1
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Hatakenaka R, Nishikawa N, Mikata Y, Aoyama H, Yamashita K, Shiota Y, Yoshizawa K, Kawasaki Y, Tomooka K, Kamijo S, Tani F, Murafuji T. Efficient Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Chiral 4,4'-Biazulene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400098. [PMID: 38376431 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
4,4'-Biazulene is a potentially attractive key component of an axially chiral biaryl compound, however, its structure and properties have not been clarified owing to the lack of its efficient synthesis. We report a breakthrough in the reliable synthesis of 4,4'-biazulene, which is achieved by the access to azulen-4-ylboronic acid pinacol ester and 4-iodoazulene as novel key synthetic intermediates for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of 4,4'-biazulene confirmed its axial chirality. The enantiomers of 4,4'-biazulene were successfully resolved by HPLC on the chiral stationary phase column. The kinetic experiments and DFT calculations indicate that the racemization energy barrier of 4,4'-biazulene is comparable to that of 1,1'-binaphthyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Hatakenaka
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Nanami Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yuji Mikata
- Laboratory for Molecular & Functional Design, Department of Engineering, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroki Aoyama
- Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Yamashita
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiota
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuuya Kawasaki
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tomooka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shin Kamijo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8512, Japan
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2
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Akram W, Tagde P, Ahmed S, Arora S, Emran TB, Babalghith AO, Sweilam SH, Simal-Gandara J. Guaiazulene and related compounds: A review of current perspective on biomedical applications. Life Sci 2023; 316:121389. [PMID: 36646376 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of people worldwide pass away yearly due to neurological disorders, cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, metabolic disorders, and microbial infections. Additionally, a sizable population has also been impacted by hepatotoxicity, ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and breast fissure. These ailments are likewise steadily increasing along with the increase in life expectancy. Finding innovative therapies to cure and consequently lessen the impact of these ailments is, therefore, a global concern. METHODS AND MATERIALS All provided literature on Guaiazulene (GA) and its related compounds were searched using various electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Elsevier, Springer, ACS, CNKI, and books via the keywords Guaiazulene, Matricaria chamomilla, GA-related compounds, and Guaiazulene analogous. RESULTS The FDA has approved the bicyclic sesquiterpene GA, commonly referred to as azulon or 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene, as a component in cosmetic colorants. The pleiotropic health advantages of GA and related substances, especially their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, attracted a lot of research. Numerous studies have found that GA can help to manage various conditions, including bacterial infections, tumors, immunomodulation, expectorants, diuretics, diaphoresis, ulcers, dermatitis, proliferation, and gastritis. These conditions all involve lipid peroxidation and inflammatory response. In this review, we have covered the biomedical applications of GA. Moreover, we also emphasize the therapeutic potential of guaiazulene derivatives in pre-clinical and clinical settings, along with their underlying mechanism(s). CONCLUSION GA and its related compounds exhibit therapeutic potential in several diseases. Still, it is necessary to investigate their potential in animal models for various other ailments and establish their safety profile. They might be a good candidate to advance to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Akram
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Priti Tagde
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India; PRISAL Foundation (Pharmaceutical Royal International Society), India.
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Swamita Arora
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector 125, Noida 201313, UP, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmad O Babalghith
- Medical Genetics Department, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherouk Hussein Sweilam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo-Suez Road, Badr City 11829, Egypt
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain.
