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Adısanoğlu P, Özgüney I. Development and Characterization of Thermosensitive and Bioadhesive Ophthalmic Formulations Containing Flurbiprofen Solid Dispersions. Gels 2024; 10:267. [PMID: 38667685 PMCID: PMC11049017 DOI: 10.3390/gels10040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop thermosensitive and bioadhesive in situ gelling systems containing solid dispersions of flurbiprofen (FB-SDs) using poloxamer 407 (P407) and 188 (P188) for ophthalmic delivery. FB-SDs were prepared with the melt method using P407, characterized by solubility, stability, SEM, DSC, TGA, and XRD analyses. Various formulations of poloxamer mixtures and FB-SDs were prepared using the cold method and P407/P188 (15/26.5%), which gels between 32 and 35 °C, was selected to develop an ophthalmic in situ gelling system. Bioadhesive polymers Carbopol 934P (CP) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were added in three concentrations (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% (w/w)). Gelation temperature and time, mechanical properties, flow properties, and viscosity values were determined. The in vitro release rate, release kinetics, and the release mechanism of flurbiprofen (FB) from the ophthalmic formulations were analyzed. The results showed that FB-SDs' solubility in water increased 332-fold compared with FB. The oscillation study results indicated that increasing bioadhesive polymer concentrations decreased gelation temperature and time, and formulations containing CP gel at lower temperatures and in a shorter time. All formulations except F3 and F4 showed Newtonion flow under non-physiological conditions, while all formulations exhibited non-Newtonion pseudoplastic flow under physiological conditions. Viscosity values increased with an increase in bioadhesive polymer concertation at physiological conditions. Texture profile analysis (TPA) showed that CP-containing formulations had higher hardness, compressibility, and adhesiveness, and the gel structure of formulation F4, containing 0.6% CP, exhibited the greatest hardness, compressibility, and adhesiveness. In vitro drug release studies indicated that CP and CMC had no effect below 0.6% concentration. Kinetic evaluation favored first-order and Hixson-Crowell kinetic models. Release mechanism analysis showed that the n values of the formulations were greater than 1 except for formulation F5, suggesting that FB might be released from the ophthalmic formulations by super case II type diffusion. When all the results of this study are evaluated, the in situ gelling formulations prepared with FB-SDs that contained P407/P188 (15/26.5%) and 0.2% CP or 0.2% CMC or 0.4 CMC% (F2, F5, and F6, respectively) could be promising formulations to prolong precorneal residence time and improve ocular bioavailability of FB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Işık Özgüney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ege, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Türkiye;
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Villapiano F, Silvestri T, Lo Gatto C, Aleo D, Campani V, Graziano SF, Giancola C, D'Aria F, De Rosa G, Biondi M, Mayol L. Thermosensitive In Situ Gelling Poloxamers/Hyaluronic Acid Gels for Hydrocortisone Ocular Delivery. Gels 2024; 10:193. [PMID: 38534611 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study endeavored to overcome the physiological barriers hindering optimal bioavailability in ophthalmic therapeutics by devising drug delivery platforms that allow therapeutically effective drug concentrations in ocular tissues for prolonged times. Thermosensitive drug delivery platforms were formulated by blending poloxamers (F68 and F127) with low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HA) in various concentrations and loaded with hydrocortisone (HC). Among the formulations examined, only three were deemed suitable based on their desirable gelling properties at a temperature close to the eye's surface conditions while also ensuring minimal gelation time for swift ocular application. Rheological analyses unveiled the ability of the formulations to develop gels at suitable temperatures, elucidating the gel-like characteristics around the physiological temperature essential for sustained drug release. The differential scanning calorimetry findings elucidated intricate hydrogel-water interactions, indicating that HA affects the water-polymer interactions within the gel by increasing the platform hydrophilicity. Also, in vitro drug release studies demonstrated significant hydrocortisone release within 8 h, governed by an anomalous transport mechanism, prompting further investigation for optimized release kinetics. The produced platforms offer promising prospects for efficacious ocular drug delivery, addressing pivotal challenges in ocular therapeutics and heralding future advancements in the domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Villapiano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Silvestri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Camilla Lo Gatto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Danilo Aleo
- Medivis Srl, Carnazza St. 34/C, 95030 Tremestieri Etneo, Catania, Italy
| | - Virginia Campani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sossio Fabio Graziano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Giancola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica D'Aria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Biondi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, D. Montesano St. 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Mayol
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, S. Pansini St. 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Shah S, Patel R, Patel G. Nanocomposite hydrogels: an optimistic insight towards the treatments of ocular disorders. Recent Pat Nanotechnol 2023:NANOTEC-EPUB-133253. [PMID: 37519202 DOI: 10.2174/1872210517666230731102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distinct anatomy and physiology of the eye represent it as a specialized organ. The noumenal physiological barriers, whose prominent role is to prevent the entrance of extracellular substances, reduce the bioavailability of medicines taken locally. Nanocarriers offer many advantages, such as site-specific drug delivery, reduced dose-related side effects, more drug loading capacity, etc. Nanoparticles, nano micelles, Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs), Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, microspheres, microemulsions, etc., have all undergone significant analysis to overcome numerous static and dynamic obstacles. OBJECTIVE Among the several methods of delivering drugs, one of the most captivating and demanding is ocular drug delivery (ODD). The intent of developing formulations for an extended period can be partially achieved via thermoresponsive hydrogels. It is feasible to store fluids inside a cross-linked gel system for efficient long-term administration owing to hydrogels, which are hydrophilic polymeric networks with excellent three-dimensional structures and water or biological fluid absorption capacities. Hydrogels can be incorporated into nanocarriers to achieve site-specific action and prolonged release. METHOD Related patents and research reports with various platforms like Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, Google Scholar, Shodhganga, and Patseer were used to gather the data, and a search methodology was availed. RESULT The paper thoroughly summarizes the strategies for incorporating drugs with hydrogel into a nanocarrier to provide sustained release and prolonged therapeutic effects. According to the comprehensive review of literature and patents like (US2015374633A1), (US10980882B2), and (WO2011018800A2), nanocarrier-loaded thermoresponsive hydrogels show promising results. CONCLUSION Due to their propensity to alter state in reaction to temperature changes, thermoresponsive hydrogels can improve medication bioavailability. Intervening nanocarriers loaded hydrogels directly on the targeted site displays local intervention and site-specificity. Thus, the use of nanocarriers in ocular drug delivery is encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailvi Shah
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand - 388421, India
| | - Riya Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand - 388421, India
| | - Gayatri Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT), CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Anand - 388421, India
