1
|
Takeda T, Azumi J, Masaki M, Nagasawa T, Shimada Y, Aso H, Nakamura T. Organogermanium, Ge-132, promotes the clearance of senescent red blood cells via macrophage-mediated phagocyte activation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23296. [PMID: 38163191 PMCID: PMC10754881 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are renewed in a cyclic manner. Aging RBCs are captured and degraded by phagocytic cells, and heme metabolic pigments are subsequently excreted in feces. We evaluated the effect of an organogermanium compound on RBC metabolism and found that the phagocytosis of RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells was increased by treatment with 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP). Additionally, consumption of Ge-132 (a dehydrate polymer of THGP) changed the fecal color to bright yellow and increased the erythrocyte metabolic pigment levels and antioxidant activity in feces. These data suggest that Ge-132 may activate macrophages in the body and promote the degradation of aged RBCs. Furthermore, Ge-132 intake promoted not only increases in RBC degradation but also the induction of erythroblast differentiation in bone marrow cells. The normal hematocrit levels were maintained due to the maintenance of homeostasis, even though Ge-132 ingestion increased erythrocyte degradation. Therefore, Ge-132 enhances the degradation of senescent RBCs by macrophages. In turn, RBC production is increased to compensate for the amount of degradation, and RBC metabolism is increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Takeda
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., 3-131, Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| | - Junya Azumi
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., 3-131, Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| | - Mika Masaki
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., 3-131, Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| | - Takae Nagasawa
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., 3-131, Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., 3-131, Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aramaki aza, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., 3-131, Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo X, Sun J, Kong D, Lei Y, Gong F, Zhang T, Shen Z, Wang K, Luo H, Xu Y. The role of germanium in diseases: exploring its important biological effects. J Transl Med 2023; 21:795. [PMID: 37940963 PMCID: PMC10634018 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of organic germanium and nanotechnology, germanium serves multiple biological functions, and its potential value in biochemistry and medicine has increasingly captured the attention of researchers. In recent years, germanium has gradually gained significance as a material in the field of biomedicine and shows promising application prospects. However, there has been a limited amount of research conducted on the biological effects and mechanisms of germanium, and a systematic evaluation is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematically examine the application of germanium in the field of biomedicine and contribute new insights for future research on the functions and mechanisms of germanium in disease treatment. By conducting a comprehensive search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases, we systematically reviewed the relevant literature on the relationship between germanium and biomedicine. In this review, we will describe the biological activities of germanium in inflammation, immunity, and antioxidation. Furthermore, we will discuss its role in the treatment of neuroscience and oncology-related conditions. This comprehensive exploration of germanium provides a valuable foundation for the future application of this element in disease intervention, diagnosis, and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jiaxue Sun
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Deshenyue Kong
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Yi Lei
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Fangyou Gong
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Zongwen Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
- Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Huayou Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Yu Xu
- Yunnan Technological Innovation Centre of Drug Addiction Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, China.