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3
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Maeng C, Yun Y, Son JY, Lee PH. Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of Azulene‐2‐carboxylic Acids with 1,3‐Dienes for the Synthesis of Alkenyl Azulenolactones. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeong-Yu Son
- Kangwon National University KOREA (THE REPUBLIC OF)
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Kangwon National University KOREA (THE REPUBLIC OF)
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4
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Maruoka K, Kamishima T, Koseki Y, Suzuki R, Dao ATN, Murafuji T, Kasai H. Versatile Conversions of Substituents in Guaiazulene: Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Controlled Regiospecific Reactivities. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Maruoka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kamishima
- East Tokyo Laboratory, Genesis Research Institute, Inc., 717-86 Futamata, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0001, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Koseki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ryuju Suzuki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Anh Thi Ngoc Dao
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kasai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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5
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Maeng C, Lee PH. Synthesis of azulenolactones through sequential C(2)‐bromoarylation and intramolecular CO bond formation from azulene‐1‐carboxylic acids and di(2‐bromoaryl)iodonium salts in
one pot. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Maeng
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon Republic of Korea
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6
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Li L, Zhu C, Zhu Q, Chen Z, Gao X. Design, Synthesis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Guaiazulene Derivatives with Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Shoji T, Ariga Y, Ito S, Yasunami M. Azuleno[6,5-b]indoles: Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Ring-Closing Reaction of 6-(Arylamino)azulenes. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-21-s(r)5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Elwahy AHM, Abdelhamid IA, Shaaban MR. Recent Advances in the Functionalization of Azulene Through Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed R. Shaaban
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Applied Science Umm Al-Qura University Makkah Almukkarramah Saudi Arabia
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9
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Murao S, Murao K. Multiple skin ulceration and itch-scratch cycle in a diabetic patient. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:2102-2103. [PMID: 33963823 PMCID: PMC8565415 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients sometimes present generalized pruritus. Severe itching can cause an itch-scratch cycle, resulting in distress and impaired quality of life, but skin ulceration is a rare manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Murao
- Department of Diabetes and EndocrinologyTakamatsu HospitalTakamatsuJapan
| | - Kazutoshi Murao
- Department of DermatologyTokushima University Graduate School of Medical ScienceTokushimaJapan
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10
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Synthesis of Azulene Derivatives from 2 H-Cyclohepta[ b]furan-2-ones as Starting Materials: Their Reactivity and Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910686. [PMID: 34639027 PMCID: PMC8509482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of synthetic methods have been developed for azulene derivatives due to their potential applications in pharmaceuticals and organic materials. Particularly, 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-one and its derivatives have been frequently used as promising precursors for the synthesis of azulenes. In this review, we describe the development of the synthesis of azulenes by the reaction of 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones with olefins, active methylenes, enamines, and silyl enol ethers as well as their reactivity and properties.
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11
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Ye Q, Zhou L, Jin P, Li L, Zheng S, Huang Z, Liu J, Qin S, Liu H, Zou B, Xie K. Guaiazulene Triggers ROS-Induced Apoptosis and Protective Autophagy in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:621181. [PMID: 33935713 PMCID: PMC8082441 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.621181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide, yet effective treatment remains a clinical challenge. Guaiazulene (GYZ), a cosmetic color additive, has previously been characterized as a potential antitumor agent due to observed anticancer effects. However, the efficacy of GYZ in the treatment of NSCLC and the involved molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we indicated a role for GYZ in the suppression of NSCLC both in vitro and in vivo via triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis. Concomitantly, GYZ induced complete autophagic flux in NSCLC cells via inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which displayed cytoprotective effect against GYZ-induced growth suppression. Accompanied with autophagy inhibition obviously enhanced the effects of GYZ. Notably, GYZ acts synergistically with paclitaxel in the suppression of NSCLC in vitro. Together, our results for the first time reported that GYZ suppressed the proliferation of NSCLC and suggested a potential strategy for inhibiting NSCLC growth by combinational use of GYZ and autophagy inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ye
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuwen Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Xie
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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12
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Win KMN, Sonawane AD, Koketsu M. Synthesis of selenated tetracyclic indoloazulenes via iodine and diorganyl diselenides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3199-3206. [PMID: 33885574 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00268f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an efficient protocol for the synthesis of selenated tetracyclic indoloazulenes. The reaction of diorganyl diselenides with molecular iodine in dichloromethane leads to the in situ formation of organo selenenyl iodide. The synthesis of selenylated tetracyclic indoloazulenes through intramolecular cascade cyclization has been achieved via organo selenenyl iodide and bisindole at room temperature under metal-free conditions in good yields. All compounds were fully characterized by the FT-IR, HRMS, and 1H, 13C and 77Se NMR spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Myat Noe Win
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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13
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Williams GE, Kociok-Köhn G, James TD, Lewis SE. C4-aldehyde of guaiazulene: synthesis and derivatisation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2502-2511. [PMID: 33661271 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02567d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Guaiazulene is an alkyl-substituted azulene available from natural sources and is a much lower cost starting material for the synthesis of azulene derivatives than azulene itself. Here we report an approach for the selective functionalisation of guaiazulene which takes advantage of the acidity of the protons on the guaiazulene C4 methyl group. The aldehyde produced by this approach constitutes a building block for the construction of azulenes substituted on the seven-membered ring. Derivatives of this aldehyde synthesised by alkenylation, reduction and condensation are reported, and the halochromic properties of a subset of these derivatives have been studied.