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Uner B, Ozdemir S, Nur Pilevne S, Rıza Cenk Celebi A. Timolol-loaded ethosomes for ophthalmic delivery: Reduction of high intraocular pressure in vivo. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123021. [PMID: 37149109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The beta-adrenoceptor blocker timolol maleate (TML) is a commonly used pharmaceutical agent for the management of glaucoma. Conventional eye drops have limitations due to biological or pharmaceutical factors. Therefore, TML-loaded ethosomes have been designed to mitigate these restrictions and give a viable solution for reducing elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). The ethosomes were prepared using the thin film hydration method. Integrating the Box-Behnken experimental strategy, the optimal formulation was identified. The physicochemical characterization studies were performed on the optimal formulation. Then, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies were conducted. The irritation assessment was also carried out with Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane model (HET-CAM), and in vivo evaluation of the IOP lowering effect was also performed on rats. The physicochemical characterization studies demonstrated that the components of the formulation were compatible with each other. The particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) were found as 88.23 ± 1.25 nm, -28.7 ± 2.03 mV, and 89.73 ± 0.42 %, respectively. The in vitro drug release mechanism was found as Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics (R2=0.9923). The HET-CAM findings verified the formulation's eligibility for biological applications. The IOP measurements revealed no statistical difference (p>0.05) between the once-a-day application of the optimal formulation and the three-times-a-day application of the conventional eye drop. A similar pharmacological response was observed at lowered application frequencies. Therefore, it was concluded that the novel TML-loaded ethosomes could be a safe and efficient alternative for glaucoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Uner
- Yeditepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey; University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samet Ozdemir
- Istanbul Health and Technology University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seniz Nur Pilevne
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Rıza Cenk Celebi
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lai CF, Shiau FJ. Enhanced and Extended Ophthalmic Drug Delivery by pH-Triggered Drug-Eluting Contact Lenses with Large-Pore Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:18630-18638. [PMID: 37023369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug-eluting contact lenses (DCLs) have attracted considerable attention as potential therapeutic ophthalmic drug delivery devices. In this study, we propose, fabricate, and investigate pH-triggered DCLs that are combined with large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (LPMSNs). Compared to reference DCLs, LPMSN-laden DCLs can prolong the residence time of glaucoma drugs in an artificial lacrimal fluid (ALF) environment at pH 7.4. Additionally, LPMSN-laden DCLs do not require drug preloading and are compatible with current contact lens manufacturing processes. LPMSN-laden DCLs soaked at pH 6.5 exhibit better drug loading than reference DCLs due to their specific adsorption. The sustained and extended release of glaucoma drugs by LPMSN-laden DCLs was successfully monitored in ALF, and the drug release mechanism was further explained. We also evaluated the cytotoxicity of LPMSN-laden DCLs, and qualitative and quantitative results showed no cytotoxicity. Our experimental results demonstrate that LPMSNs are excellent nanocarriers that have the potential to be used as safe and stable nanocarriers for the delivery of glaucoma drugs or other drugs. pH-triggered LPMSN-laden DCLs can significantly improve drug loading efficiency and control prolonged drug release, indicating that they have great potential for future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Feng Lai
- Department of Photonics, Feng Chia University, No. 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jia Shiau
- Department of Photonics, Feng Chia University, No. 100, Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
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C De Guzman LM, De Guzman GQ, Borromeo EC. Brinzolamide-loaded soft contact lens for ophthalmic delivery. Ther Deliv 2022. [PMID: 35615865 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2022-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, brinzolamide (BRZ) was loaded in balafilcon A silicone hydrogel soft contact lens to enhance delivery in glaucoma therapy. Materials & methods: BRZ-loaded soft contact lens was prepared by the soaking method with optimization of pH, temperature and concentration of drug loading solution. Results: At pH 7.4, loading temperature and concentration of 32°C and 3 mg/ml, respectively, enhanced drug loading capacity and release were observed. Diffusional experiments showed Higuchi model of release. BRZ loading brought no appreciable changes in the physical properties of soft contact lens, likewise, maintaining stability. Conclusion: The results demonstrated BRZ loading and delivery through silicone hydrogel soft contact lens which provides a potential alternative in glaucoma therapy.
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Gyarmati B, Dargó G, Aron Szilagyi B, Vincze A, Facskó R, Budai-Szűcs M, Kiss EL, Szente L, Szilagyi A, Balogh GT. Synthesis, complex formation and corneal permeation of cyclodextrin-modified, thiolated poly(aspartic acid) as self-gelling formulation of dexamethasone. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 174:1-9. [PMID: 35341942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at developing a potential in situ gellable dexamethasone (DXM) eye drop. Poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) derivatives were synthesized with dual functionality to improve the solubility of DXM, and to achieve in situ gelation. First, amine-modified β-cyclodextrin (CD) was attached to polysuccinimide (PSI), second, thiol functionalities were added by the reaction of cysteamine and succinimide rings. Finally, the PSI derivatives were hydrolysed to the corresponding PASP derivatives to get water-soluble polymers. Phase-solubility studies confirmed the complexation ability of CD-containing PASP derivatives. In situ gelation and the effect of the CD immobilization on this behaviour were characterized by rheological measurements. The solubilizing effect of CD was confirmed by kinetic solubility measurements, whereas in vitro corneal permeability assay (corneal-PAMPA) measurements were performed to determine in vitro permeability and flux values. The effect of the PASP derivatives on permeation strongly depended on chemical composition and polymer concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjámin Gyarmati
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Dargó
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barnabas Aron Szilagyi
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Vincze
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Facskó
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter L Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Szente
- CycloLab Cyclodextrin R. and D. Laboratory, Ltd, H-1070 Budapest, Illatos út 7. Hungary
| | - Andras Szilagyi
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - György T Balogh
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Mortensen N, Toews P, Bates J. Crosslinking-Dependent Drug Kinetics in Hydrogels for Ophthalmic Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:248. [PMID: 35054655 PMCID: PMC8779755 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-diffusion kinetics in 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydrogels were studied as a function of the crosslinking density and porosity. By varying the concentration of the crosslinker, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, we demonstrated how the release of Timolol maleate could be optimized to allow for efficient drug delivery. FTIR and spectrophotometry supplied optical inferences into the functional groups present. By studying the swelling and degradation of hydrogels, supplemented with drug-release kinetics studies, the relationship between these two tenets could be formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Bates
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, 122 Central Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (N.M.); (P.T.)
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Xu S, Ke L, Zhao S, Li Z, Xiao Y, Wu Y, Ren J, Qiu Y. Thermosensitive Poly(DHSe/PEG/PPG Urethane)-Based Hydrogel Extended Remdesivir Application in Ophthalmic Medication. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:50. [PMID: 35056947 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak beginning in March 2020. Currently, there is a lack of suitable dose formulations that interrupt novel coronavirus transmission via corneal and conjunctival routes. In the present study, we developed and evaluated a thermosensitive gelling system based on a selenium-containing polymer for topical ocular continuous drug release. In detail, di-(1-hydroxylundecyl) selenide (DHSe), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) were polymerized to form poly(DHSe/PEG/PPG urethane). The polymer was used to carry poorly water-soluble remdesivir (RDV) at room temperature to form the final thermosensitive in situ gel, which exhibited a typical sol-gel transition at 35 °C. The formed polymer was further characterized by rheology, thermology, and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro release studies and in vivo retention and penetration tests indicated that the thermogel provided the prolonged release of RDV. The RDV-loaded in situ gel was proven to be non-biotoxic against human corneal epithelial cells, with good ocular tolerance and biocompatibility in rabbit eyes.
