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Kutlehria S, Bagde A, Patel N, Singh M. Whole-Eye Perfusion Model for Screening of the Ocular Formulations via Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:307. [PMID: 31515645 PMCID: PMC7749724 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Various physiological, anatomical barriers make ocular drug delivery very challenging. Hence, better in vitro screening models are needed for rapid screening of the formulations. In this study, a simple whole-eye perfusion model was designed and its application was explored for screening targeted formulation across the full-thickness cornea using confocal laser scanning microscopy. PEG-cholecalciferol-based integrin targeted coumarin-6 micelles (TC6M) and non-targeted coumarin-6 micelles (NTC6M) were developed by solvent diffusion evaporation technique. The formulations NTC6M and TC6M had particles size 23.5 ± 5 nm and 28.5 ± 6 nm respectively and osmolality of 294-300 mOsml/Kg. The whole-eye perfusion model was developed using porcine eye. TC6M and NTC6M were instilled on the excised porcine eyes as well as in the eyes of NZW rabbits. Corneas were excised from the experimental eyes; coumarin-6 penetration across the corneas was analyzed using confocal microscope. Coumarin-6-loaded micelles had particle size below 50 nm. NTC6M formulations showed penetration to the deeper layers up to 500 μm porcine eyes and up to 50 μm in rabbit corneas. However, TC6M formulations exhibited superior retention, as higher fluorescent intensities were observed in upper layers up to 50 μm depth in the porcine eye and 20 μm depth in rabbit eye. Hence, applicability of whole-eye perfusion model in preliminary screening of the formulations was successfully demonstrated. Whole-eye perfusion model when combined with confocal microscopy has potential to be used as an efficient tool for rapid screening and optimization of various ophthalmic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shallu Kutlehria
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA
| | - Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA
| | - Nilkumar Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32307, USA.
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Hoffman RS, Braga-Mele R, Donaldson K, Emerick G, Henderson B, Kahook M, Mamalis N, Miller KM, Realini T, Shorstein NH, Stiverson RK, Wirostko B. Cataract surgery and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Cataract Refract Surg 2018; 42:1368-1379. [PMID: 27697257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have become an important adjunctive tool for surgeons performing routine and complicated cataract surgery. These medications have been found to reduce pain, prevent intraoperative miosis, modulate postoperative inflammation, and reduce the incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME). Whether used alone, synergistically with steroids, or for specific high-risk eyes prone to the development of CME, the effectiveness of these medications is compelling. This review describes the potential preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative uses of NSAIDs, including the potency, indications and treatment paradigms and adverse effects and contraindications. A thorough understanding of these issues will help surgeons maximize the therapeutic benefits of these agents and improve surgical outcomes. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE Proprietary or commercial disclosures are listed after the references.
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Katara R, Sachdeva S, Majumdar DK. Aceclofenac oil drops: characterization and evaluation against ocular inflammation. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:240-246. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1337794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Katara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (Formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sameer Sachdeva
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (Formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Dipak K. Majumdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (Formerly College of Pharmacy), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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A novel nanoparticles impregnated ocular insert for enhanced bioavailability to posterior segment of eye: In vitro, in vivo and stability studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 71:529-540. [PMID: 27987741 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to demonstrate with the help of in vitro and in vivo studies that nanoparticles impregnated ocular inserts effectively delivers significant concentration of drug to the posterior segment of eye after topical administration for treatment of glaucoma. Drug loaded Nanoparticles and their ocular insert have been reported to reduce side effects of orally administered Acetazolamide. Eudragit NPs were prepared by the solvent diffusion nanoprecipitation technique. The prepared NPs were evaluated for various parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, % entrapment efficiency, % drug loading, DSC, FTIR, TEM and stability studies. Ocular inserts of NPs were prepared by solvent casting method. The prepared ocular inserts were evaluated for thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, disintegration time, morphology and stability study. The NPs and ocular inserts were evaluated for in-vitro drug diffusion study, ex-vivo trans-corneal permeability study, in-vivo ocular tolerability and intra ocular pressure (IOP) reduction study. The optimized batch was stable for a period of 3months in lyophilized form. The optimized formulations had size range of 367nm±8nm, zeta potential around +7mV±1.3mV and 51.61%±3.84% entrapment efficiency with 19%±1.40% drug loading. The ex-vivo trans-corneal study showed higher cumulative corneal permeation, flux across corneal tissue (2.460±0.028μg/ml) and apparent corneal permeability (3.926×10-6cm2/s & 3.863×10-6cm2/s) from drug loaded Eudragit NPs and Ocular inserts as compared to drug solution (0.671±0.020μg/ml & 3.166×10-6cm2/s). In-vivo study showed the Eudragit NPs and ocular insert produced significant (P<0.001) lowering in intra ocular pressure compared with the solution of free drug after 3h of topical ocular administration. Plain Eudragit NPs caused no inflammation and/or discomfort in rabbit eyes and neither affected the intra ocular pressure establishing their safety and non irritancy.