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14
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Murfin LC, Lewis SE. Azulene-A Bright Core for Sensing and Imaging. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020353. [PMID: 33445502 PMCID: PMC7826776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Azulene is a hydrocarbon isomer of naphthalene known for its unusual colour and fluorescence properties. Through the harnessing of these properties, the literature has been enriched with a series of chemical sensors and dosimeters with distinct colorimetric and fluorescence responses. This review focuses specifically on the latter of these phenomena. The review is subdivided into two sections. Section one discusses turn-on fluorescent sensors employing azulene, for which the literature is dominated by examples of the unusual phenomenon of azulene protonation-dependent fluorescence. Section two focuses on fluorescent azulenes that have been used in the context of biological sensing and imaging. To aid the reader, the azulene skeleton is highlighted in blue in each compound.
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15
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Lee SC, Son J, Kim JY, Eom H, Jang SB, Lee PH. Regioselective and Chemodivergent Synthesis of Azulenolactones and Azulenolactams from Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Reactions of Azulenecarboxamides with Sulfoxonium Ylides. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Yu Son
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsik Eom
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Jang
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- The Korean Academy of Science and Technology Seongnam 13630 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
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16
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Han GU, Son J, Park D, Eom H, Lee K, Noh HC, Lee K, Lee PH. Synthesis of Azulenopyridinones through Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative [4+2] Cyclization Reactions of
N
‐Methoxyazulene‐1‐ and 2‐carboxamides with Alkynes. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gi Uk Han
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Yu Son
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Dahee Park
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsik Eom
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsup Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chan Noh
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kooyeon Lee
- Department of Bio-Health Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- The Korean Academy of Science and Technology Seongnam 13630 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
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17
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Development of Heterocycle-Substituted and Fused Azulenes in the Last Decade (2010-2020). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197087. [PMID: 32992955 PMCID: PMC7582284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Azulene derivatives with heterocyclic moieties in the molecule have been synthesized for applications in materials science by taking advantage of their unique properties. These derivatives have been prepared by various methods, involving electrophilic substitution, condensation, cyclization, and transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Herein, we present the development of the synthetic methods, reactivities, and physical properties for the heterocycle-substituted and heterocycle-fused azulenes reported in the last decade.
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18
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Maeng C, Seo HJ, Jeong H, Lee K, Noh HC, Lee PH. Iridium(III)-Catalyzed Sequential C(2)-Arylation and Intramolecular C–O Bond Formation from Azulenecarboxylic Acids and Diaryliodonium Salts Access to Azulenofuranones. Org Lett 2020; 22:7267-7272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Maeng
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneal Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsup Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chan Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- The Korean Academy of Science and Technology, Seongnam 13630, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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19
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Maeng C, Son JY, Lee SC, Baek Y, Um K, Han SH, Ko GH, Han GU, Lee K, Lee K, Lee PH. Expansion of Azulenes as Nonbenzenoid Aromatic Compounds for C–H Activation: Rhodium- and Iridium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cyclization of Azulene Carboxylic Acids with Alkynes for the Synthesis of Azulenolactones and Benzoazulenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3824-3837. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Maeng
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yu Son
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyeon Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusik Um
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Uk Han
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsup Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kooyeon Lee
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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20
