Convenient synthesis of 2,3,9,10-tetraoxygenated protoberberine alkaloids and their 13-methyl alkaloids

Highly efficient synthesis and monoamine oxidase B inhibitory profile of demethyleneberberine, columbamine and palmatine

The biosynthesis of berberine alkaloids is thought to begin with the demethylation of berberine followed by methylation reactions to generate other type berberine alkaloids. This seemingly expeditious way to access berberine alkaloids has been stagnated for over half a century due to certain vexing synthetic problems, such as low isolated yield, complex operations and toxic reagents. We further investigated this bioinspired semi-synthesis strategy and significantly improved the synthetic efficacy, by providing a practical synthetic process for demethyleneberberine (DMB), columbamine and palmatine. Furthermore, we found that DMB (IC₅₀, 9.06 μM) inhibited the activity of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), an enzyme that deaminates dopamine and is particularly involved in the pathology of Parkinson's disease. Besides, columbamine was able to decrease MAO-B activity by approximately 40%. These findings provide perquisites for further in vivo investigation to confirm the therapeutic potentiality of berberine alkaloids, DMB in particular.

Evolution of two routes for asymmetric total synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids

Two routes were developed for the catalytic asymmetric total synthesis of tetrahydroprotoberberine alkaloids.

An alternative synthesis and x-ray crystallographic confirmation of (-)-stepholidine

A formal enantioselective synthesis of (-)-stepholidine that provides an alternative preparation of key lactone intermediate 2 is described. The stereostructure of (-)-stepholidine prepared via this method was confirmed by x-ray diffraction.

Intramolecular Redox-Mannich Reactions: Facile Access to the Tetrahydroprotoberberine Core

Cyclic amines such as pyrrolidine undergo redox-annulations with 2-formylaryl malonates. Concurrent oxidative amine α-CH bond functionalization and reductive N-alkylation render this transformation redox-neutral. This redox-Mannich process provides regioisomers of classic Reinhoudt reaction products as an entry to the tetrahydroprotoberberine core, enabling the synthesis of (±)-thalictricavine and its epimer. An unusually mild amine-promoted dealkoxycarbonylation was discovered in the course of these studies.

Syntheses of ficuseptine, juliprosine, and juliprosopine by biomimetic intramolecular Chichibabin pyridine syntheses

[structure: see text] Biomimetic intramolecular Chichibabin pyridine syntheses using two molecules of an aldehyde and 4-aminobutanal dimethyl acetal (6) proceed efficiently in AcOH at 95 degrees C to give 2,3-dihydro-1H-indolizinium salts. Reaction occurs at 25 degrees C if 1-pyrroline (5) is used instead of 6. This reaction has been used for a one-step synthesis of ficuseptine (1) and the first syntheses of juliprosine (2) and juliprosopine (17t), which is now assigned as the trans stereoisomer.