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Menchikov LG, Popov AV. Physiological Activity of Trace Element Germanium including Anticancer Properties. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1535. [PMID: 37371629 PMCID: PMC10295216 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Germanium is an essential microelement, and its deficiency can result in numerous diseases, particularly oncogenic conditions. Consequently, water-soluble germanium compounds, including inorganic and coordination compounds, have attracted significant attention due to their biological activity. The review analyzes the primary research from the last decade related to the anticancer activity of germanium compounds. Furthermore, the review clarifies their actual toxicity, identifies errors and misconceptions that have contributed to the discrediting of their biological activity, and briefly suggests a putative mechanism of germanium-mediated protection from oxidative stress. Finally, the review provides clarifications on the discovery history of water-soluble organic germanium compounds, which was distorted and suppressed for a long time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid G. Menchikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anatoliy V. Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Anatomy Chemistry Building, Rm 317, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sekiguchi F, Koike N, Shimada Y, Sugimoto K, Masuda H, Nakamura T, Yamaguchi H, Tanabe G, Marumoto S, Kasanami Y, Tsubota M, Ohkubo T, Yoshida S, Kawabata A. A hydrolysate of poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane] (Ge-132) suppresses Ca v3.2-dependent pain by sequestering exogenous and endogenous sulfide. Redox Biol 2023; 59:102579. [PMID: 36563535 PMCID: PMC9800310 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly-trans-[(2-carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane] (Ge-132), an organogermanium, is hydrolyzed to 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP) in aqueous solutions, and reduces inflammation, pain and cancer, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Sulfides including H2S, a gasotransmitter, generated from l-cysteine by some enzymes including cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), are pro-nociceptive, since they enhance Cav3.2 T-type Ca2+ channel activity expressed in the primary afferents, most probably by canceling the channel inhibition by Zn2+ linked via coordinate bonding to His191 of Cav3.2. Given that germanium is reactive to sulfur, we tested whether THGP would directly trap sulfide, and inhibit sulfide-induced enhancement of Cav3.2 activity and sulfide-dependent pain in mice. Using mass spectrometry and 1H NMR techniques, we demonstrated that THGP directly reacted with sulfides including Na2S and NaSH, and formed a sulfur-containing reaction product, which decreased in the presence of ZnCl2. In Cav3.2-transfected HEK293 cells, THGP inhibited the sulfide-induced enhancement of T-type Ca2+ channel-dependent membrane currents. In mice, THGP, administered systemically or locally, inhibited the mechanical allodynia caused by intraplantar Na2S. In the mice with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis and cerulein-induced pancreatitis, which exhibited upregulation of CSE in the bladder and pancreas, respectively, systemic administration of THGP as well as a selective T-type Ca2+ channel inhibitor suppressed the cystitis-related and pancreatitis-related visceral pain. These data suggest that THGP traps sulfide and inhibits sulfide-induced enhancement of Cav3.2 activity, leading to suppression of Cav3.2-dependent pain caused by sulfide applied exogenously and generated endogenously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Nene Koike
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| | - Kaho Sugimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd., Suzuranoka, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 042-0958, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamaguchi
- Yamagata University Graduate School of Medicine, Iida-nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Yamagata University Hospital, Iida-nishi 2-2-2, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Genzoh Tanabe
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Marumoto
- Joint Research Center, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kasanami
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Maho Tsubota
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tsuyako Ohkubo
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences and Fundamental Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Fukuoka Nursing College, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yoshida
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Atsufumi Kawabata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Menchikov LG, Shestov AA, Popov AV. Warburg Effect Revisited: Embodiment of Classical Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry. Current State and Prospects. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2023; 88:S1-S20. [PMID: 37069111 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923140018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The Nobel Prize Winner (1931) Dr. Otto H. Warburg had established that the primary energy source of the cancer cell is aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect). He also postulated the hypothesis about "the prime cause of cancer", which is a matter of debate nowadays. Contrary to the hypothesis, his discovery was recognized entirely. However, the discovery had almost vanished in the heat of battle about the hypothesis. The prime cause of cancer is essential for the prevention and diagnosis, yet the effects that influence tumor growth are more important for cancer treatment. Due to the Warburg effect, a large amount of data has been accumulated on biochemical changes in the cell and the organism as a whole. Due to the Warburg effect, the recovery of normal biochemistry and oxygen respiration and the restoration of the work of mitochondria of cancer cells can inhibit tumor growth and lead to remission. Here, we review the current knowledge on the inhibition of abnormal glycolysis, neutralization of its consequences, and normalization of biochemical parameters, as well as recovery of oxygen respiration of a cancer cell and mitochondrial function from the point of view of classical biochemistry and organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid G Menchikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A Shestov
