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Arif Y, Singh P, Bajguz A, Hayat S. Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158664. [PMID: 35955797 PMCID: PMC9369314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroids (PEs) are naturally occurring polyhydroxylated compounds with a structure similar to that of insect molting hormone and the plant hormone brassinosteroids. PEs have a four-ringed skeleton composed of 27, 28, 29, or 30 carbon atoms (derived from plant sterols). The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroid is known as cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene and has a β-sidechain on C-17. Plants produce PEs via the mevalonate pathway with the help of the precursor acetyl-CoA. PEs are found in algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms; more than 500 different PEs are found in over 100 terrestrial plants. 20-hydroxyecdysone is the most common PE. PEs exhibit versatile biological roles in plants, invertebrates, and mammals. These compounds contribute to mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. In plants, PEs play a potent role in enhancing tolerance against insects and nematodes via their allelochemical activity, which increases plant biological and metabolic responses. PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which decrease reactive oxygen species in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and reduce malondialdehyde content. PEs also induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis. In humans, PEs display biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties, such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and tissue differentiation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamshi Arif
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-7388361
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Diverse Secondary Metabolites from the Coral-Derived Fungus Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 5Bn1003. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020150. [PMID: 35200679 PMCID: PMC8877224 DOI: 10.3390/md20020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new metabolites, including a cyclic tetrapeptide asperhiratide (1), an ecdysteroid derivative asperhiratine (2), and a sesquiterpene lactone asperhiratone (3), were isolated and identified from the soft coral-derived fungus Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 5Bn1003, together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. In addition, the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by Marfey’s technique and an analysis of the acid hydrolysates using a chiral phase HPLC column. Among all the compounds, 6 and 8 showed medium cytotoxic activities against four tumor cell lines (SF-268, HepG-2, MCF-7, and A549), with IC50 values ranging from 31.03 ± 3.04 to 50.25 ± 0.54 µM. Meanwhile, they strongly inhibited α-glucosidase activities, with IC50 values of 35.73 ± 3.94 and 22.00 ± 2.45 µM, which were close to and even stronger than the positive control acarbose (IC50 = 32.92 ± 1.03 µM). Compounds 6–8 showed significant antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, with MIC values of 10.26 ± 0.76 µM, 17.00 ± 1.25 µM, and 5.30 ± 0.29 µM, respectively. Compounds 9 and 12 exhibited potent radical scavenging activities against DPPH, with IC50 values of 12.23 ± 0.78 µM and 7.38 ± 1.16 µM. In addition, asperhiratide (1) was evaluated for anti-angiogenic activities in the in vivo zebrafish model, which showed a weak inhibitory effect on intersegmental vessel (ISV) formation.
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Das N, Mishra SK, Bishayee A, Ali ES, Bishayee A. The phytochemical, biological, and medicinal attributes of phytoecdysteroids: An updated review. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1740-1766. [PMID: 34386319 PMCID: PMC8343124 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytoecdysteroids (PEs) comprise a large group of biologically-active plant steroids, which have structures similar to those of insect-molting hormones. PEs are distributed in plants as secondary metabolites that offer protection against phytophagus (plant-eating) insects. When insects consume the plants containing these chemicals, they promptly molt and undergo metabolic destruction; the insects eventually die. Chemically, ecdysteroids are a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids that are structurally similar to androgens. The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroids is termed as cyclopentanoperhydro-phenanthrene with a β-side chain at carbon-17. The essential characteristics of ecdysteroids are a cis-(5β-H) junction of rings A and B, a 7-en-6-one chromophore, and a trans-(14α-OH) junction of rings C and D. Plants only synthesize PEs from mevalonic acid in the mevalonate pathway of the plant cell using acetyl-CoA as a precursor; the most common PE is 20-hydroxyecdysone. So far, over 400 PEs have been identified and reported, and a compilation of 166 PEs originating from 1998 has been previously reviewed. In the present review, we have summarized 212 new PEs reported between 1999 and 2019. We have also critically analyzed the biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties of PEs to understand the full impact of these phytoconstituents in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College, Belonia-799 155, Tripura, India
| | - Siddhartha Kumar Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar-470 003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Eunüs S. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
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Frezza C, de Vita D, Toniolo C, Ventrone A, Tomassini L, Foddai S, Nicoletti M, Guiso M, Bianco A, Serafini M. Harpagide: Occurrence in plants and biological activities - A review. Fitoterapia 2020; 147:104764. [PMID: 33122133 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, the occurrence of harpagide in the plant kingdom and its associated biological activities are presented and detailed for the first time. The presence of harpagide has been reported in several botanical families within Asteridae, and harpagide has been observed to exert a wide number of biological activities such as cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective. These results show how harpagide can be recovered from several natural sources for several pharmacological purposes even if there is a lot to still be studied. Nowadays, the interest is related to its presence in phytomedicines. Threfore, these studies are useful to support and validate the large use of several plants in the folklore medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Frezza
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela de Vita
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Toniolo
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ventrone
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Lamberto Tomassini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Foddai
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Guiso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Armandodoriano Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Serafini