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Li Z, Howell K, Fang Z, Zhang P. Sesquiterpenes in grapes and wines: Occurrence, biosynthesis, functionality, and influence of winemaking processes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 19:247-281. [PMID: 33319521 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Grapes are an important global horticultural product, and are mainly used for winemaking. Typically, grapes and wines are rich in various phytochemicals, including phenolics, terpenes, pyrazines, and benzenoids, with different compounds responsible for different nutritional and sensory properties. Among these compounds, sesquiterpenes, a subcategory of the terpenes, are attracting increasing interest as they affect aroma and have potential health benefits. The characteristics of sesquiterpenes in grapes and wines in terms of classification, biosynthesis pathway, and active functions have not been extensively reviewed. This paper summarizes 97 different sesquiterpenes reported in grapes and wines and reviews their biosynthesis pathways and relevant bio-regulation mechanisms. This review further discusses the functionalities of these sesquiterpenes including their aroma contribution to grapes and wines and potential health benefits, as well as how winemaking processes affect sesquiterpene concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhan Li
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Howell
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhongxiang Fang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pangzhen Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Elagawany M, Hegazy L, Cao F, Donlin MJ, Rath N, Tavis J, Elgendy B. Identification of 4-isopropyl-thiotropolone as a novel anti-microbial: regioselective synthesis, NMR characterization, and biological evaluation. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29967-29975. [PMID: 35547306 PMCID: PMC9085298 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06297h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized and separated tosylated thujaplicin isomers for the first time, and elucidated their structures using 1D, 2D-NMR techniques and X-ray crystallography. The tosylated isomers were used to synthesize 4-isopropyl–thiotropolone and 6-isopropyl–thiotropolone in a regioselective manner. 1H and 13C Chemical shifts of synthesized isomers were fully assigned using several NMR experiments, and their isotropic magnetic shielding was calculated using the GIAO (Gauge Including Atomic Orbitals) method and the B3LYP def2-TZVPP level of theory. The calculated chemical shift values were in a good agreement with the experimental results. The biological activity of all synthesized compounds was evaluated against the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans and four different bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), E. coli (ATCC 35218), Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)). 4-Isopropyl–thiotropolone was found to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus in a low micro molar range and exhibit good therapeutic index and ADME properties. This compound can be used for future lead optimization to design inhibitors against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213). 4-Isopropyl–thiotropolone was identified as a novel anti-microbial agent with good therapeutic index and ADME properties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elagawany
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University Damanhour Egypt
| | - Lamees Hegazy
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Feng Cao
- John Cochran Division, Department of Veteran's Affairs Medical Center 915 North Grand Blvd. St. Louis MO 63106 USA
| | - Maureen J Donlin
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Nigam Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nanoscience, University of Missouri - St. Louis One University Boulevard St. Louis USA
| | - John Tavis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri USA
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University Benha 13518 Egypt
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Azulene – Thiophene – Cyanoacrylic acid dyes with donor-π-acceptor structures. Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation in dye-sensitized solar cells. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cao T, Li Y, Yang Z, Yuan M, Li Y, Yang H, Feng Y, Yin S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3, 8-dimethyl-5-isopropylazulene Derivatives as Anti-gastric Ulcer Agent. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:264-71. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cao
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 Sichuan Province China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 Sichuan Province China
| | - Ziyao Yang
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Section 4, Southern First Ring Road Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province China
| | - Mingxing Yuan
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 Sichuan Province China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 Sichuan Province China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Section 4, Southern First Ring Road Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province China
| | - Yuchuan Feng
- College of Chemistry & Environment Protection Engineering; Southwest University for Nationalities; Section 4, Southern First Ring Road Chengdu 610041 Sichuan Province China
| | - Shufan Yin
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 Sichuan Province China
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Peet J, Selyutina A, Bredihhin A. Antiretroviral (HIV-1) activity of azulene derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1653-7. [PMID: 26964674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The antiretroviral activity of azulene derivatives was detected for the first time. A series of eighteen diversely substituted azulenes was synthesized and tested in vitro using HIV-1 based virus-like particles (VLPs) and infectious HIV-1 virus in U2OS and TZM-bl cell lines. Among the compounds tested, the 2-hydroxyazulenes demonstrated the most significant activity by inhibiting HIV-1 replication with IC50 of 2-10 and 8-20 μM for the VLPs and the infectious virus, respectively. These results indicate that azulene derivatives may be potentially useful candidates for the development of antiretroviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Peet
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anastasia Selyutina
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aleksei Bredihhin
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
