increase extinction risk, particularly when ratios are male biased. Sex ratio distortion can then have cascading effects across other species and even ecosystems. Our understanding of the problem is limited by how often studies measure temperature effects in both sexes. To address this, the current review surveyed 194 published studies of heat tolerance, finding that the majority did not even mention the sex of the individuals used, with <10% reporting results for males and females separately. Although the data are incomplete, this review assessed phylogenetic patterns of thermally induced sex ratio bias for 3 different mechanisms: sex-biased heat tolerance, temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), and temperature-induced sex reversal. For sex-biased heat tolerance, documented examples span a large taxonomic range including arthropods, chordates, protists, and plants. Here, superior heat tolerance is more common in females than males, but the direction of tolerance appears to be phylogenetically fluid, perhaps due to the large number of contributing factors. For TSD, well-documented examples are limited to reptiles, where high temperature usually favors females, and fishes, where high temperature consistently favors males. For temperature-induced sex reversal, unambiguous cases are again limited to vertebrates, and high temperature usually favors males in fishes and amphibians, with mixed effects in reptiles. There is urgent need for further work on the full taxonomic extent of temperature-induced sex ratio distortion, including joint effects of the multiple contributing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Edmands
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Positive Effects of Acclimation Temperature on the Critical Thermal Maxima of Ambystoma mexicanum and Xenopus laevis. J HERPETOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1670/19-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Rezende EL, Bozinovic F, Szilágyi A, Santos M. Predicting temperature mortality and selection in natural
Drosophila
populations. Science 2020; 369:1242-1245. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico L. Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile
| | - András Szilágyi
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany 8237, Hungary
| | - Mauro Santos
- Institute of Evolution, Centre for Ecological Research, Tihany 8237, Hungary
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
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28
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Jørgensen LB, Robertson RM, Overgaard J. Neural dysfunction correlates with heat coma and CT max in Drosophila but does not set the boundaries for heat stress survival. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb218750. [PMID: 32434804 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When heated, insects lose coordinated movement followed by the onset of heat coma (critical thermal maximum, CTmax). These traits are popular measures to quantify interspecific and intraspecific differences in insect heat tolerance, and CTmax correlates well with current species distributions of insects, including Drosophila Here, we examined the function of the central nervous system (CNS) in five species of Drosophila with different heat tolerances, while they were exposed to either constant high temperature or a gradually increasing temperature (ramp). Tolerant species were able to preserve CNS function at higher temperatures and for longer durations than sensitive species, and similar differences were found for the behavioural indices (loss of coordination and onset of heat coma). Furthermore, the timing and temperature (constant and ramp exposure, respectively) for loss of coordination or complete coma coincided with the occurrence of spreading depolarisation (SD) events in the CNS. These SD events disrupt neurological function and silence the CNS, suggesting that CNS failure is the primary cause of impaired coordination and heat coma. Heat mortality occurs soon after heat coma in insects; to examine whether CNS failure could also be the proximal cause of heat death, we used selective heating of the head (CNS) and abdomen (visceral tissues). When comparing the temperature causing 50% mortality (LT50) of each body part versus that of the whole animal, we found that the head was not particularly heat sensitive compared with the abdomen. Accordingly, it is unlikely that nervous failure is the principal/proximate cause of heat mortality in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Jørgensen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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29
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Sørensen JG, Winther ML, Salachan PV, MacLean HJ. Drawing the line: Linear or non-linear reaction norms in response to adult acclimation on lower thermal limits. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 124:104075. [PMID: 32540466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Estimates of lower thermal limits are widely used to infer sensitivity to climate variability, local adaptation and adaptive acclimation responses in ectotherms. These inferences build on the ecological relevance of the tolerance estimates and assume that estimates can be extrapolated to relevant conditions. Methodological effects for upper thermal limits have been extensively investigated, with different ramping rates and acclimation regimes giving rise to varying, and even disparate, conclusions. However, methodological effects have received much less attention for lower thermal limits. In this study, we explicitly test whether methodology could affect estimates of lower thermal limits in interaction with acclimation temperature and thermal variability, by acclimating adult Drosophila melanogaster to different constant and fluctuating temperature regimes and generating reaction norms at different ramping rates. We find that ramping rates have no significant effect on the lower thermal limits. Constant temperature acclimation resulted in non-linear reaction norms, while the introduction of thermal variability during adult life result in linear reaction norms. Thus, applying ecologically relevant conditions (here thermal variability) potentially impacts the results and conclusions of insect low temperature tolerance and acclimation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Marius Løssl Winther
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Paul Vinu Salachan
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Heidi Joan MacLean