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Luan F, Han K, Li M, Zhang T, Liu D, Yu L, Lv H. Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicology of Species from the GenusAjugaL.: A Systematic Review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:959-1003. [PMID: 31416340 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review is aimed at providing a comprehensive summary of the botanical characteristics, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological studies of the genus Ajuga L. The extensive literature survey revealed Ajuga L. species to be a group of important medicinal plants used for the ethnomedical treatment of rheumatism, fever, gout, sclerosis, analgesia, inflammation, hypertension, hyperglycemia, joint pain, palsy, amenorrhea, etc., although only a few reports address the clinical use and toxicity of these plants. Currently, more than 280 chemical constituents have been isolated and characterized from these plants. Among these constituents, neo-clerodane diterpenes and diterpenoids, phytoecdysteroids, flavonoids, and iridoids are the major bioactive compounds, possessing wide-reaching biological activities both in vivo and in vitro, including anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antitumor, anti-oxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antifeedant, antidiarrhoeal, hypolipidemic, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, immunomodulatory, vasorelaxant, larvicidal, antimutagenic, and neuroprotective activity. This review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and toxicities of the genus Ajuga L. to reveal its therapeutic potentials, offering opportunities for future researches. Therefore, more focus should be paid to gathering information about their toxicology data, quality-control measures, and the clinical application of the bioactive ingredients from Ajuga L. species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Keqing Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Maoxing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Treatment for Injury in Plateau of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Daoheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Linhong Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
| | - Haizhen Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Xi’an 710100, P. R. China
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Chen T, Diao QY, Yu HZ, Jiao CL, Ruan J. Phytochemical, cytotoxic and chemotaxonomic study on Ajuga forrestii Diels (Labiatae). Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:977-981. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1371161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Yantai Center for Food and Drug Control and Test, Yantai, China
| | - Qing-Yan Diao
- Longkou Market Supervision Administration, Yantai, China
| | - Hai-Zhou Yu
- Yantai Center for Food and Drug Control and Test, Yantai, China
| | - Chun-Li Jiao
- Yantai Center for Food and Drug Control and Test, Yantai, China
| | - Jian Ruan
- Yantai Center for Food and Drug Control and Test, Yantai, China
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Qing X, Yan HM, Ni ZY, Vavricka CJ, Zhang ML, Shi QW, Gu YC, Kiyota H. Chemical and pharmacological research on the plants from genus Ajuga. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2017-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe genus
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Bakrim A, Ngunjiri J, Crouzet S, Guibout L, Balducci C, Girault JP, Lafont R. Ecdysteroid Profiles of Two Ajuga species, A. iva and A. remota. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroids are plant analogues of insect moulting hormones and are used by plants to repel or disturb phytophagous insects. They are also active on mammals and present in many plants used in traditional medicine. The Ajuga genus contains several such species, which occur in various pharmacopoeias. We report the isolation and identification of major and minor ecdysteroids present in two Ajuga species, A. iva and A. remota, both of which are used as medicinal plants in Africa. Three minor ecdysteroids (abutasterone, ponasterone A and sidisterone) have been found for the first time in the Ajuga genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bakrim
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IBPS-BIOSIPE, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 29, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Département de Géographie-Biologie-Géologie (GBG), Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Khouribga, Université Hassan I, Morocco
| | | | - Sophie Crouzet
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IBPS-BIOSIPE, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 29, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Louis Guibout
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IBPS-BIOSIPE, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 29, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Institut Biophytis, F-93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Girault
- Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, F-75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - René Lafont
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, IBPS-BIOSIPE, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, Case Courrier 29, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Venditti A, Bianco A, Nicoletti M, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Lupidi G, Vitali LA, Petrelli D, Papa F, Vittori S, Lucarini D, Maleci Bini L, Giuliani C, Maggi F. Phytochemical analysis, biological evaluation and micromorphological study of Stachys alopecuros (L.) Benth. subsp. divulsa (Ten.) Grande endemic to central Apennines, Italy. Fitoterapia 2013; 90:94-103. [PMID: 23827382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stachys alopecuros subsp. divulsa (Lamiaceae), a perennial herb endemic to central Italy growing on mountain pastures, was investigated for the first time for the content of secondary metabolites, for the micromorphology and histochemistry of glandular trichomes, and for the biological activity of the volatile oil, namely cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial. The plant showed the molecular pattern of iridoids, among which a new iridoid diglycoside (4'-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-teuhircoside) was detected, together with a sterol glucoside and a phenylethanoid glycoside. The essential oil from the flowering aerial parts was characterized by a high proportion of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (65.1%), with (E)-caryophyllene (33.2%) as the most abundant, while other main components were germacrene D (7.6%), α-humulene (6.4%) and the oxygenated cis-sesquisabinene hydrate (10.2%). Taken together, polar and apolar chemical profiles support the classification of the species within the section Betonica of the genus Stachys. Micromorphological study revealed three types of glandular hairs secreting different classes of compounds, with type A peltate hairs producing the bulk of the essential oil. MTT assay revealed the potential of the volatile oil in inhibiting A375, HCT116 and MDA-MB 231 tumor cells (IC₅₀ values below 20 μg/ml).
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Chiou CT, Kuo YH, Chan YY, Juang SH, Chan HH, Wu TS. Ajugalide-B (ATMA) is an anoikis-inducing agent from Ajuga taiwanensis with antiproliferative activity against tumor cells in vitro. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 80:64-69. [PMID: 22633845 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ajuga taiwanensis is widely used for the treatment of hepatitis and hepatoma in Taiwanese folk medicine. However, its bioactive components and mechanism of action are unclear. Herein, ajugalide-B (ATMA), a neoclerodane diterpenoid isolated from Ajuga taiwanensis, is reported to exhibit high anti-proliferative activity against tumor cell lines from various tissues. These results demonstrate that ATMA disrupts the focal adhesion complex by decreasing phosphorylation of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). As a result, anoikis, a specific type of apoptosis caused by detachment of cells, is triggered by activation of caspase-8 in A549 cells. Furthermore, ATMA also blocks anchorage-independent growth and cell migration and, therefore, ATMA may serve as a lead compound for the developing of anti-cancer therapeuties with anoikis-inducing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tang Chiou
- Division of Herbal Medicine and Natural Product, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
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