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dual Effect of Organogermanium Compound THGP on RIG-I-Mediated Viral Sensing and Viral Replication during Influenza a Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091674. [PMID: 34578256 PMCID: PMC8473027 DOI: 10.3390/v13091674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of viral nucleic acid with protein factors is a crucial process for initiating viral polymerase-mediated viral genome replication while activating pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-mediated innate immune responses. It has previously been reported that a hydrolysate of Ge-132, 3-(trihydroxygermyl) propanoic acid (THGP), shows a modulatory effect on microbial infections, inflammation, and immune responses. However, the detailed mechanism by which THGP can modify these processes during viral infections remained unknown. Here, we show that THGP can specifically downregulate type I interferon (IFN) production in response to stimulation with a cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I ligand 5′-triphosphate RNA (3pRNA) but not double-stranded RNA, DNA, or lipopolysaccharide. Consistently, treatment with THGP resulted in the dose-dependent suppression of type I IFN induction upon infections with influenza virus (IAV) and vesicular stomatitis virus, which are known to be mainly sensed by RIG-I. Mechanistically, THGP directly binds to the 5′-triphosphate moiety of viral RNA and competes with RIG-I-mediated recognition. Furthermore, we found that THGP can directly counteract the replication of IAV but not EMCV (encephalitismyocarditis virus), by inhibiting the interaction of viral polymerase with RNA genome. Finally, IAV RNA levels were significantly reduced in the lung tissues of THGP-treated mice when compared with untreated mice. These results suggest a possible therapeutic implication of THGP and show direct antiviral action, together with the suppressive activity of innate inflammation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zemek J, Jiricek P, Houdkova J, Ledinsky M, Jelinek M, Kocourek T. On the Origin of Reduced Cytotoxicity of Germanium-Doped Diamond-Like Carbon: Role of Top Surface Composition and Bonding. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:567. [PMID: 33668693 PMCID: PMC7996325 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This work attempts to understand the behaviour of Ge-induced cytotoxicity of germanium-doped hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) films recently thoroughly studied and published by Jelinek et al. At a low doping level, the films showed no cytotoxicity, while at a higher doping level, the films were found to exhibit medium to high cytotoxicity. We demonstrate, using surface-sensitive methods-two-angle X-ray-induced core-level photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) and Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) spectroscopy, that at a low doping level, the layers are capped by a carbon film which impedes the contact of Ge species with tissue. For higher Ge content in the DLC films, oxidized Ge species are located at the top surface of the layers, provoking cytotoxicity. The present results indicate no threshold for Ge concentration in cell culture substrate to avoid a severe toxic reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Zemek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (P.J.); (J.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.); (T.K.)
| | - Petr Jiricek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (P.J.); (J.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.); (T.K.)
| | - Jana Houdkova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (P.J.); (J.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.); (T.K.)
| | - Martin Ledinsky
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (P.J.); (J.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.); (T.K.)
| | - Miroslav Jelinek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (P.J.); (J.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.); (T.K.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, nam. Sitna 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kocourek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic; (P.J.); (J.H.); (M.L.); (M.J.); (T.K.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, nam. Sitna 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cho JM, Chae J, Jeong SR, Moon MJ, Shin DY, Lee JH. Immune activation of Bio-Germanium in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 130 human subjects: Therapeutic opportunities from new insights. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240358. [PMID: 33075061 PMCID: PMC7572073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Germanium has long been considered a therapeutic agent with anticancer, antitumor, antiaging, antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Numerous clinical studies have explored the promising therapeutic effects of organic germanium on cancer, arthritis and senile osteoporosis. The immune activation property of organic germanium is considered the foundation of its various therapeutic effects. However, previous human clinical studies investigating immune activation with organic germanium compounds have certain limitations, as some studies did not strictly follow a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. To build a more clinically substantiated foundation for the mechanism underlying its immunostimulation, we structured by far the most rigorous clinical study to-date with a group of 130 human subjects to examine changes in immune profiles following germanium supplementation. We used Bio-Germanium, an organic germanium compound naturally synthesized via a yeast fermentation process. An 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 130 subjects with leukocyte counts of 4–8 (×103/μL) divided into the Bio-Germanium group and the placebo group. Anthropometric measurements; blood collection; biochemical analysis; urinalysis; and natural killer cell activity, cytokine and immunoglobulin assays were conducted. Results showed the Bio-Germanium group exhibited NK cell activity increases at effector cell:target cell (E:T) ratios of 50:1, 10:1, 5:1 and 2.5:1 (12.60±32.91%, 10.19±23.88%, 9.28±16.49% and 7.27±15.28%, respectively), but the placebo group showed decreases (P<0.01). The difference in the IgG1 change from baseline to follow-up between the Bio-Germanium and placebo groups was significant (P = 0.044). Our results and earlier clinical study of Bio-Germanium confirm that Bio-Germanium acts as an effective immunostimulant by increasing the cytotoxicity of NK cells and activating immunoglobulin, B cells and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (P<0.05). As we have added newly discovered clinical findings for germanium’s immunostimulation mechanism, we believe Bio-Germanium is a highly promising therapeutic agent and should certainly be further explored for potential development opportunities in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Cho
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisuk Chae
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sa Rang Jeong
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Moon
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeob Shin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saverina EA, Kapaev RR, Stishenko PV, Galushko AS, Balycheva VA, Ananikov VP, Egorov MP, Jouikov VV, Troshin PA, Syroeshkin MA. 2-Carboxyethylgermanium Sesquioxide as A Promising Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3137-3146. [PMID: 32329561 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Various forms of germanium and germanium-containing compounds and materials are actively investigated as energy-intensive alternatives to graphite as the anode of lithium-ion batteries. The most accessible form-germanium dioxide-has the structure of a 3D polymer, which accounts for its rapid destruction during cycling, and requires the development of further approaches to the production of nanomaterials and various composites based on it. For the first time, we propose here the strategy of using 2-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide ([O1.5 GeCH2 CH2 CO2 H]n , 2-CEGS), in lieu of GeO2 , as a promising, energy-intensive, and stable new source system for building lithium-ion anodes. Due to the presence of the organic substituent, the formed polymer has a 1D or a 2D space organization, which facilitates the reversible penetration of lithium into its structure. 2-CEGS is common and commercially available, completely safe and non-toxic, insoluble in organic solvents (which is important for battery use) but soluble in water (which is convenient for manufacturing diverse materials from it). This paper reports the preparation of micro- (flower-shaped agglomerates of ≈1 μm thick plates) and nanoformed (needle-shaped nanoparticles of ≈500×(50-80) nm) 2-CEGS using methods commonly available in laboratories and industry such as vacuum and freeze-drying of aqueous solutions of 2-CEGS. Lithium half-cell anodes based on 2-CEGS show a capacity of ≈400 mAh g-1 for microforms and up to ≈700 mAh g-1 for nanoforms, which is almost two times higher than the maximal theoretical capacity of graphite. These anodes are stable during the cycling at various rates. The results of DFT simulations suggest that Li atoms form the stable Li2 O with the oxygen atoms of 2-CEGS, and actual charge-discharge cycles involve deoxygenated GeC3 H5 molecules. Thus, C3 chains loosen the anode structure compared to pure Ge, improving its ability to accommodate Li ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya A Saverina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Roman R Kapaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, st. Nobel, 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Pavel V Stishenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Omsk State Technical University, Mira prosp. 11, 644050, Omsk, Russia
| | - Alexey S Galushko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoriya A Balycheva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, 125047, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail P Egorov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viatcheslav V Jouikov