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Bldg. 1540, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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30
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Illing B, Downie A, Beghin M, Rummer J. Critical thermal maxima of early life stages of three tropical fishes: Effects of rearing temperature and experimental heating rate. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102582. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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31
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Kovacevic A, Latombe G, Chown SL. Rate dynamics of ectotherm responses to thermal stress. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20190174. [PMID: 31039720 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical thermal limits (CTLs) show much variation associated with the experimental rate of temperature change used in their estimation. Understanding the full range of variation in rate effects on CTLs and their underlying basis is thus essential if methodological noise is not to overwhelm or bias the ecological signal. We consider the effects of rate variation from multiple intraspecific assessments and provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the rate effects on both the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) and critical thermal minimum (CTmin) for 47 species of ectotherms, exploring which of the available theoretical models best explains this variation. We find substantial interspecific variation in rate effects, which takes four different forms (increase, decline, no change, mixed), with phylogenetic signal in effects on CTmax, but not CTmin. Exponential and zero exponential failure rate models best explain the rate effects on CTmax. The majority of the empirical rate variation in CTmin could not be explained by the failure rate models. Our work demonstrates that rate effects cannot be ignored in comparative analyses, and suggests that incorporation of the failure rate models into such analyses is a useful further avenue for exploration of the fundamental basis and implications of such variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kovacevic
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Guillaume Latombe
- 2 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch 7602 , South Africa
| | - Steven L Chown
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria 3800 , Australia
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Herrando‐Pérez S, Monasterio C, Beukema W, Gomes V, Ferri‐Yáñez F, Vieites DR, Buckley LB, Araújo MB. Heat tolerance is more variable than cold tolerance across species of Iberian lizards after controlling for intraspecific variation. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Herrando‐Pérez
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Camila Monasterio
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | - Wouter Beukema
- Wildlife Health Ghent Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Verónica Gomes
- Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO) Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (lnBIO) Universidade do Porto Vairão Portugal
| | - Francisco Ferri‐Yáñez
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - David R. Vieites
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid Spain
| | | | - Miguel B. Araújo
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Madrid Spain
- Rui Nabeiro Biodiversity Chair MED Institute Universidade de ÉvoraLargo dos Colegiais Évora Portugal
- The Globe Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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Sunday J, Bennett JM, Calosi P, Clusella-Trullas S, Gravel S, Hargreaves AL, Leiva FP, Verberk WCEP, Olalla-Tárraga MÁ, Morales-Castilla I. Thermal tolerance patterns across latitude and elevation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20190036. [PMID: 31203755 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Linking variation in species' traits to large-scale environmental gradients can lend insight into the evolutionary processes that have shaped functional diversity and future responses to environmental change. Here, we ask how heat and cold tolerance vary as a function of latitude, elevation and climate extremes, using an extensive global dataset of ectotherm and endotherm thermal tolerance limits, while accounting for methodological variation in acclimation temperature, ramping rate and duration of exposure among studies. We show that previously reported relationships between thermal limits and latitude in ectotherms are robust to variation in methods. Heat tolerance of terrestrial ectotherms declined marginally towards higher latitudes and did not vary with elevation, whereas heat tolerance of freshwater and marine ectotherms declined more steeply with latitude. By contrast, cold tolerance limits declined steeply with latitude in marine, intertidal, freshwater and terrestrial ectotherms, and towards higher elevations on land. In all realms, both upper and lower thermal tolerance limits increased with extreme daily temperature, suggesting that different experienced climate extremes across realms explain the patterns, as predicted under the Climate Extremes Hypothesis. Statistically accounting for methodological variation in acclimation temperature, ramping rate and exposure duration improved model fits, and increased slopes with extreme ambient temperature. Our results suggest that fundamentally different patterns of thermal limits found among the earth's realms may be largely explained by differences in episodic thermal extremes among realms, updating global macrophysiological 'rules'. This article is part of the theme issue 'Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sunday
- 1 Department of Biology, McGill University , 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Joanne M Bennett
- 2 Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale) , Germany.,3 German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig , Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Piero Calosi
- 4 Département de Biologie Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski , 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec, Canada G5 L 3A1
| | - Susana Clusella-Trullas
- 5 Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch 7600 , South Africa
| | - Sarah Gravel
- 1 Department of Biology, McGill University , 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Anna L Hargreaves
- 1 Department of Biology, McGill University , 1205 Doctor Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Canada H3A 1B1
| | - Félix P Leiva