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Karami TK, Hailu S, Feng S, Graham R, Gukasyan HJ. Eyes on Lipinski's Rule of Five: A New "Rule of Thumb" for Physicochemical Design Space of Ophthalmic Drugs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 38:43-55. [PMID: 34905402 PMCID: PMC8817695 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to investigate molecular thermodynamic properties of approved ophthalmic drugs and derive a framework outlining physicochemical design space for product development. Unlike the methodology used to obtain molecular descriptors for assessment of drug-like properties by Lipinski's Rule of 5 (Ro5), this work presents a retrospective approach based on in silico analysis of molecular thermodynamic properties beyond Ro5 parameters (ie, free energy of distribution/partitioning in octanol/water, dynamic polar surface area, distribution coefficient, and solubility at physiological pH) by using 145 marketed ophthalmic drugs. The study's focus was to delineate inherent molecular parameters explicitly important for ocular permeability and absorption from topical eye drops. A comprehensive parameter distribution analysis on ophthalmic drugs’ molecular properties was performed. Frequencies in distribution analyses provided groundwork for physicochemical parameter limits of molecular thermodynamic properties having impact on corneal permeability and topical ophthalmic drug delivery. These parameters included free energy of partitioning (ΔGo/w) calculated based on thermodynamic free energy equation, distribution coefficient at physiological pH (clog DpH7.4), topological polar surface area (TPSA), and aqueous solubility (Sint, SpH7.4) with boundaries of clog DpH7.4 ≤4.0, TPSA ≤250 Å2, ΔGo/w ≤20 kJ/mol (4.8 kcal/mol), and solubility (Sint and SpH7.4) ≥1 μM, respectively. The theoretical free energy of partitioning model streamlined calculation of changes in the free energy of partitioning, Δ(ΔGo/w), as a measure of incremental improvements in corneal permeability for congeneric series. The above parameter limits are proposed as “rules of thumb” for topical ophthalmic drugs to assess risks in developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Karami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shumet Hailu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Shaoxin Feng
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Richard Graham
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hovhannes J Gukasyan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Allergan plc, an AbbVie Company, Irvine, California, USA
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Abstract
Nanoemulsions are liquid-in-liquid dispersion with a droplet size of about 100 nm. They have a transparent appearance, high rate of bioavailability, and increased shelf life. Nanoemulsions mainly consist of oil, water, surfactant, and cosurfactant and can be prepared by high- and low-energy methods. Diluted nanoemulsions are utilized for the delivery of ophthalmic drugs due to their capability to penetrate the deep layers of the ocular structure, provide a sustained release effect, and reduce the frequency of administration and side effects. These nanoemulsions are subjected to certain tests, such as safety, stability, pH profile, rheological studies, and so on. Cationic nanoemulsions are prepared for topical ophthalmic delivery of active ingredients from cationic agents to increase the drug residence time on the ocular surface, reducing their clearance from the ocular surface and improving drug bioavailability. This review article summarizes the main characteristics of nanoemulsions, ophthalmic nanoemulsions, and cationic nanoemulsions and their components, methods of preparation, and the evaluation parameters for ophthalmic nanoemulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Khalid DHAHIR
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | | | - Fadia AL-BAZZAZ
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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Burhan AM, Klahan B, Cummins W, Andrés-Guerrero V, Byrne ME, O’Reilly NJ, Chauhan A, Fitzhenry L, Hughes H. Posterior Segment Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Role of Muco-Adhesion with a Special Focus on Chitosan. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1685. [PMID: 34683978 PMCID: PMC8539343 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior segment eye diseases (PSEDs) including age macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are amongst the major causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Due to the numerous barriers encountered, highly invasive intravitreal (IVT) injections represent the primary route to deliver drugs to the posterior eye tissues. Thus, the potential of a more patient friendly topical route has been widely investigated. Mucoadhesive formulations can decrease precorneal clearance while prolonging precorneal residence. Thus, they are expected to enhance the chances of adherence to corneal and conjunctival surfaces and as such, enable increased delivery to the posterior eye segment. Among the mucoadhesive polymers available, chitosan is the most widely explored due to its outstanding mucoadhesive characteristics. In this review, the major PSEDs, their treatments, barriers to topical delivery, and routes of topical drug absorption to the posterior eye are presented. To enable the successful design of mucoadhesive ophthalmic drug delivery systems (DDSs), an overview of mucoadhesion, its theory, characterization, and considerations for ocular mucoadhesion is given. Furthermore, chitosan-based DDs that have been explored to promote topical drug delivery to the posterior eye segment are reviewed. Finally, challenges of successful preclinical to clinical translation of these DDSs for posterior eye drug delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah Mohammad Burhan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Butsabarat Klahan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Wayne Cummins
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero
- Innovation, Therapy and Pharmaceutical Development in Ophthalmology (InnOftal) Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mark E. Byrne
- Biomimetic & Biohybrid Materials, Biomedical Devices & Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
| | - Niall J. O’Reilly
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA;
| | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
| | - Helen Hughes
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, Waterford Institute of Technology, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (W.C.); (N.J.O.); (L.F.); (H.H.)
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13
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Wang Z, Li X, Zhang X, Sheng R, Lin Q, Song W, Hao L. Novel Contact Lenses Embedded with Drug-Loaded Zwitterionic Nanogels for Extended Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2328. [PMID: 34578644 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic ophthalmic contact lenses with prolonged drug release and improved bioavailability have been developed to circumvent tedious eye drop instillation. In this work, zwitterionic nanogels based on poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) were easily fabricated by one-step reflux-precipitation polymerization, with the advantages of being surfactant-free and morphology controlled. Then, the ophthalmic drug levofloxacin (LEV) was encapsulated into the nanogels. A set of contact lenses with varied nanogel-loading content was fabricated by the cast molding method, with the drug-loaded nanogels dispersed in pre-monomer solutions composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP). The structure, surface morphology, water contact angle (WCA), equilibrium water content (EWC), transmittance, and mechanical properties of the contact lenses were subsequently investigated, and in vitro drug release and biocompatibility were further evaluated. As a result, the optimized contact lens with nanogel-loading content of 8 wt% could sustainably deliver LEV for ten days, with critical lens properties within the range of recommended values for commercial contact lenses. Moreover, cell viability assays revealed that the prepared contact lenses were cytocompatible, suggesting their significant potential as an alternative to traditional eye drops or ointment formulations for long-term oculopathy treatment.
