1
|
Sankaran PK, Poskute R, Dewis L, Watanabe Y, Wong V, Fernandez LP, Shannon R, Wong L, Shrubsall R, Carman L, Holt A, Lepore G, Mishra R, Sewell L, Gothard M, Cheeks M, Lindo V. Comprehensive stress stability studies reveal the prominent stability of the liquid-formulated biotherapeutic asymmetric monovalent bispecific IgG1 monoclonal antibody format. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00158-8. [PMID: 38705464 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The developed asymmetric monovalent bispecific IgG1 or Duet monoclonal antibody (Duet mAb) has two distinct fragment antigen-binding region (Fab) subunits that target two different epitope specificities sequentially or simultaneously. The design features include unique engineered disulfide bridges, knob-into-hole mutations, and kappa and lambda chains to produce Duet mAbs. These make it structurally and functionally complex, so one expects challenging developability linked to instability, degradation of products and pathways, and limited reports available. Here, we have treated the product with different sources of extreme stress over a lengthy period, including varying heat, pH, photo stress, chemical oxidative stress, accelerated stress in physiological conditions, and forced glycation conditions. The effects of different stress conditions on the product were assessed using various analytical characterization tools to measure product-related substances, post-translational modifications (PTMs), structural integrity, higher-order disulfide linkages, and biological activity. The results revealed degradation products and pathways of Duet mAb. A moderate increase in size, charge, and hydrophobic variants, PTMs, including deamidation, oxidation, isomerization, and glycation were observed, with most conditions exhibiting biological activity. In addition, the characterization of fractionated charge variants, including deamidated species, showed satisfactory biological activity. This study demonstrated the prominent stability of the Duet mAb format comparable to most marketed mAbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryte Poskute
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lydia Dewis
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vanessa Wong
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Richard Shannon
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa Wong
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Shrubsall
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee Carman
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander Holt
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giordana Lepore
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rahul Mishra
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Sewell
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matt Gothard
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Cheeks
- Cell Culture & Fermentation Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Viv Lindo
- Analytical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Cai R, Zhang J, Liu X, Wang S, Ge Q, Zhao Z, Yue T, Yuan Y, Wang Z. Removal of ochratoxin A in wine by Cryptococcus albidus and safety assessment of degradation products. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:2030-2037. [PMID: 37910399 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that contaminates grape-based products and is extremely harmful to the health of the host. It is effectively removed by yeast during the fermentation of wine, whereas the removal mechanism of OTA remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the removal mechanism of ochratoxin A by yeast and to evaluate the safety of its degradation products. RESULTS Cryptococcus albidus (20-G) with better effect on ochratoxin A (OTA) was screened out in the main fermentation stage of wine. The results showed that 20-G removed OTA through biosorption and biodegradation. Intracellular enzymes played the main role (18.44%) and yeast cell walls adsorbed a small amount of OTA (8.44%). Furthermore, the identification of proteins in 20-G revealed that the decrease in OTA content was mainly a result of the action of peroxidase, and validation tests were carried out. By analyzing the degradation products of OTA, OTα and phenylalanine with lower toxicity were obtained. Animal experiments showed that the intervention of yeast 20-G reduced the damage and adverse effects caused by OTA toxicity to the mice. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates the mechanism of OTA removal by 20-G and the toxicity of OTA was reduced by peroxidase in 20-G. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leran Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Rui Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jierong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Saiqun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Qian Ge
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products (Ningxia), Yinchuan, China
| | - Zidan Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agricultural Products (Ningxia), Yinchuan, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhouli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Xianyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Zhang L, Zhang M, Yang M, Zou L, Cui Y, Yang J, Chai X, Wang Y. Exploration of the Dynamic Variations of the Characteristic Constituents and the Degradation Products of Catalpol during the Process of Radix Rehmanniae. Molecules 2024; 29:705. [PMID: 38338449 PMCID: PMC10856693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Radix Rehmanniae (RR), a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) widely employed in nourishing Yin and invigorating the kidney, has three common processing forms in clinical practice, including fresh Radix Rehmanniae (FRR), raw Radix Rehmanniae (RRR), and processed Radix Rehmanniae (PRR). However, until now, there has been less exploration of the dynamic variations in the characteristic constituents and degradation products of catalpol as a representative iridoid glycoside with the highest content in RR during the process from FRR to PRR. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) method was successfully established for the simultaneous determination of ten characteristic components to explore their dynamic variations in different processed products of RR. Among them, iridoid glycosides, especially catalpol, exhibited a sharp decrease from RRR to PRR. Then, three degradation products of catalpol were detected under simulated processing conditions (100 °C, pH 4.8 acetate buffer solution), which were isolated and identified as jiofuraldehyde, cataldehyde, and norviburtinal, respectively. Cataldehyde was first reported as a new compound. Moreover, the specificity of norviburtinal in self-made PRR samples was discovered and validated, which was further confirmed by testing in commercially available PRR samples. In conclusion, our study revealed the decrease in iridoid glycosides and the production of new degradation substances during the process from FRR to PRR, which is critical for unveiling the processing mechanism of RR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lihua Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Mengyue Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Mingxuan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Lin Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ying Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xin Chai
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; (J.Y.); (L.Z.); (M.Z.); (M.Y.); (L.Z.); (Y.C.); (J.Y.)