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Shoji T, Tanaka M, Araki T, Takagaki S, Sekiguchi R, Ito S. Synthesis of 1-azulenyl ketones by Brønsted acid mediated hydration of 1-azulenylalkynes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20010a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of 1-azulenyl ketones was achieved by metal-free hydration of 1-azulenylalkynes with trifluoroacetic acid in good to excellent yields. In the cases of the reaction of alkyne 1m, isocoumarin congener 4 was obtained in excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Shoji
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto 390-8621
- Japan
| | - Miwa Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto 390-8621
- Japan
| | - Takanori Araki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto 390-8621
- Japan
| | - Sho Takagaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Shinshu University
- Matsumoto 390-8621
- Japan
| | - Ryuta Sekiguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki 036-8561
- Japan
| | - Shunji Ito
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki 036-8561
- Japan
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Togar B, Turkez H, Hacimuftuoglu A, Tatar A, Geyikoglu F. Guaiazulene biochemical activity and cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on rat neuron and N2a neuroblastom cells. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015; 4:29-33. [PMID: 26401381 PMCID: PMC4566767 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20141124062203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neuroblastoma (NB)cells are often used in cancer researches such as glioblastoma cells since they have the potential of high mitotic activity, nuclear pleomorphism, and tumor necrosis. Guaiazulene (GYZ 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene)is present in several essential oils of medicinal and aromatic plants. Many studies have reported the cytotoxic effect of GYZ; however, there are no studies that compare such effects between cancer cell lines and normal human cells after treatment with GYZ. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we aimed to describe in vitro antiproliferative and/or cytotoxic properties (by 3-[4,5 dimetylthiazol -2-yl]-2,5 diphenlytetrazolium bromide [MTT] test), oxidative effects (by total antioxidant capacity [TAC] and total oxidative stress [TOS] analysis)and genotoxic damage potentials (by single cell gel electrophoresis)of GYZ. RESULT The results indicated that GYZ have anti-proliferative activity suppressing the proliferation of neuron and N2a-NB cells at high doses. In addition, GYZ treatments at higher doses led to decreases of TAC levels and increases of TOS levels in neuron and N2a-NB cells. On the other hand, the mean values of the total scores of cells showing DNA damage were not found different from the control values. CONCLUSION From this study, it is observed that GYZ has in vitro cytotoxic activity against neuron and N2a-NB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Togar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulgani Tatar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatime Geyikoglu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Takenaga N, Sato K, Fukazawa K, Maruko M. Facile Synthesis of Guaiazulene-Heterocycle Hybrids via Ugi Multicomponent Reactions. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Park S, Yong WS, Kim S, Lee PH. Diastereoselective N-Sulfonylaminoalkenylation of Azulenes from Terminal Alkynes and Azides via N-Sulfonyl-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Lett 2014; 16:4468-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502208w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangjune Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Soon Yong
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyuck Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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Gawande SD, Kavala V, Zanwar MR, Kuo CW, Huang HN, He CH, Kuo TS, Yao CF. Molecular Iodine-Mediated Cascade Reaction of 2-Alkynylbenzaldehyde and Indole: An Easy Access to Tetracyclic Indoloazulene Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sato K, Zhu M, Takenaga N. A facile preparation of modified hydrophilic azulene derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jeon Y, Kwak SS, Cheong SA, Seong YH, Hyun SH. Effect of trans-ε-viniferin on in vitro porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent developmental competence in preimplantation embryos. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1277-86. [PMID: 23698084 PMCID: PMC3942939 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-ε-viniferin is a naturally occurring polyphenol belonging to the stilbenoid family
that has been isolated from Vitis amurensis, one of the most common wild
grapes in Asia. We investigated the effects of trans-ε-viniferin on in
vitro maturation (IVM) and developmental competence after in
vitro fertilization (IVF) or parthenogenesis (PA). We observed that
trans-ε-viniferin treatment during IVM did not improve nuclear maturation rates of oocytes
in any group, but significantly increased (P<0.05) intracellular
glutathione (GSH) levels and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the 0.5
µM treatment group. Trans-ε-viniferin treatment during IVM of recipient
oocytes promoted higher (P<0.05) expression of DNA methyltransferase-1
(DNMT1) mRNA in the 0.5 µM treatment group as compared with the control
group. However, the expression of essential transcriptional and apoptosis-related genes
did not significantly differ from that of the control. In cumulus cells, pro-apoptosis
gene expressions were changed as apoptosis decreased. Oocytes treated with
trans-ε-viniferin during IVM did not have significantly different cleavage rates or
blastocyst formation rates after PA, but total cell numbers were significantly higher
(P<0.05) in the 0.5 and 5.0 µM treatment groups
compared with those in the control group. IVF embryos showed similar results. In
conclusion, these results indicate that trans-ε-viniferin treatment during porcine IVM
