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Elemans CPH, Jiang W, Jensen MH, Pichler H, Mussman BR, Nattestad J, Wahlberg M, Zheng X, Xue Q, Fitch WT. Evolutionary novelties underlie sound production in baleen whales. Nature 2024; 627:123-129. [PMID: 38383781 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Baleen whales (mysticetes) use vocalizations to mediate their complex social and reproductive behaviours in vast, opaque marine environments1. Adapting to an obligate aquatic lifestyle demanded fundamental physiological changes to efficiently produce sound, including laryngeal specializations2-4. Whereas toothed whales (odontocetes) evolved a nasal vocal organ5, mysticetes have been thought to use the larynx for sound production1,6-8. However, there has been no direct demonstration that the mysticete larynx can phonate, or if it does, how it produces the great diversity of mysticete sounds9. Here we combine experiments on the excised larynx of three mysticete species with detailed anatomy and computational models to show that mysticetes evolved unique laryngeal structures for sound production. These structures allow some of the largest animals that ever lived to efficiently produce frequency-modulated, low-frequency calls. Furthermore, we show that this phonation mechanism is likely to be ancestral to all mysticetes and shares its fundamental physical basis with most terrestrial mammals, including humans10, birds11, and their closest relatives, odontocetes5. However, these laryngeal structures set insurmountable physiological limits to the frequency range and depth of their vocalizations, preventing them from escaping anthropogenic vessel noise12,13 and communicating at great depths14, thereby greatly reducing their active communication range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen P H Elemans
- Sound Communication and Behaviour Group, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Weili Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mikkel H Jensen
- Sound Communication and Behaviour Group, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helena Pichler
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bo R Mussman
- Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Nattestad
- Department of Radiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Magnus Wahlberg
- Sound Communication and Behaviour Group, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qian Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - W Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Lauridsen H, Bie Thøstesen C, Pedersen CCE, Ringgaard S, Elstrup M, Møller PR, Johansson DK, Alstrup AKO. Heterochronic maturation of anatomical plugs for protecting the airway in rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220459. [PMID: 36533195 PMCID: PMC9748495 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a unique mechanism for protecting the airway during lunge feeding was discovered in rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae). This mechanism is based on an oral plug structure in the soft palate with similarities in musculo-fatty composition to the nasal plugs protecting the respiratory tract of rorquals from water entry and barotrauma during diving. As a follow-up, we present here a developmental series on fetal, prenatal, juvenile and adult specimens across five species of rorquals, showing differential maturation of the nasal and oral respiratory protection plugs. Nasal plugs are fully formed to serve an immediate crucial function at birth. By contrast, the soft palate remains muscular until the onset of solid food intake, where a musculo-fatty oral plug is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | | | - Steffen Ringgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Elstrup
- Department of Natural History, Museumof Southern Jutland, 6510 Gram, Denmark
| | - Peter Rask Møller
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg Ø, Denmark
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Gil KN, Vogl AW, Shadwick RE. Anatomical mechanism for protecting the airway in the largest animals on earth. Curr Biol 2022; 32:898-903.e1. [PMID: 35063119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Separation of respiratory and digestive tracts in the mammalian pharynx is critical for survival. Food must be kept out of the respiratory tract, and air must be directed into the respiratory tract when breathing.1 Cetaceans have the additional problem of feeding while underwater. Lunge-feeding baleen whales (rorquals) open the mouth while swimming at high speeds to engulf a volume of prey-laden water as large as their own body2 and experience tremendous forces as water floods the mouth. How the respiratory tract is protected in the pharynx during engulfment and while swallowing a massive slurry of tiny living prey remains unknown, despite its importance to survival. By dissecting adult and fetal fin whales, we determined that a large musculo-fatty structure passively seals the oropharyngeal channel. This "oral plug" is not observed in other animals, and its position indicates it must be shifted to allow swallowing; it is a part of the soft palate and can only shift posteriorly and dorsally. Elevation of the oral plug allows food transfer to the pharynx and protects the upper airways from food entry. The laryngeal inlet in the floor of the pharynx is sealed by laryngeal cartilages, and the muscular laryngeal sac moves upward into the laryngeal cavity, completely occluding the airway. The pharynx is dedicated to the digestive tract during swallowing, with no connection between upper and lower airways. These adaptations to facilitate swallowing were a critical development in the evolution of large body size in these, the largest animals on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey N Gil
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Robert E Shadwick
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Adams A, Vogl W, Dawson C, Raverty S, Haulena M, Skoretz SA. Laryngeal and soft palate valving in the harbour seal ( Phoca vitulina). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb230201. [PMID: 32895326 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.230201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective 'valving' in the upper aerodigestive tract (UAT) is essential to temporarily separate the digestive and respiratory pathways. Marine mammals are largely dedicated to feeding underwater, and in many cases swallowing prey whole. In seals, little work has been done to explore the anatomy and function of the UAT in the context of valving mechanisms that function to separate food and air pathways. Here we use videofluoroscopy, gross dissection, histology and computed tomography (CT) renderings to explore the anatomy of the larynx and soft palate in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), and generate models for how valving mechanisms in the head and neck may function during breathing, phonating, diving and swallowing. Harbour seals have an elevated larynx and the epiglottis may rise above the level of the soft palate, particularly in pups when sucking. In addition, the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages with associated muscles form most of the lateral margins of the laryngeal inlet and vestibule, and move independently to facilitate airway closure. The corniculate cartilages flex over the laryngeal inlet beneath the epiglottis to completely close the laryngeal vestibule and inlet. The vocal folds are thick and muscular and the medial margin of the folds contains a small vocal ligament. The soft palate has well-defined levator veli palatini muscles that probably function to elevate the palate and close the pharyngeal isthmus during feeding. Our results support the conclusion that harbour seals have evolved UAT valving mechanisms as adaptations to a marine environment that are not seen in terrestrial carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlo Adams
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Wayne Vogl
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Camilla Dawson
- School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
- University Hospitals Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | | | | | - Stacey A Skoretz
- School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2B7
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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