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), University of Rennes, UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Pavel A Troshin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, st. Nobel, 3, 121205, Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Academician Semenov avenue 1, 142432, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Syroeshkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mertens RT, Parkin S, Awuah SG. Exploring six-coordinate germanium(IV)-diketonate complexes as anticancer agents. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020; 503:119375. [PMID: 34565828 PMCID: PMC8460083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide and despite several attempts using chemotherapy to combat the deadly disease, toxic side effects and drug resistance temper efficacy [1]. Thus, drugs with potentially new mechanisms and lower toxicity to normal cells are needed. Metalloids such as arsenic compounds have been clinically beneficial in fighting cancer, but germanium is yet to gain such prominence [2,3]. We report the synthesis of four octahedral germanium(IV) complexes bearing acetylacetonato ligand, [GeIV(acac)3)]+, with different anions (3 - 6) using a streamlined synthetic approach. The compounds were structurally and electrochemically characterized using NMR, MS, X-ray crystallography, and cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammogram of 3-5 revealed distinct irreversible peaks in the range of -0.9 to -1.9 V, corresponding to Ge(IV)/ Ge(II) or Ge(II)/Ge(0) couple in DMSO. We explored the anticancer activity of the complexes against a panel of cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the sub-micromolar range (9-15 μM). The compounds display ~3-fold selectivity in cancer cells over normal epithelial cells. In addition to the promising anticancer activity, the compounds display high complex stability in biological media, induces G1 arrest, reactive oxygen stress (ROS) accumulation, and mitochondria membrane depolarization in cancer cells. Furthermore, the compounds induce significant apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall T. Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Azumi J, Takeda T, Shimada Y, Aso H, Nakamura T. The Organogermanium Compound THGP Suppresses Melanin Synthesis via Complex Formation with L-DOPA on Mushroom Tyrosinase and in B16 4A5 Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4785. [PMID: 31561511 PMCID: PMC6801725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The organogermanium compound 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP) has various biological activities. We previously reported that THGP forms a complex with cis-diol structures. L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of melanin, contains a cis-diol structure in its catechol skeleton, and excessive melanin production causes skin darkening and staining. Thus, the cosmetic field is investigating substances that suppress melanin production. In this study, we investigated whether THGP inhibits melanin synthesis via the formation of a complex with L-DOPA using mushroom tyrosinase and B16 4A5 melanoma cells. The ability of THGP to interact with L-DOPA was analyzed by 1H-NMR, and the influence of THGP and/or kojic acid on melanin synthesis was investigated. We also examined the effect of THGP on cytotoxicity, tyrosinase activity, and gene expression and found that THGP interacted with L-DOPA, a precursor of melanin with a cis-diol structure. The results also showed that THGP inhibited melanin synthesis, exerted a synergistic effect with kojic acid, and did not affect tyrosinase activity or gene expression. These results suggest that THGP is a useful substrate that functions as an inhibitor of melanogenesis and that its effect is enhanced by combination with kojic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Azumi
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Shimada
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Cellular Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd. Suzuranoka 3-131, Hakodate, Hokkaido 042-0958, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Organogermanium suppresses cell death due to oxidative stress in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13637. [PMID: 31541125 PMCID: PMC6754400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are very harmful to dermal cells, and it is thus important to develop cosmetics that protect the skin from ROS and other stimuli. Repagermanium is a synthetic water-soluble organogermanium polymer, and in this study, we attempted to visualize the incorporation of germanium into normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) using isotope microscopy. In addition, the content of 3-(trihydroxygermyl)propanoic acid (THGP), a hydrolyzed monomer of repagermanium, in NHDFs was determined through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the dose-dependent incorporation of THGP was confirmed. We then evaluated the preventive effects of THGP against ROS-induced NHDF death and confirmed the observed preventive effects through gene profiling and expression analysis. The addition of 0.59–5.9 mM THGP reduced cell death resulting from ROS damage caused by the reaction between xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine and the direct addition of H2O2. Furthermore, this study provides the first demonstration that the effect of THGP was not due to the direct scavenging of ROS, which indicates that the mechanism of THGP differs from that of general antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid. The gene profiling and expression analysis showed that THGP suppressed the expression of the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (NR4A2) gene, which is related to cell death, and the interleukin 6 (IL6) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) genes, which are related to the inflammatory response. Furthermore, the production of IL6 induced by H2O2 was suppressed by the THGP treatment. Our data suggest that the preventive effect of THGP against ROS-induced cell death is not due to antioxidant enzymes or ROS scavenging.