increased the total cell number of blastocysts, possibly by increasing intracellular GSH
synthesis, reducing ROS levels, increasing DNMT1 gene expression of oocytes and decreasing
pro-apoptosis gene expressions of cumulus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubyeol Jeon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Embryology and Biotechnology (VETEMBIO), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Murafuji T, Kitagawa K, Yoshimatsu D, Kondo K, Ishiguro K, Tsunashima R, Miyakawa I, Mikata Y. Heterocyclic bismuth carboxylates based on a diphenyl sulfone scaffold: Synthesis and antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:531-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ikegai K, Imamura M, Suzuki T, Nakanishi K, Murakami T, Kurosaki E, Noda A, Kobayashi Y, Yokota M, Koide T, Kosakai K, Ohkura Y, Takeuchi M, Tomiyama H, Ohta M. Synthesis and biological evaluation of C-glucosides with azulene rings as selective SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: discovery of YM543. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3934-48. [PMID: 23651509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, a series of C-glucosides with azulene rings in the aglycon moiety was synthesized and the inhibitory activities toward hSGLT1 and hSGLT2 were evaluated. Starting from the azulene derivative 7 which had relatively good SGLT2 inhibitory activity, compound 8a which has a 3-[(azulen-2-yl)methyl]phenyl group was identified as a lead compound for further optimization. Introduction of a phenolic hydroxyl group onto the central benzene ring afforded a potent and selective SGLT2 inhibitor 8e, which reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner in rodent diabetic models. A mono choline salt of 8e (YM543) was selected as a clinical candidate for use in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ikegai
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharmaceutical Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
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Sato K, Ozu T, Takenaga N. Solvent-free synthesis of azulene derivatives via Passerini reaction by grinding. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sato K, Yokoo E, Takenaga N. FACILE SYNTHESIS OF GUAIAZULENE-HETEROCYCLE HYBRIDS VIA MULTICOMPONENT REACTIONS INVOLVING FORMATION OF ZWITTERIONIC INTERMEDIATES. HETEROCYCLES 2013. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fu PP, Xia Q, Zhao Y, Wang S, Yu H, Chiang HM. Phototoxicity of herbal plants and herbal products. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2013; 31:213-255. [PMID: 24024520 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2013.824206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants are used by humans in daily life in many different ways, including as food, herbal medicines, and cosmetics. Unfortunately, many natural plants and their chemical constituents are photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic, and these phototoxic phytochemicals are widely present in many different plant families. To date, information concerning the phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity of many plants and their chemical constituents is limited. In this review, we discuss phototoxic plants and their major phototoxic constituents; routes of human exposure; phototoxicity of these plants and their constituents; general mechanisms of phototoxicity of plants and phototoxic components; and several representative phototoxic plants and their photoactive chemical constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Fu
- a National Center for Toxicological Research , Jefferson , Arkansas , USA
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Dovolou E, Clemente M, Amiridis GS, Messinis IE, Kallitsaris A, Gutierrez-Adan A, Rizos D. Effects of Guaiazulene on In Vitro Bovine Embryo Production and on mRNA Transcripts Related to Embryo Quality. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:862-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Photoirradiation of azulene and guaiazulene—Formation of reactive oxygen species and induction of lipid peroxidation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shibasaki T, Ooishi T, Yamanouchi N, Murafuji T, Kurotobi K, Sugihara Y. A New Efficient Route to 2-Substituted Azulenes Based on Sulfonyl Group Directed Lithiation. J Org Chem 2008; 73:7971-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801166f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Shibasaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan
| | - Takeo Ooishi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamanouchi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murafuji
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan
| | - Kei Kurotobi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sugihara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi City 753-8512, Japan
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Imafuku K, Wang DL, Deng JJ, Xu J. Synthesis of 1-(3-Isoxazolyl)- and 1-(3-Pyrazolyl)azulene Derivatives via Methyl 1-(3-Dimethylamino-2-propenoyl)azulene-3-carboxylate. HETEROCYCLES 2007. [DOI: 10.3987/com-07-11101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sonegawa M, Iwai Y, Tomiyama H, Tomiyama T. Effective preparation of cycloheptimidazol-4-one compounds. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:703-5. [PMID: 16651772 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Effective preparation of cycloheptimidazol-4-ones was developed. The reactions of 2-tosyloxytropone (5) with amidines (6) carried out under simple conditions such as aq. NaOH in toluene at 35 degrees C afforded the corresponding cycloheptimidazol-4-ones (3) in low yield. However, by adding tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (n-Bu(4)NBr) to this reaction system, the yield was improved dramatically. The reaction conditions were screened in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Sonegawa
- Kotobuki Research Laboratories, Kotobuki Seiyaku Company Ltd., 6351 Sakaki-Machi, Nagano 389-0697, Japan.