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14
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Thakur SS, Bai A, Chan D, Lu J, Lu M, Su A, Perera J, Swift S, Svirskis D, Rupenthal ID. Ex vivo evaluation of the influence of pH on the ophthalmic safety, antibacterial efficacy and storage stability of povidone-iodine. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 104:162-166. [PMID: 32495387 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE The monitoring and controlling of pH is important when preparing solutions for ophthalmic administration. In the case of povidone-iodine, dilution in an appropriate buffer is needed to improve its ophthalmic safety. BACKGROUND Povidone-iodine is a broad-spectrum antiseptic agent that is commonly used in ophthalmic applications due to its cost-effectiveness and accessibility. However, native povidone-iodine has a pH of about 4.0 and is known to irritate the ocular surface. This study assessed whether adjusting povidone-iodine formulation pH would influence its ex vivo ophthalmic safety, alongside its impact on antibacterial efficacy and storage stability. METHODS One per cent w/v povidone-iodine was diluted in normal saline, or 0.1-mol/l citrate or phosphate buffers to yield solutions with a pH ranging from 4.0 to 7.0. Ocular irritancy was evaluated using the bovine cornea opacity and permeability assay. Antibacterial efficacy was assessed by evaluating povidone-iodine minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration at varied pH. Storage stability of the preparations was determined over 30-days at room temperature (20-25°C). RESULTS Combining povidone-iodine with phosphate buffer notably decreased ocular irritancy of the antiseptic. Surprisingly, combining povidone-iodine with citrate buffer potentiated irritant effects of the preparation. Antibacterial efficacy of povidone-iodine was reduced when formulation pH was increased from 4.0 to 7.0, although its general activity was retained. Finally, povidone-iodine remained stable in both normal saline and phosphate buffer over 30-days. CONCLUSION Ophthalmic application of povidone-iodine can be optimised by adjusting the pH of the formulation to 7.0 using phosphate buffer, reducing irritancy while maintaining adequate antibacterial efficacy and storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin S Thakur
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Arian Bai
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Doris Chan
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marie Lu
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aimee Su
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janesha Perera
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Arie Y, Miyai H, Suzuki A, Okabe T, Takashima M, Takata M, Kurasawa T, Ito M, Arakawa R, Ogura Y, Naito A. Comparative study on pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravitreal and sub-Tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide in ocular tissues. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:1864-1871. [PMID: 33344183 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.12.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the differences in kinetics, distribution, and toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) between the injection methods, sub-Tenon and intravitreal injections in rabbit ocular tissues. METHODS TA was injected into the vitreous or the sub-Tenon in rabbits. For pharmacokinetic study, rabbits were sacrificed periodically and then TA in blood and ocular tissues (retina/choroids, vitreous, and aqueous humor) were measured over 91d. For toxicological study, clinical signs, slit-lamp microscopic examination, ophthalmological test were performed. The eyeballs and surrounding tissues were collected and fixed with glutaraldehyde-formalin solution, and then paraffin embedded for histological investigation. RESULTS Higher levels of TA were distributed in the intraocular tissues when injected into the vitreous compared to the sub-Tenon. Conversely, TA level was remarkably lower in the rabbits which received intravitreal TA injections than those treated with sub-Tenon injection throughout the study period in plasma. Optical discharge probably caused by systemic circulation of TA was observed by receiving sub-Tenon TA injection. Meanwhile, technic-associated toxicological ocular symptoms and findings were more frequently observed in intravitreal injection than in sub-Tenon injection. CONCLUSION There are significant differences in kinetics and distribution of TA in vitreous body, aqueous humor and plasma, between the two injection methods. Although further study is needed to explain the species difference between human and rabbit, it is assumed that the difference in the frequency of intraocular pressure elevation and cataract formation by TA between the two injection methods are directly related to the TA concentrations in aqueous humor and vitreous body in each injection methods. Systemic toxicity and technic-associated toxicity are also closely related to kinetics of TA in plasma and each injection method itself, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Arie
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyai
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okabe
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Takashima
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Mayumi Takata
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurasawa
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Masaki Ito
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Reijiro Arakawa
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ogura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 4678601, Japan
| | - Akira Naito
- Sagami Research Laboratories, Wakamoto Pharmaceutical Corporation Ltd., Kanagawa 2580018, Japan
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16
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Kendre PN, Kadam PD, Jain SP, Vibhute SK, Pote AK. Design, fabrication, and characterization of graft co-polymer assisted ocular insert: a state of art in reducing post-operative pain. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1988-1999. [PMID: 33026260 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1833908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted delivery of drugs at appropriate concentrations to ocular tissues is required to avoid wastage. Hence, advanced systems that maximize the release of poorly soluble drugs and deliver them at ocular sites must be designed. METHODS In this study, Soluplus® (polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol-graft copolymer) was selected as a solubilizer as well as film former for preparing ocular inserts and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) as a plasticizer. On the basis of an initial phase solubility study, the maximum concentration of Soluplus® possible was used for developing the inserts. An optimized formulation was obtained using a 32-factorial design. Two factors at three levels were used to design the ocular inserts. Soluplus® (X 1) and the plasticizer, PEG-400 (X 2), were set as the independent variables at various levels, and the Rel4h (drug release in 4 h, Y 1) and tensile strength (Y 2) were set as the dependent variables. A pre-formulation study was conducted to select suitable materials. RESULTS Various physico-chemical parameters of the optimized formulation, including the tensile strength and folding endurance, were studied using FT-IR, DSC, XRD, and SEM. An in vitro dissolution study was conducted to determine the amount of drug released. There was no redness, swelling, or watering of the rabbit eye. CONCLUSION It was concluded that the ocular inserts of the poorly soluble nepafenac developed using a graft-co-polymer enhanced the solubility and utilization of the drug for a prolonged period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash N Kendre
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, India
| | - Pooja D Kadam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sanjivani College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Kopargaon, India
| | | | - Somnath K Vibhute
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, India
| | - Ajinkya K Pote
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Buldana, India
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17
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Dukovski BJ, Bračko A, Šare M, Pepić I, Lovrić J. In vitro evaluation of stearylamine cationic nanoemulsions for improved ocular drug delivery. Acta Pharm 2019; 69:621-34. [PMID: 31639085 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2019-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water nanoemulsions (NEs) represent one of the formulation approaches to improve eye-related bio-availability of lipophilic drugs. The potential of cationic NEs is pronounced due to the electrostatic interaction of positively charged droplets with negatively charged mucins present in the tear film, providing prolonged formulation residence at the ocular surface. The aim of this study was to develop a cationic ophthalmic NE with cationic lipid stearylamine (SA) as a carrier of a positive charge. The addition of a nonionic surfactant provided the dual electro-steric stabilization of NEs and enabled tuning of SA concentration to achieve an optimal balance between its interaction with mucins and biocompatibility. Physicochemical characterization, stability profile, in vitro mucoadhesion study and biocompatibility study employing 3D HCE-T cell-based model of corneal epithelium pointed out the NE with 0.05 % (m/m) SA as the leading formulation. Minimizing SA content while retaining droplet/mucin interactions is of great importance for efficacy and safety of future ophthalmic drug products.
