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Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Metabolic profile of oxazepam and related benzodiazepines: clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metab Rev 2017; 49:451-463. [PMID: 28903606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2017.1377223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anxiolytic drugs, namely benzodiazepines, are the most commonly used psychoactive substances since anxiety disorders are prevalent mental disorders particularly in the Western world. Oxazepam is a short-acting benzodiazepine and one of the most frequently prescribed anxiolytic drugs. It is also the active metabolite of a wide range of other benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, ketazolam, temazepam, chlordiazepoxide, demoxazepam, halazepam, medazepam, prazepam, pinazepam, and chlorazepate. Therefore, relevant clinical and forensic outocomes may arise, namely those related to interference in driving performance. It is clinically available as a racemic formulation, with S-enantiomer being more active than R-enantiomer. In humans, it is mainly polimorphically metabolized by glucuronide conjugation at the 3-carbon hydroxyl group, yielding stable diastereomeric glucuronides (R- and S-oxazepam glucuronide). Relevant metabolic and stereoselective interspecies differences have been reported. In this work, the pharmacokinetics of oxazepam with particular focus on metabolic pathways is fully reviewed. Moreover, the metabolic profile of other prescribed benzodiazepines that produce oxazepam as a metabolite is also discussed. It is aimed that knowing the metabolism of oxazepam and related benzodiazepines may lead to the development of new analytical strategies for its early detection and help in further toxicological and clinical interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- a IINFACTS - Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences , University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL , Gandra , Portugal.,b UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
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de Paula NC, Araujo Cordeiro KCF, de Melo Souza PL, Nogueira DF, da Silva e Sousa DB, Costa MB, Noël F, de Oliveira V. Biosynthesis of human diazepam and clonazepam metabolites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1026-9. [PMID: 25655722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A screening of fungal and microbial strains allowed to select the best microorganisms to produce in high yields some of the human metabolites of two benzodiazepine drugs, diazepam and clonazepam, in order to study new pharmacological activities and for chemical standard proposes. Among the microorganisms tested, Cunninghamella echinulata ATCC 9244 and Rhizopus arrhizus ATCC 11145 strains, were the most active producers of the mains metabolites of diazepam which included demethylated, hydroxylated derivatives. Beauveria bassiana ATCC 7159 and Chaetomium indicum LCP 984200 produced the 7 amino-clonazepam metabolite and a product of acid hydrolysis of this benzodiazepine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núbia C de Paula
- Laboratório de Bioconversão, Faculdade de Farmácia-Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 esquina com 5(ª) Avenida S/N., Praça Universitária, CP 131, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratório de Saúde Pública Dr. Giovanni Cysneiros, Secretaria Estadual do Estado de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Kelly C F Araujo Cordeiro
- Laboratório de Bioconversão, Faculdade de Farmácia-Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 esquina com 5(ª) Avenida S/N., Praça Universitária, CP 131, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paula L de Melo Souza
- Laboratório de Bioconversão, Faculdade de Farmácia-Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 esquina com 5(ª) Avenida S/N., Praça Universitária, CP 131, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Diogo F Nogueira
- Laboratório de Bioconversão, Faculdade de Farmácia-Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 esquina com 5(ª) Avenida S/N., Praça Universitária, CP 131, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Diego B da Silva e Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioconversão, Faculdade de Farmácia-Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 esquina com 5(ª) Avenida S/N., Praça Universitária, CP 131, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Maísa B Costa
- Laboratório de Bioconversão, Faculdade de Farmácia-Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 esquina com 5(ª) Avenida S/N., Praça Universitária, CP 131, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - François Noël
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Bioquímica e Molecular, Departamento de Farmacologia Básica e Clínica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioconversão, Faculdade de Farmácia-Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 esquina com 5(ª) Avenida S/N., Praça Universitária, CP 131, Setor Universitário, CEP: 74.605-220 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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Szotáková B, Skálová L, Jílek P, Buchta V, Wsól V. Stereospecific reduction of the original anticancer drug oracin in rat extrahepatic tissues. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:1003-11. [PMID: 12906758 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the major site of drug metabolism in the body. However, many drugs undergo metabolism in extrahepatic sites and in the gut wall and lumen. In this study, the distribution and activity of reductases in rat that reduced potential cytostatic oracin to its principal metabolite 11-dihydrooracin (DHO) were investigated. The extension and stereospecificity of oracin reduction to DHO were tested in microsomal and cytosolic fractions from the liver, kidney, heart, lung and wall of small intestine, caecum and large intestine. Intestinal bacterial reduction of oracin was studied as well. The amount of DHO enantiomers was measured by HPLC with Chiralcel OD-R as chiral column. Reductive biotransformation of oracin was mostly stereospecific for (+)-DHO, but the enantiomeric ratio differed significantly among individual tissues and subcellular fractions (from 56% (+)-DHO in heart microsomes to 92% (+)-DHO in liver cytosol). Stereospecificity for (-)-DHO (60%) was observed in bacterial oracin reduction in the lumen of small intestine, caecum and large intestine. Shift of the (+)-DHO/(-)-DHO enantiomeric ratio from 90:10 (in liver subcellular fractions) to 60:40 (in-vivo) clearly demonstrated the importance of the contribution of extrahepatic metabolism to the total biotransformation of oracin to DHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Research Centre LN00B125, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, CZ-500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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