Collapse
|
13
|
Pang Y, Guo Y, Li K, Ren M, Jia X, Li Z, Wang B, Yan L, Li Z. Potential effect of germanium exposure on the risk of influenza-like illness in housewives in Shanxi Province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:208-212. [PMID: 31121347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between exposure to germanium (Ge) and the risk of influenza-like illness (ILI). Therefore, we investigated the association of Ge exposure and its interaction with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to Phase II metabolism on ILI risk among housewives in Shanxi Province, northern China. This cross-sectional study enrolled 373 housewives. Information on the housewives' characteristics and the frequency of ILI was collected by questionnaire. We analyzed the Ge concentrations in hair samples taken from near the scalp at the back of the head. Blood samples were used to identify SNPs related to Phase II metabolism. The results suggested that the hair Ge concentration was associated with ILI risk with an adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of 2.59 (1.61-4.19). A significant dose-response relationship was observed without or with adjusting for confounders. We did not observe any interaction effect between the hair Ge concentration and the SNPs on ILI risk. We found that high dietary consumption of meat and fried foods was positively correlated with the hair Ge concentration. Therefore, chronic Ge exposure may be a risk factor for an increased frequency of ILI in housewives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Pang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yunhe Guo
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Kexin Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Jia
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zewu Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Lailai Yan
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University/Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100191, PR China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Filonova GE, Nikolaevskaya EN, Kansuzyan AV, Krylova IV, Egorov MP, Jouikov VV, Syroeshkin MA. Antioxidant Properties of Adrenaline in the Presence of Ge-132. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galina E. Filonova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Bolshaya Pirogovskaya 2 119435 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Elena N. Nikolaevskaya
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Artem V. Kansuzyan
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
- UMR CNRS 6226 ISCR; University of Rennes 1; 35042 Rennes France
| | - Irina V. Krylova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail P. Egorov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | | | - Mikhail A. Syroeshkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Steckiewicz KP, Barcinska E, Malankowska A, Zauszkiewicz-Pawlak A, Nowaczyk G, Zaleska-Medynska A, Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. Impact of gold nanoparticles shape on their cytotoxicity against human osteoblast and osteosarcoma in in vitro model. Evaluation of the safety of use and anti-cancer potential. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:22. [PMID: 30747353 PMCID: PMC6373298 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to development of nanotechnology and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) increasing use in different areas of medicine, especially in oncology, better understanding of their potential cytotoxicity is necessary to protect patients safety. Shape and size of AuNPs is an important modulator of their cytotoxicity. Therefore, we investigated the cytotoxicity of AuNPs rods (≈39 nm length, 18 nm width), AuNPs stars (≈ 215 nm) and AuNPs spheres (≈ 6.3 nm) against human fetal osteoblast (hFOB 1.19), osteosarcoma (143B, MG63) and pancreatic duct cell (hTERT-HPNE) lines by MTT and neutral-red uptake assay. Moreover, influence of AuNPs on level of proapoptotic protein (Bax) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) was measured by western blot. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles and ultrastructure changes were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study we have proven that AuNPs stars are the most cytotoxic against human cells. We observed that cancer cells are more susceptible to AuNPs cytotoxic effect. Furthermore, AuNPs rods and AuNPs stars caused increased expression of Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2 protein in osteosarcoma cells. We found that AuNPs penetrated through the cell membrane and caused ultrastructural changes. Our results clearly demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of AuNPs was shape-dependent. AuNPs stars with the highest anti-cancer potential were also the most cytotoxic type of tested NPs, whereas AuNPs spheres which appears to be the safest one had small anti-cancer potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol P Steckiewicz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewelina Barcinska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Malankowska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Nowaczyk
- NanoBioMedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|