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18
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Gühlke M, Hecht J, Böhrer A, Hawe A, Nikels F, Garidel P, Menzen T. Taking Subvisible Particle Quantitation to the Limit: Uncertainties and Statistical Challenges With Ophthalmic Products for Intravitreal Injection. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:505-514. [PMID: 31682829 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Subvisible particles are a critical quality attribute of pharmaceutical products. The reliability of particle quantitation increases with the number of particles in the analyzed sample volume. However, for analyses of low-volume drug products, such as ophthalmic products for intravitreal injection or biopharmaceuticals in general, sample volumes as small as possible should be used to avoid pooling and consequently, the contamination with foreign particles. The aim of our study was to evaluate the variability of particle concentrations obtained by light obscuration measurements to define the minimum required analyzed sample volume to achieve statistically meaningful results by using conditions that are practically feasible. Statistical evaluation suggests that for particle concentrations close to a predefined limit, large sample volumes (a multiple of typical intravitreal product volumes) would be required for a high probability to correctly classify samples with respect to the predefined limit. Below a minimum analyzed volume, even a measurement result of 0 particles does not allow to conclude compliance with the respective particle concentration limit with sufficient certainty. A small analyzed volume could be justified as long as the measurement uncertainty remains acceptable compared with the predefined limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gühlke
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johanna Hecht
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Armin Böhrer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andrea Hawe
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Nikels
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Menzen
- Coriolis Pharma Research GmbH, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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19
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Esteban-Pérez S, Bravo-Osuna I, Andrés-Guerrero V, Molina-Martínez IT, Herrero-Vanrell R. Trojan Microparticles Potential for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. Curr Med Chem 2019; 27:570-582. [PMID: 31486746 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190905150331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The administration of drugs to treat ocular disorders still remains a technological challenge in this XXI century. Although there is an important arsenal of active molecules useful to treat ocular diseases, ranging from classical compounds to biotechnological products, currenty, no ideal delivery system is able to profit all their therapeutic potential. Among the Intraocular Drug Delivery Systems (IODDS) proposed to overcome some of the most important limitations, microsystems and nanosystems have raised high attention. While microsystems are able to offer long-term release after intravitreal injection, nanosystems can protect the active compound from external environment (reducing their clearance) and direct it to its target tissues. In recent years, some researchers have explored the possibility of combining micro and nanosystems in "Nanoparticle-in-Microparticle (NiMs)" systems or "trojan systems". This excellent idea is not exempt of technological problems, remains partially unsolved, especially in the case of IODDS. The objective of the present review is to show the state of art concerning the design, preparation and characterization of trojan microparticles for drug delivery and to remark their potential and limitations as IODDS, one of the most important challenges faced by pharmaceutical technology at the moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Esteban-Pérez
- Complutense University, InnOftal Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Irene Bravo-Osuna
- Complutense University, InnOftal Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.,Ocular Pathology National Net (OFTARED) of the Institute of Health Carlos III, Health Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Andrés-Guerrero
- Complutense University, InnOftal Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Irene T Molina-Martínez
- Complutense University, InnOftal Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Rocío Herrero-Vanrell
- Complutense University, InnOftal Research Group, UCM 920415, Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
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20
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Pontillo ARN, Detsi A. Nanoparticles for ocular drug delivery: modified and non-modified chitosan as a promising biocompatible carrier. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1889-1909. [PMID: 31274373 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye is a very important, yet sensitive organ, presenting complex anatomy. To overcome its protective mechanisms, with the aim of improving drug delivery, drug encapsulation in nanocarriers is considered in this review. Chitosan is found to be an excellent drug carrier and its application in ophthalmology is being extensively researched. This mucoadhesive biopolymer can protect the encapsulated molecule, optimize its mode of action and minimize any existent risk. Moreover, chitosan and its derivatives may provide advantageous properties to the system such as thermoresponsivity and pH dependency. Finally, dual systems of chitosan with other carriers, such as poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) and alginate, are also mentioned in this review, as they may offer additional benefits such as higher permeation due to different interaction of each carrier with the corneal layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rozaria Nefeli Pontillo
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Detsi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 15780 Athens, Greece
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21
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Wu K, Gore A, Graham R, Meller R. Solubilization of Cyclosporine in Topical Ophthalmic Formulations: Preformulation Risk Assessment on a New Solid Form. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3233-3239. [PMID: 31228492 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the discovery of a less soluble crystalline form (form 2) of cyclosporine (CsA), risks in solubility and physical stability of these formulations need to be revisited. This work focused on understanding the solubility behavior of various CsA forms in different media, including water, castor oil, and selected cosolvent micellar systems. In water, form 2 was approximately 8-9 times less soluble than form 1 (aka. tetragonal dihydrate). In neat nonaqueous solvent, for example, castor oil, form 3 (aka. orthorhombic hydrate) was found to have the lowest solubility and therefore the most stable form. In addition, the solubility-temperature relationship of CsA is complex and solvent-dependent. In aqueous vehicles, retrograde temperature dependence of solubility was observed in aqueous vehicles, that is, the solubility of CsA decreased with temperature, which was attributed to the effect of temperature on the strength of hydrogen bonding interactions; conversely, the solubility of CsA increased with temperature in nonaqueous solvents. In addition, the solubility of these CsA forms was very sensitive to temperature. Temperature-dependent form transformation was also observed in the media studied, with faster form conversion occurring at elevated temperatures. These studies provided key information to support the risk assessment for topical ophthalmic formulation development of CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Allergan Plc, Irvine, California 92612.
| | - Anu Gore
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Allergan Plc, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Richard Graham
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Allergan Plc, Irvine, California 92612
| | - Richard Meller
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Allergan Plc, Irvine, California 92612
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22
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See GL, Sagesaka A, Todo H, Wierzba K, Sugibayashi K. Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Pilocarpine After Application to Eyelid Skin of Rats. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2942-2948. [PMID: 31002809 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extending the delivery of drugs into the eyes while reducing systemic bioavailability is of utmost importance in the management of chronic ocular diseases. Topical application onto the lower eyelid skin, as an alternative to eye drops, is seen to be a valuable strategy in the treatment of chronic eye diseases. To elucidate the critical value of delivering drugs in solution onto the eyeball through the eyelid skin, pharmacokinetic studies of pilocarpine were conducted, and the results were verified using a direct pharmacodynamic study in rats. The mean residence time of pilocarpine after topical eyelid application to the eyelid skin, conjunctiva, eyeball, and plasma were 14.9, 8.50, 6.29, and 8.11 h, respectively. Conjunctiva and eyeball concentrations of pilocarpine at 8 h were 80-fold and 8-fold higher after topical eyelid application, respectively, than those for eye drops. Pupillary constriction was sustained over 8 h after topical eyelid application. Topical eyelid skin application exhibited a localized drug absorption and specific drug accumulation in the ocular tissues. Hence, it is rational to prepare topical formulations directed onto the eyelid skin, which is suitable for drugs required for long-term treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Lee See
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Care Professions, University of San Carlos, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Ayano Sagesaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Todo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Konstanty Wierzba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugibayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan.
