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Zhu P, Qian J, Xu Z, Meng C, Zhu W, Ran F, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Ling Y. Overview of piperlongumine analogues and their therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113471. [PMID: 33930801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have long been an important source for discovery of new drugs to treat human diseases. Piperlongumine (PL) is an amide alkaloid isolated from Piper longum L. (long piper) and other piper plants and has received widespread attention because of its diverse biological activities. A large number of PL derivatives have been designed, synthesized and assessed in many pharmacological functions, including antiplatelet aggregation, neuroprotective activities, anti-diabetic activities, anti-inflammatory activities, anti-senolytic activities, immune activities, and antitumor activities. Among them, the anti-tumor effects and application of PL and its derivatives are most extensively studied. We herein summarize the development of PL derivatives, the structure and activity relationships (SARs), and their therapeutic potential on the treatments of various diseases, especially against cancer. We also discussed the challenges and future directions associated with PL and its derivatives in these indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau
| | - Jianqiang Qian
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chi Meng
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Weizhong Zhu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Fansheng Ran
- School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Yong Ling
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; School of Pharmacy and Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Zhao Z, Song H, Xie J, Liu T, Zhao X, Chen X, He X, Wu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X. Research progress in the biological activities of 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 173:213-227. [PMID: 31009908 PMCID: PMC7115657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
TMCA (3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid) ester and amide are privileged structural scaffolds in drug discovery which are widely distributed in natural products and consequently produced diverse therapeutically relevant pharmacological functions. Owing to the potential of TMCA ester and amide analogues as therapeutic agents, researches on chemical syntheses and modifications have been carried out to drug-like candidates with broad range of medicinal properties such as antitumor, antiviral, CNS (central nervous system) agents, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hematologic agents for a long time. At the same time, SAR (structure-activity relationship) studies have draw greater attention among medicinal chemists, and many of the lead compounds were derived for various disease targets. However, there is an urgent need for the medicinal chemists to further exploit the precursor in developing chemical entities with promising bioactivity and druggability. This review concisely summarizes the synthesis and biological activity for TMCA ester and amide analogues. It also comprehensively reveals the relationship of significant biological activities along with SAR studies. 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA) derivatives show applications in different pathophysiological conditions due to its privileged structural scaffolds. Natural derived TMCA analogues and chemically modified TMCA ester and amide analogues and their bioactivities are focused in this review. Additionally, it also comprehensively summarized the relationship of significant biological activities along with SAR studies of synthetic TMCA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Huanhuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xufei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Xirui He
- Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Shaoping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China; Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China; Sorbonne Université, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Northwest University, 229 Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
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Chhabria MT, Brahmkshatriya PS, Mahajan BM, Darji UB, Shah GB. Discovery of novel acyl coenzyme a: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors: pharmacophore-based virtual screening, synthesis and pharmacology. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 80:106-13. [PMID: 22429570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes ligand-based pharmacophore modeling of a series of structurally diverse acyl coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors. Quantitative pharmacophore models were generated using HypoGen module of Discovery Studio 2.1, whereby the best pharmacophore model possessing two hydrophobic, one ring aromatic, and one hydrogen bond acceptor feature for inhibition of acyl coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase showed a very good correlation coefficient (r = 0.942) along with satisfactory cost analysis. Hypo1 was also validated by test set and cross-validation methods. Developed models were found to be predictive as indicated by low error values for test set molecules. Virtual screening against Maybridge database using Hypo1 was performed. The two most potent compounds (47 and 48; predicted IC₅₀ = 1 nM) of the retrieved hits were synthesized and biologically evaluated. These compounds showed 86% and 88% inhibition of acyl coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase (at 10 μg/mL) with IC₅₀ value of 3.6 and 2.5 nM, respectively. As evident from the close proximity of biological data to the predicted values, it can be concluded that the generated model (Hypo1) is a reliable and useful tool for lead optimization of novel acyl coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh T Chhabria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
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Oh S, Jang S, Kim D, Han IO, Jung JC. Synthesis and evaluation of biological properties of benzylideneacetophenone derivatives. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29:469-75. [PMID: 16833013 DOI: 10.1007/bf02969418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of yakuchinone B 1f and its analogs 1a-e was synthesized and evaluated for free radical scavenging, suppression of LPS-induced NO generation, cytotoxicity and anti-excitotoxicity in vitro. Compound 1c exhibited potent anti-excitotoxicity, while all compounds 1a-f showed considerable effects of free radical scavenging, suppression of LPS-induced NO generation, and cytotoxicity in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seikwan Oh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38677-1848, USA