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Abstract
Abstract: Sodium azulene sulfonate is a water‐soluble derivative of azulene which is an antiinflammatory component of chamomile of the family of Asteraceae. Sodium azulene sulfonate is clinically used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of pharyngitis as well as other inflammatory diseases such as tonsillitis, stomatitis and conjunctivitis. There has been no documentation on the effect of sodium azulene sulfonate on pharyngitis in laboratory models, probably because of no availability of such models. We recently established a pharyngitis model using capsaicin application on pharyngeal mucosa in rats. The present study investigated the antipharyngitis activity of sodium azulene sulfonate comparing with those of ruthenium red (vanilloid receptor antagonist, 8.5 and 85 mg/ml), ascorbic acid (antioxidative compound, 100 μg/ml), povidone iodine (gargle as disinfectant, oxidative compound, 5 and 20 mg/ml) and diclofenac sodium (cyclooxygenase inhibitor, 0.1 and 1 mg/ml). As an antipharyngeal effect, the capsaicin‐induced plasma exudation in the pharyngeal mucosa of the rat was evaluated. The capsaicin‐induced plasma exudation in the pharyngeal mucosa was inhibited by sodium azulene sulfonate (100 and 200 μg/ml) as well as ruthenium red and ascorbic acid, but not by povidone iodine and dicrofenac sodium; povidone iodine rather promoted the plasma exudation. In conclusion, the antipharyngitis effect of sodium azulene sulfonate was demonstrated for the first time in a laboratory model. Although the mechanism by which sodium azulene sulfonate inhibited the capsaicin‐induced pharyngitis is not yet unraveled, antioxidative effect, but not inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase pathway, might be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Imafuku K, Miyashita Y, Kikuchi S. Reactions of Methyl 3-Bromoacetyl-azulene-1-carboxylate with 2-Amino-pyridines and Related Compounds. Synthesis of Azulenes Bearing Imidazole-fused Nitrogen-Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES 2003. [DOI: 10.3987/com-02-s48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rekka E, Chrysselis M, Siskou I, Kourounakis A. Synthesis of new azulene derivatives and study of their effect on lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:904-7. [PMID: 12130848 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between free radicals and acute or chronic inflammation has been well established. We have previously reported the significant antioxidant activity of the natural azulene derivatives chamazulene and guaiazulene. Furthermore, some synthetic azulene analogues have been found to possess anti-inflammatory activity. In this investigation we report the synthesis of five 3-alkyl or 3-(hydroxy)alkylazulene-1-carboxylic acids and esters, from tropolone, via the corresponding furanone. The synthesised compounds were tested for their effect on the peroxidation of rat hepatic microsomal membrane lipids, applying the 2-thiobarbituric acid test. Their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vitro by the offered inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase. All the tested molecules were found to inhibit lipid peroxidation by 100% at 1 mM. They were also found to considerably inhibit lipoxygenase activity. The above results are discussed in relation to the structure and physicochemical properties of the examined azulene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Rekka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Kourounakis AP, Rekka EA, Kourounakis PN. Antioxidant activity of guaiazulene and protection against paracetamol hepatotoxicity in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997; 49:938-42. [PMID: 9306266 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of guaiazulene, a lipophilic azulene derivative widely found in nature, on radical-mediated processes is examined. The ability of guaizulene to inhibit rat hepatic microsomal membrane lipid peroxidation and to scavenge hydroxyl radicals, as well as to interact with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), was estimated. It was found that guaiazulene can inhibit lipid peroxidation very significantly, having an IC50 value of 9.8 microM. It can also scavenge hydroxyl radicals and interact with DPPH. The protection afforded by guaiazulene to rats with paracetamol-induced liver injury was also investigated. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity is caused by the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), which causes oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Hepatic cytosolic protein, GSH, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase levels are determined as indices of hepatic injury with or without the administration of guaiazulene. It was found that all parameters affected by paracetamol are restored to normal by guaiazulene treatment, while the administration of guaiazulene alone has no effect on the performed tests compared with the control values. It was concluded that the significant protection against paracetamol-induced GSH depletion and hepatic damage afforded by guaiazulene is probably connected with its antioxidant activity. A molecular mechanism of action of guaiazulene is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Kourounakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Saitoh M, Yano J, Nakazawa T, Sugihara Y, Hashimoto K. Voltammetric behavior and electronic molecular structures of several azulenylketones. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(96)04763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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