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Gade S, Patel KK, Gupta C, Anjum MM, Deepika D, Agrawal AK, Singh S. An Ex Vivo Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Enriched In Situ Gel for Transcorneal Permeation on Goat Cornea. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2905-2916. [PMID: 30978345 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed to fabricate the moxifloxacin nanostructured lipid carriers (MOX-NLCs) loaded in situ gel for opthalmic application to improve the corneal permeation and retention and also subside the toxic effect associated with intracameral injection of moxifloxacin in endophthalmitis treatment. Initially, Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the various factors significantly affecting the final formulation attributes. MOX-NLCs with particle size 232.1 ± 9.2 nm, polydispersity index 0.247 ± 0.031, zeta potential -16.3 ± 1.6 mV, entrapment efficiency 63.1 ± 2.4%, and spherical shape was achieved. The optimized MOX-NLCs demonstrated the Higuchi release kinetics with highest regression coefficient. Besides this, FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction results suggested that MOX had excellent compatibility with excipients. Furthermore, the results of ex-vivo permeation study demonstrated 2-fold higher permeation (208.7 ± 17.6 μg), retention (37.26 ± 2.83 μg), and flux (9.57 ± 0.73 μg/cm2 h) compared with free MOX in situ gel. In addition, MOX-NLCs exhibited normal corneal hydration and did not show any sign of structural damage to the corneal tissue as confirmed by histology. Therefore, the findings strongly suggest that MOX-NLCs in situ gel with higher permeation and retention can be a better alternative strategy to prevent and treat the endophthalmitis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpkala Gade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandan Gupta
- Bombay College of Pharmacy, Kalina, Santacruz, Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| | - Md Meraj Anjum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Deepika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if current development on using contact lenses for drug delivery of cysteamine to treat ocular symptoms of cystinosis can be tinted to mitigate photophobia common in patients by reducing transmittance Methods: Commercial contact lenses were placed in a carbon black solution to examine loading after lens synthesis. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses were also synthesized with carbon black added prior to UV curing. Transmittance was measured using UV-vis spectrophotometry over the range of 190-1190 nm and compared to unmodified contact lenses. Lens parameters of refractive index, ion permeability, and Young's modulus were measured using a refractometer, release of sodium chloride, and the cantilever method. Cysteamine release was measured by loading lenses into 5% cysteamine solution and then monitoring the release of the drug using UV-vis spectrophotometry. Vitamin E diffusion barriers were also added to lenses via ethanol solution, and the release of cysteamine from these modified lenses was also examined. RESULTS No leeching of carbon black was detected during experiments. Loading of pre-made contact lenses led to uneven distribution of carbon black throughout lens. Adding 0.3% carbon black to lens monomer solution prior to UV-curing led to even distribution and a transmittance reduction of approximately 50%. Ion permeability was reduced from 6.19 ± 0.90 x 10-3 to 1.28 ± 0.06 x 10-3 mm2 min-1, and Young's modulus was decreased from 1.58 ± 0.08 to 1.29 ± 0.06 MPa. Cysteamine releases from carbon black lenses with and without vitamin E were comparable to controls, although the loading solution of vitamin E/ethanol had to be tripled to achieve a similar mass loading to control. CONCLUSIONS Carbon black increases the softness of contact lenses, but a loading of 0.3% maintains lens parameters required for wear. The release of cysteamine is also possible with carbon black lenses, albeit requiring a higher loading concentration of vitamin E to achieve similar release times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Dixon
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Budai-Szűcs M, Kiss EL, Szilágyi BÁ, Szilágyi A, Gyarmati B, Berkó S, Kovács A, Horvát G, Aigner Z, Soós J, Csányi E. Mucoadhesive Cyclodextrin-Modified Thiolated Poly(aspartic acid) as a Potential Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E199. [PMID: 30966235 DOI: 10.3390/polym10020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiolated poly(aspartic acid) is known as a good mucoadhesive polymer in aqueous ophthalmic formulations. In this paper, cyclodextrin-modified thiolated poly(aspartic acid) was synthesized for the incorporation of prednisolone, a lipophilic ophthalmic drug, in an aqueous in situ gellable mucoadhesive solution. This polymer combines the advantages of cyclodextrins and thiolated polymers. The formation of the cyclodextrin-drug complex in the gels was analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction. The ocular applicability of the polymer was characterized by means of physicochemical, rheological and drug diffusion tests. It was established that the chemical bonding of the cyclodextrin molecule did not affect the complexation of prednisolone, while the polymer solution preserved its in situ gellable and good mucoadhesive characteristics. The chemical immobilization of cyclodextrin modified the diffusion profile of prednisolone and prolonged drug release was observed. The combination of free and immobilized cyclodextrins provided the best release profile because the free complex can diffuse rapidly, while the bonded complex ensures a prolonged action.
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26
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Díaz-Tomé V, Luaces-Rodríguez A, Silva-Rodríguez J, Blanco-Dorado S, García-Quintanilla L, Llovo-Taboada J, Blanco-Méndez J, García-Otero X, Varela-Fernández R, Herranz M, Gil-Martínez M, Lamas MJ, González-Barcia M, Otero-Espinar FJ, Fernández-Ferreiro A. Ophthalmic Econazole Hydrogels for the Treatment of Fungal Keratitis. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1342-1351. [PMID: 29305870 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Econazole is a feasible alternative treatment in the management of fungal keratitis. Nevertheless, its low water solubility is considered the main limitation to the incorporation into ophthalmic formulations. In this work, econazole nitrate is solubilized by using cyclodextrins to achieve an optimum therapeutic concentration. Phase solubility diagrams suggest α-cyclodextrin as the most effective cyclodextrin and later the inclusion complex formed with this one was characterized in solution by 1D, 2D-NMR, and molecular modeling. Econazole-α-cyclodextrin inclusion complex was included in 2 types of ocular hydrogels: a natural polysaccharides ion-sensitive hydrogel and a hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Both of them show no ocular irritation in the hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane assay and a controlled econazole release over time. Permeability studies suggest that hydrogels do not modify the econazole nitrate permeability through bovine cornea in comparison with an econazole-α-cyclodextrin inclusion complex solution. Finally, ocular biopermanence studies performed using positron emission tomography show these hydrogels present a high retention time on the eye. Results suggest the developed formulations have a high potential as vehicles for the econazole topical ocular administration as fungal keratitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Díaz-Tomé
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Andrea Luaces-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Silva-Rodríguez
- Molecular Imaging Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Blanco-Dorado
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura García-Quintanilla
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Llovo-Taboada
- Microbiology Department, University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Blanco-Méndez
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xurxo García-Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Varela-Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Michel Herranz
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Gil-Martínez
- Ophthalmology Department, University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Jesús Lamas
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Barcia
- Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco J Otero-Espinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Pharmacy Department, University Clinical Hospital Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Ramsay E, Ruponen M, Picardat T, Tengvall U, Tuomainen M, Auriola S, Toropainen E, Urtti A, Del Amo EM. Impact of Chemical Structure on Conjunctival Drug Permeability: Adopting Porcine Conjunctiva and Cassette Dosing for Construction of In Silico Model. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2463-2471. [PMID: 28479360 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctiva occupies most of the ocular surface area, and conjunctival permeability affects ocular and systemic drug absorption of topical ocular medications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to obtain a computational in silico model for structure-based prediction of conjunctival drug permeability. This was done by employing cassette dosing and quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) approach. Permeability studies were performed ex vivo across fresh porcine conjunctiva and simultaneous dosing of a cassette mixture composed of 32 clinically relevant drug molecules with wide chemical space. The apparent permeability values were obtained using drug concentrations that were quantified with liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. The experimental data were utilized for building a QSPR model for conjunctival permeability predictions. The conjunctival permeability values presented a 17-fold range (0.63-10.74 × 10-6 cm/s). The final QSPR had a Q2 value of 0.62 and predicted the external test set with a mean fold error of 1.34. The polar surface area, hydrogen bond donor, and halogen ratio were the most relevant descriptors for defining conjunctival permeability. This work presents for the first time a predictive QSPR model of conjunctival drug permeability and a comprehensive description on conjunctival isolation from the porcine eye. The model can be used for developing new ocular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Théo Picardat
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Unni Tengvall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo Tuomainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva M Del Amo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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28
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Wang G, Nie Q, Zang C, Zhang B, Zhu Q, Luo G, Wang S. Self-Assembled Thermoresponsive Nanogels Prepared by Reverse Micelle → Positive Micelle Method for Ophthalmic Delivery of Muscone, a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2752-9. [PMID: 27041413 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to design a nanocarrier ophthalmic delivery system of muscone, a poorly water-soluble drug. The muscone thermoresponsive nanogels were self-assembled by reverse micelle → positive micelle method. Muscone was demonstrated to have uniform narrow particle size distribution in nanogel by the dynamic light scattering test. The developed nanocomposite hydrogel had a high muscone loading, and the rheology results showed that the phase transition temperature was 34.05°C. Thixotropy test indicated that the nanogel was able to resist the blinking of eyes because of the thixotropy recovery time, which is <5 s. Compared with muscone eye drops, muscone nanogels showed longer retention time on the corneal surface using fluorescent labeling technology and produced a 3.4-fold increase in apparent permeability coefficients (Papp). Draize testing showed that the developed nanogel caused no eye irritation. In vivo pharmacokinetic study indicated that the nanogel could significantly increase the bioavailability of muscone after administration compared with eye drops. These results indicate that self-assembled thermoresponsive nanogel prepared by reverse micelle → positive micelle method has potential for the ophthalmic delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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29
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Wang G, Nie Q, Zang C, Zhang B, Zhu Q, Luo G, Wang S. Self-Assembled Thermoresponsive Nanogels Prepared by Reverse Micelle → Positive Micelle Method for Ophthalmic Delivery of Muscone, a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2752-2759. [PMID: 27041413 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to design a nanocarrier ophthalmic delivery system of muscone, a poorly water-soluble drug. The muscone thermoresponsive nanogels were self-assembled by reverse micelle → positive micelle method. Muscone was demonstrated to have uniform narrow particle size distribution in nanogel by the dynamic light scattering test. The developed nanocomposite hydrogel had a high muscone loading, and the rheology results showed that the phase transition temperature was 34.05°C. Thixotropy test indicated that the nanogel was able to resist the blinking of eyes because of the thixotropy recovery time, which is <5 s. Compared with muscone eye drops, muscone nanogels showed longer retention time on the corneal surface using fluorescent labeling technology and produced a 3.4-fold increase in apparent permeability coefficients (Papp). Draize testing showed that the developed nanogel caused no eye irritation. In vivo pharmacokinetic study indicated that the nanogel could significantly increase the bioavailability of muscone after administration compared with eye drops. These results indicate that self-assembled thermoresponsive nanogel prepared by reverse micelle → positive micelle method has potential for the ophthalmic delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Avenue, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixia Nie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Avenue, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Avenue, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxian Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Avenue, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiong Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Avenue, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Avenue, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Avenue, Beijing 100700, People's Republic of China
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30
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Abstract
Contact lenses for ophthalmic drug delivery have become very popular, due to their unique advantages like extended wear and more than 50% bioavailability. To achieve controlled and sustained drug delivery from contact lenses, researchers are working on various systems like polymeric nanoparticles, microemulsion, micelle, liposomes, use of vitamin E, etc. Numerous scientists are working on different areas of therapeutic contact lenses to treat ocular diseases by implementing techniques like soaking method, molecular imprinting, entrapment of drug-laden colloidal nanoparticles, drug plate/film, ion ligand polymeric systems, supercritical fluid technology, etc. Though sustained drug delivery was achieved using contact lens, the critical properties such as water content, tensile strength (mechanical properties), ion permeability, transparency and oxygen permeability were altered, which limit the commercialization of therapeutic contact lenses. Also issues like drug stability during processing/fabrication (drug integrity test), zero order release kinetics (prevent burst release), drug release during monomer extraction step after fabrication (to remove un-reacted monomers), protein adherence, drug release during storage in packaging solution, shelf life study, cost-benefit analysis, etc. are still to be addressed. This review provides an expert opinion on different methodology to develop therapeutic contact lenses with special remark of their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Maulvi
- a Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University , Gujarat , India
| | - Tejal G Soni
- b Faculty of Pharmacy , Dharmsinh Desai University , Gujarat , India
| | - Dinesh O Shah
- c Shah-Schulman Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology, Dharmsinh Desai University , Gujarat , India.,d Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Anaesthesiology , University of Florida , FL , USA , and.,e School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University , New York , USA
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31
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Asasutjarit R, Theerachayanan T, Kewsuwan P, Veeranodha S, Fuongfuchat A, Ritthidej GC. Development and Evaluation of Diclofenac Sodium Loaded-N-Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles for Ophthalmic Use. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:1013-24. [PMID: 25609376 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ophthalmic preparation of diclofenac sodium (DC) for relieving ocular inflammation is presently available in the market only as an eye drop solution. Due to its low occular bioavailability, it requires frequent application leading to low patients' compliance and quality of life. This study was conducted to develop formulations of DC loaded-N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (DC-TMCNs) for ophthalmic use to improve ocular biavailabiltiy of DC. DC-TMCNs varied in formulation compositions were prepared using ionic gelation technique and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, drug release, eye irritation potential, and ophthalmic absorption of diclofenac sodium. N-Trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with a 49.8% degree of quaternization was synthesized and used for DC-TMCNs production. The obtained DC-TMCNs had particle size in a range of 130-190 nm with zeta potential values of +4 to +9 mV and drug entrapment efficiencies of more than 70% depending on the content of TMC and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The optimized DC-TMCNs formulation contained TMC, DC, and TPP at a weight ratio of TMC/DC/TPP = 3:1:1. Their lyophilized product reconstituted with phosphate buffer solution pH 5.5 possessed a drug release pattern that fitted within the zero-order model. The eye irritation tests showed that DC-TMCNs were safe for ophthalmic use. The in vivo ophthalmic drug absorption study performed on rabbits indicated that DC-TMCNs could improve ophthalmic bioavailability of DC. Results of this study suggested that DC-TMCNs had potential for use as an alternative to conventional DC eye drops for ophthalmic inflammation treatment.