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Lee HJ, Kim JS, Yoon JW, Kim HD, Ryu JH. Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by yakuchinones and their analogues. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:377-9. [PMID: 16508196 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of yakuchinones were synthesized as inhibitors of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. We prepared stronger inhibitors than the original natural molecules, yakuchinones A and B reported from Alpinia oxyphylla. From the limited structural activity relation study of analogues, we concluded that the optimal length of linker between two aryl groups and the presence of enone moiety in the linker were identified as essential for the activity. The IC50 value of the most potent structure was 0.92 microM. The active analogues suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase protein and mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jin Lee
- College of pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Hyochangwoon-Gil, Seoul, Korea
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Ohishi K, Sawada H, Yoshida Y, Yokoi W, Hatano H, Aiyama R, Watanabe T, Yokokura T. Inhibitory effects of N-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-n-octyloxycinnamoyl)-N'-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)piperazine (YIC-C8-434), an acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase inhibitor, on cholesterol esterification in the intestine and liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:1125-8. [PMID: 12913263 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, N-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-n-octyloxycinnamoyl)-N'-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)piperazine (YIC-C8-434), on cholesterol esterification in the intestine and liver were investigated in vitro and in vivo. YIC-C8-434 inhibited the formation of cholesteryl [(3)H]oleate from [(3)H]oleic acid and cholesterol both in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco2 cells and in human hepatoma HepG2 cells with IC(50) values of 0.38 and 0.49 microM, respectively. However, it did not influence the incorporation of [(3)H]oleic acid into triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Oral administration of YIC-C8-434 at a dose of 8.3 mg/kg/d inhibited [(14)C]cholesterol absorption by 17% (p<0.01) in rats. YIC-C8-434 also significantly reduced the secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol from the liver into the plasma at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/d after an intravenous injection of Triton WR-1339. These results suggest that oral administration of YIC-C8-434 reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption and hepatic VLDL cholesterol secretion by direct inhibition of ACAT in the intestinal epithelium and hepatocytes, respectively. However, the inhibitory action of YIC-C8-434 on cholesterol absorption rather than hepatic cholesterol secretion may play a more important role in its hypocholesterolemic activity, because the effective dose for the former was 12-fold lower than that for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohishi
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan.
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Ohishi K, Sawada H, Yoshida Y, Hatano H, Aiyama R, Watanabe T, Yokokura T. The metabolic stability of acyl-CoA: cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors, N-(4-benzyloxy-3, 5-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-N'-(2, 4-dimethylphenyl)piperazine (YIC-708-424) and its derivatives in rat liver and intestinal epithelium. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:600-7. [PMID: 12736497 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic stability of the acyl-CoA: cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor N-(4-benzyloxy-3, 5-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-N'-(2, 4-dimethylphenyl)piperazine (YIC-708-424) and its n-alkoxy derivatives containing an alkyl chain of 3 or 7 to 10 carbons, which exhibited different hypocholesterolemic activities, was investigated in vivo and in vitro in rats. After the oral administration of YIC-708-424 to rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d for 7 d, the parent compound was not detected in the blood. On the other hand, when the n-alkoxy derivatives were administered to rats, an increase in the alkyl chain length produced a progressive increase in the blood concentration of the parent compound. Both in the blood of rats administered YIC-708-424 and in the reaction mixture after the incubation of YIC-708-424 with rat hepatic 9000 x g supernatants, an inactive major metabolite, N-(4-benzyloxy-3, 5-dimethoxycinnamoyl)-N'-(4-carboxyl-2-methylphenyl)piperazine, was observed. The ratio of the maximum velocity to the apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (V(max)/K(m)) for the degradation of the n-propyloxy derivative in rat hepatic and intestinal microsomes was almost equivalent to that of YIC-708-424. On the other hand, an increase in the alkyl chain length of n-alkoxy derivatives produced a progressive decrease in V(max)/K(m) for the degradation of these compounds. Additionally, the in vivo hypocholesterolemic activities of YIC-708-424 and its n-alkoxy derivatives were positively correlated with the blood concentration of the parent compound and were negatively correlated with their V(max)/K(m). These results suggest that the metabolic stability of ACAT inhibitors in the liver and intestinal epithelium, which are the major target organs of these compounds, has a strong influence on their pharmacological activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohishi
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan.
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Barlocco D. Monitor: molecules and profiles. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:1295-1299. [PMID: 11738972 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(01)02071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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