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Agarwal P, Rupenthal ID. In vitro and ex vivo corneal penetration and absorption models. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2016; 6:634-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Asasutjarit R, Theerachayanan T, Kewsuwan P, Veeranodha S, Fuongfuchat A, Ritthidej GC. Development and Evaluation of Diclofenac Sodium Loaded-N-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles for Ophthalmic Use. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:1013-24. [PMID: 25609376 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ophthalmic preparation of diclofenac sodium (DC) for relieving ocular inflammation is presently available in the market only as an eye drop solution. Due to its low occular bioavailability, it requires frequent application leading to low patients' compliance and quality of life. This study was conducted to develop formulations of DC loaded-N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (DC-TMCNs) for ophthalmic use to improve ocular biavailabiltiy of DC. DC-TMCNs varied in formulation compositions were prepared using ionic gelation technique and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, drug release, eye irritation potential, and ophthalmic absorption of diclofenac sodium. N-Trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with a 49.8% degree of quaternization was synthesized and used for DC-TMCNs production. The obtained DC-TMCNs had particle size in a range of 130-190 nm with zeta potential values of +4 to +9 mV and drug entrapment efficiencies of more than 70% depending on the content of TMC and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The optimized DC-TMCNs formulation contained TMC, DC, and TPP at a weight ratio of TMC/DC/TPP = 3:1:1. Their lyophilized product reconstituted with phosphate buffer solution pH 5.5 possessed a drug release pattern that fitted within the zero-order model. The eye irritation tests showed that DC-TMCNs were safe for ophthalmic use. The in vivo ophthalmic drug absorption study performed on rabbits indicated that DC-TMCNs could improve ophthalmic bioavailability of DC. Results of this study suggested that DC-TMCNs had potential for use as an alternative to conventional DC eye drops for ophthalmic inflammation treatment.
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Kalam MA, Alshamsan A, Aljuffali IA, Mishra AK, Sultana Y. Delivery of gatifloxacin using microemulsion as vehicle: formulation, evaluation, transcorneal permeation and aqueous humor drug determination. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:896-907. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.920432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Abul Kalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nanomedicine Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA,
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nanomedicine Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA,
- Prince Salman Bin Abdulaziz Chair for Kidney Disease, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia,
| | - Ibrahim A. Aljuffali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Nanomedicine Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA,
| | - Anil K. Mishra
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Delhi, India, and
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Preparation and evaluation of nanoparticles of gum cordia, an anionic polysaccharide for ophthalmic delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ahuja M, Dhake AS, Sharma SK, Majumdar DK. Stability studies on aqueous and oily ophthalmic solutions of diclofenac. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2009; 129:495-502. [PMID: 19337004 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.129.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various aqueous and oily diclofenac ophthalmic formulations were subjected to accelerated and long term stability studies. Degradation of diclofenac was found to follow first-order kinetics. Among the aqueous formulations containing preservative, formulation with PMA, PMN, SA, MP/PP and SMS showed diclofenac content above 90% after 6 months of accelerated and 12 months of room temperature storage. Diclofenac 0.1%, w/v aqueous formulation (pH 7.4), with 5-10% overages, containing SMS, MP/PP or PMN look promising taking both stability and corneal permeability in view. However, for use in cataract surgery formulation without preservative appears ideal. Oily ophthalmic formulations except those in olive and mustard oil, had more than 90% drug content after 6 months of accelerated and 12 months of room temperature storage. Diclofenac (0.2%, w/v) ophthalmic solution in sesame oil with 3% overage and containing benzyl alcohol (0.5%, v/v) as preservative, appears ideal, taking both stability and corneal permeability in view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Ahuja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, India
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Ahuja M, Dhake AS, Sharma SK, Majumdar DK. Topical ocular delivery of NSAIDs. AAPS J 2008; 10:229-41. [PMID: 18437583 PMCID: PMC2751374 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In ocular tissue, arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase to prostaglandins which are the most important lipid derived mediators of inflammation. Presently nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which are cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors are being used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. NSAIDs used in ophthalmology, topically, are salicylic-, indole acetic-, aryl acetic-, aryl propionic- and enolic acid derivatives. NSAIDs are weak acids with pKa mostly between 3.5 and 4.5, and are poorly soluble in water. Aqueous ophthalmic solutions of NSAIDs have been made using sodium, potassium, tromethamine and lysine salts or complexing with cyclodextrins/solubilizer. Ocular penetration of NSAID demands an acidic ophthalmic solution where cyclodextrin could prevent precipitation of drug and minimize its ocular irritation potential. The incompatibility of NSAID with benzalkonium chloride is avoided by using polysorbate 80, cyclodextrins or tromethamine. Lysine salts and alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate disrupt corneal integrity, and their use requires caution. Thus a nonirritating ophthalmic solution of NSAID could be formulated by dissolving an appropriate water-soluble salt, in the presence of cyclodextrin or tromethamine (if needed) in mildly acidified purified water (if stability permits) with or without benzalkonium chloride and polyvinyl alcohol. Amide prodrugs met with mixed success due to incomplete intraocular hydrolysis. Suspension and ocular inserts appear irritating to the inflamed eye. Oil drop may be a suitable option for insoluble drugs and ointment may be used for sustained effect. Recent studies showed that the use of colloidal nanoparticle formulations and the potent COX 2 inhibitor bromfenac may enhance NSAID efficacy in eye preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munish Ahuja
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana, India
| | - Avinash S. Dhake
- />L.B.Rao Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Khambat, Anand, Gujarat, 388 620 India
| | - Surendra K. Sharma
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125 001 Haryana, India
| | - Dipak K. Majumdar
- />Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Formerly College of Pharmacy, (University of Delhi), Pushp Vihar, Sector III, New Delhi, 110017 India
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