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32
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Malakooti N, Alexander C, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Imprinted Contact Lenses for Sustained Release of Polymyxin B and Related Antimicrobial Peptides. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:3386-94. [PMID: 26094884 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop drug-soft contact lens combination products suitable for controlled release of antimicrobial peptides on the ocular surface. Incorporation of functional monomers and the application of molecular imprinting techniques were explored to endow 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) hydrogels with the ability to load and to sustain the release of polymyxin B and vancomycin. Various HEMA-drug-functional monomer-cross-linker molar ratios were evaluated to prepare polymyxin B imprinted and non-imprinted hydrogels. Acrylic acid-functionalized and imprinted hydrogels loaded greater amounts of polymyxin B and led to more sustained release profiles, in comparison with non-functionalized and non-imprinted networks. Polymyxin B-loaded hydrogels showed good biocompatibility in hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane tests. Functionalized hydrogels also loaded vancomycin and sustained its release, but the imprinting effect was only exhibited with polymyxin B, as demonstrated in rebinding tests. Microbiological assays carried out with Pseudomonas aeruginosa allowed identification of the most suitable hydrogel composition for efficient bacteria eradication; some hydrogels being able to stand several continued challenges against this important bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Malakooti
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.,School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Cameron Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
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Schaller T, Wenner T, Agrawal R, Teoh S, Phua LT, Loo JSC, Steele TWJ. High Throughput Screening of Valganciclovir in Acidic Microenvironments of Polyester Thin Films. Materials (Basel) 2015; 8:1714-1728. [PMID: 28788027 PMCID: PMC5507036 DOI: 10.3390/ma8041714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ganciclovir and valganciclor are antiviral agents used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. The conventional method for administering ganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis patients is repeated intravitreal injections. In order to obviate the possible detrimental effects of repeated intraocular injections, to improve compliance and to eliminate systemic side-effects, we investigated the tuning of the ganciclovir pro-drug valganciclovir and the release from thin films of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), or mixtures of both, as a step towards prototyping periocular valganciclovir implants. To investigate the drug release, we established and evaluated a high throughput fluorescence-based quantification screening assay for the detection of valganciclovir. Our protocol allows quantifying as little as 20 ng of valganciclovir in 96-well polypropylene plates and a 50× faster analysis compared to traditional HPLC measurements. This improvement can hence be extrapolated to other polyester matrix thin film formulations using a high-throughput approach. The acidic microenvironment within the polyester matrix was found to protect valganciclovir from degradation with resultant increases in the half-life of the drug in the periocular implant to 100 days. Linear release profiles were obtained using the pure polyester polymers for 10 days and 60 days formulations; however, gross phase separations of PCL and acid-terminated PLGA prevented tuning within these timeframes due to the phase separation of the polymer, valganciclovir, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teilo Schaller
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Tobias Wenner
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
| | - Stephen Teoh
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore.
| | - Li Ting Phua
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Joachim S C Loo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Terry W J Steele
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Kim YC, Edelhauser HF, Prausnitz MR. Particle-stabilized emulsion droplets for gravity-mediated targeting in the posterior segment of the eye. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1272-82. [PMID: 24652782 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study tests the hypothesis that high-density particle-stabilized emulsion droplets (PEDs) can be designed to use gravity to target specific locations in the eye via suprachoroidal space injection. PEDs contain a core of high-density perfluorodecalin measuring ≤35 μm in diameter surrounded and stabilized by fluorescein-tagged, polystyrene nanoparticles that simulate polymeric drug carriers. A hollow microneedle infuses PEDs into the suprachoroidal space of rabbit eyes in vivo, which are later dissected and imaged to quantify distribution of fluorescent nanoparticles within the suprachoroidal space. With cornea oriented upward, such that gravity should move PEDs toward the back of the eye, up to 50% of nanoparticles are in the most posterior quadrant near the macula immediately after injection and 5 d later. With cornea oriented downward, to promote PED movement toward the front of the eye, approximately 60% of injected nanoparticles are targeted to the most anterior quadrant of the posterior segment near ciliary body. Injection of approximately neutral-density particles of the same size shows approximately equal distribution throughout the posterior segment. This study demonstrates for the first time that high-density PEDs can be used to deliver nanoparticles to specific locations in the back of the eye, including targeted delivery to the macula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo C. Kim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Henry F. Edelhauser
- Department of Ophthalmology; Emory University School of Medicine; 1365 Clifton Rd NE Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; 311 Ferst Drive NW Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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35
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Lu C, Zahedi P, Forman A, Allen C. Multi-arm PEG/silica hydrogel for sustained ocular drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:216-26. [PMID: 24285503 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a series of sustained drug delivery multiarm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/silica hydrogels were prepared and characterized. The hydrogels were formed by hydrolysis and condensation of poly(4-arm PEG silicate) using the sol-gel method. The relationships between water content in the PEG/silica hydrogel and stability as well as rheological properties were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the PEG/silica hydrogels revealed water content-dependent changes in microstructure. An increase in water content resulted in larger pores within the hydrogel, longer gelation time and higher viscosity. The PEG/silica hydrogels were loaded with dexamethasone (DMS) or dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DMSP), drugs that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic in nature, respectively. Evaluation of in vitro release revealed a zero-order release profile for DMS over the first 6 days, suggesting that degradation of the silica hydrogel matrix was the primary mechanism of drug release. It was also found that the drug-release profile could be tailored by varying the water content used during hydrogel preparation. In contrast, more than 90% of DMSP was released within 1 h, suggesting that DMSP release was only controlled by diffusion. Overall, results from this study indicate that PEG/silica hydrogels may be promising drug-eluting depot materials for the sustained delivery of hydrophobic, ophthalmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhai Lu
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wu Y, Yao J, Zhou J, Dahmani FZ. Enhanced and sustained topical ocular delivery of cyclosporine A in thermosensitive hyaluronic acid-based in situ forming microgels. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3587-601. [PMID: 24092975 PMCID: PMC3788692 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s47665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For nearly a decade, thermoresponsive ophthalmic in situ gels have been recognized as an interesting and promising ocular topical delivery vehicle for lipophilic drugs. In this study, a series of thermosensitive copolymers, hyaluronic acid-g-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (HA-g-PNIPAAm), was synthesized, by coupling carboxylic end-capped PNIPAAm to aminated hyaluronic acid through amide bond linkages, and was used as a potential carrier for the topical ocular administration of cyclosporine A (CyA). The lower critical solution temperature of HA-g-PNIPAAm59 in aqueous solutions was measured as 32.7°C, which was not significantly affected by the polymer concentration. Moreover, HA-g-PNIPAAm59 microgels showed a high drug loading efficiency (73.92%) and a controlled release profile that are necessary for biomedical application. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations showed that HA-g-PNIPAAm microgels were spherical in shape with homogeneous size. Based on the result of the eye irritation test, the HA-g-PNIPAAm microgels formulation was shown to be safe and nonirritant for rabbit eyes. In addition, HA-g-PNIPAAm microgels achieved significantly higher CyA concentration levels in rabbit corneas (1455.8 ng/g of tissue) than both castor oil formulation and commercial CyA eye drops. Therefore, these newly described thermoresponsive HA-g-PNIPAAm microgels demonstrated attractive properties to serve as pharmaceutical delivery vehicles for a variety of ophthalmic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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