- 6 Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen , 6500 GL Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Wilco C E P Verberk
- 6 Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen , 6500 GL Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Ángel Olalla-Tárraga
- 7 Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Móstoles 28933 , Spain
| | - Ignacio Morales-Castilla
- 8 GloCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Group, Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805, Spain.,9 Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030
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Castañeda LE, Romero‐Soriano V, Mesas A, Roff DA, Santos M. Evolutionary potential of thermal preference and heat tolerance in
Drosophila subobscura. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:818-824. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Castañeda
- Programa de Genética Humana Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | | | - Andrés Mesas
- Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile Valdivia Valdivia Chile
| | - Derek A. Roff
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology University of California Riverside California
| | - Mauro Santos
- Grup de Genòmica, Bioinformàtica i Biologia Evolutiva (GGBE) Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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Jørgensen LB, Malte H, Overgaard J. How to assess
Drosophila
heat tolerance: Unifying static and dynamic tolerance assays to predict heat distribution limits. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans Malte
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Johannes Overgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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Andrew NR, Miller C, Hall G, Hemmings Z, Oliver I. Aridity and land use negatively influence a dominant species' upper critical thermal limits. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6252. [PMID: 30656070 PMCID: PMC6334740 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological tolerances of ectotherms, such as thermal limits, is important in predicting biotic responses to climate change. However, it is even more important to examine these impacts alongside those from other landscape changes: such as the reduction of native vegetation cover, landscape fragmentation and changes in land use intensity (LUI). Here, we integrate the observed thermal limits of the dominant and ubiquitous meat ant Iridomyrmex purpureus across climate (aridity), land cover and land use gradients spanning 270 km in length and 840 m in altitude across northern New South Wales, Australia. Meat ants were chosen for study as they are ecosystem engineers and changes in their populations may result in a cascade of changes in the populations of other species. When we assessed critical thermal maximum temperatures (CTmax) of meat ants in relation to the environmental gradients we found little influence of climate (aridity) but that CTmax decreased as LUI increased. We found no overall correlation between CTmax and CTmin. We did however find that tolerance to warming was lower for ants sampled from more arid locations. Our findings suggest that as LUI and aridification increase, the physiological resilience of I. purpureus will decline. A reduction in physiological resilience may lead to a reduction in the ecosystem service provision that these populations provide throughout their distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel R. Andrew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Cara Miller
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham Hall
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Zac Hemmings
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Oliver
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Office of Environment and Heritage, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Manenti T, Cunha TR, Sørensen JG, Loeschcke V. How much starvation, desiccation and oxygen depletion can Drosophila melanogaster tolerate before its upper thermal limits are affected? JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 111:1-7. [PMID: 30273554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat tolerance is commonly assessed as the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) using the dynamic method exposing organisms to a gradually increasing (ramping) temperature until organisms fall into a coma. The CTmax estimate is dependent on the ramping rate, with decreased rates leading to longer treatments and ultimately lower CTmax estimates. There is a current discussion surrounding the physiological dynamics of the effect of the time of exposure by temperature interaction on these estimates. Besides temperature the time of exposure to limited food (starvation), desiccation, and reduced levels of oxygen or increased levels of CO2 may, in interaction with ramping rate, act as confounding factors when assessing upper thermal limits using the dynamic method. Here we test the role of the different potentially confounding factors for assaying thermal tolerance using a ramping assay under four different ramping rates, varying from 0.01 °C/min to 0.2 °C/min. We find that CTmax values are higher at faster ramping rates and that oxygen or CO2 concentration does not show any negative effect on the CTmax values obtained within the experimental pre-treatment period (32 h). Both water (up to 6 h) and food (up to 42 h) deprivation prior to assay showed a negative correlation with thermal tolerance of the flies. For both traits, we found a significant interaction with ramping rate, most likely due to prolonged assays at lower rates. However, as little water was lost during the ramping assay and as food deprivation only modestly affected CTmax values, results were very robust to the conditions experienced during the assay (even at slow rates) and mainly affected by the conditions experienced prior to performing the assay. Thus, for the most commonly applied experimental conditions CTmax estimates are unlikely to be biased or confounded by ramping rate, starvation, desiccation or deteriorating atmospheric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Manenti
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Buildg. 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tomás Rocha Cunha
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Buildg. 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Buildg. 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Bioscience, Section for Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Buildg. 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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