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hasson KJ. Stability study and development of the validated infrared spectrometric method for quantitative analysis of sevoflurane compared with the gas chromatographic method. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2024; 15:19-24. [PMID: 38389970 PMCID: PMC10880916 DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_377_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane, also called fluoromethyl ether, is an inhalation anesthetic agent used to initiate and maintain general anesthesia for adults and pediatric patients during surgical procedures. Several analytical methods have previously been applied to follow the properties and quality of sevoflurane, including mass spectrometry and gas chromatography methods. These methods are practically tedious and need sophisticated apparatus. In the present work, an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometric method was used for the quantitative determination of sevoflurane which is characterized as a fast, accurate, and available technique for most pharmaceutical laboratories, besides the gas chromatographic method which is the most suitable for the detection of impurities. Sevoflurane is a liquid and it is applied directly on the glass top of the ATR-FTIR either as a concentrated solution or diluted with hexane as a diluent, which did not interfere with sample determination within the specified wavelength range of the IR spectrum, particularly the wavelength of the ethereal group at 1200 cm-1. This method can be applied to the identification test and quantitative assay of sevoflurane since it is validated for the precision, accuracy, reproducibility, and specificity in the analysis of sevoflurane as a pharmaceutical product. However, still, there is a need for a gas chromatographic method to detect the impurities and degradation products during the stability study of sevoflurane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kahtan Jassim Hasson
- Department of Pharmaceutical, College of Pharmacy, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pei H, Wang Y, He W, Deng L, Lan Q, Zhang Y, Yang L, Hu K, Li J, Liu A, Ao X, Teng H, Liu S, Zou L, Li R, Yang Y. Research of Multicopper Oxidase and Its Degradation of Histamine in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LPZN19. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2724. [PMID: 38004736 PMCID: PMC10672810 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to explore the structural changes and products of histamine degradation by multicopper oxidase (MCO) in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LPZN19, a 1500 bp MCO gene in L. plantarum LPZN19 was cloned, and the recombinant MCO was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). After purification by Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography, the obtained MCO has a molecular weight of 58 kDa, and it also has the highest enzyme activity at 50 °C and pH 3.5, with a relative enzyme activity of 100%, and it maintains 57.71% of the relative enzyme activity at 5% salt concentration. The secondary structure of MCO was determined by circular dichroism, in which the proportions of the α-helix, β-sheet, β-turn and random coil were 2.9%, 39.7%, 21.2% and 36.1%, respectively. The 6xj0.1.A with a credibility of 68.21% was selected as the template to predict the tertiary structure of MCO in L. plantarum LPZN19, and the results indicated that the main components of the tertiary structure of MCO were formed by the further coiling and folding of a random coil and β-sheet. Histamine could change the spatial structure of MCO by increasing the content of the α-helix and β-sheet. Finally, the LC-MS/MS identification results suggest that the histamine was degraded into imidazole acetaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and ammonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Pei
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Yilun Wang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Wei He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Lin Deng
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Qinjie Lan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Lamei Yang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Kaidi Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Jianlong Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Aiping Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Xiaolin Ao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Shuliang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Likou Zou
- College of Resource, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Ran Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China; (H.P.); (Y.W.); (W.H.); (L.D.); (Q.L.); (Y.Z.); (L.Y.); (K.H.); (J.L.); (X.A.); (H.T.); (S.L.); (R.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ali AM, Alanazi MM, Attwa MW, Darwish HW. Selective Stability Indicating Liquid Chromatographic Method Based on Quality by Design Framework and In Silico Toxicity Assessment for Infigratinib and Its Degradation Products. Molecules 2023; 28:7476. [PMID: 38005198 PMCID: PMC10673276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infigratinib, a protein kinase inhibitor employed in the therapeutic management of cholangiocarcinoma, was subjected to various stress conditions, including hydrolytic (acidic and alkaline), oxidative, photolytic, and thermal stress, in accordance with the rules established by the International Council for Harmonization. A cumulative count of five degradation products was observed. The application of the Quality by Design principle was utilized in the development of a rapid and specific separation method for Infigratinib and its degradation products. The methodology employed in this study was derived from an experimental design approach, which was utilized to examine the critical process parameters associated with chromatographic systems. The reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography technique, employing a C18 column and a mobile phase composed of a gradient mixture of 25 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 6.0 and acetonitrile, successfully facilitated the chromatographic separation. The methodology was expanded to include the utilization of UPLC-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry in order to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the structural properties and characterize the degradation products. Overall, five degradation products were found in different stress conditions. The method was verified at certain working points, wherein a linearity range (5.0-200.0 µg/mL) was developed and other parameters such as accuracy, repeatability, selectivity, and system suitability were evaluated. Finally, the toxicity and mutagenicity of Infigratinib and its degradation products were predicted using in silico software, namely DEREK Nexus® (version 6.2.1) and SARAH Nexus® (version 3.2.1). Various toxicity endpoints, including chromosomal damage, were predicted. Additionally, two degradation products were also predicted to be mutagenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (M.M.A.); (H.W.D.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nagulancha BR, Vandavasi KR. Stability-indicating method development and validation for quantitative estimation of organic impurities of the antidiabetic drug glipizide in drug substance and pharmaceutical dosage form using HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5727. [PMID: 37635093 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Glipizide is an antidiabetic drug used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A simple, reliable and robust reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method (RP-HPLC) was developed and validated as per International Conference on Harmonization Q2(R1) for estimating the impurities of glipizide in pharmaceutical formulations. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a Phenomenex Luna C18 (2), 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm with a binary solvent delivery system [MP-A, a homogenous mixture of water and acetonitrile in a ratio of 90:10 (v/v) and 1 ml of orthophosphoric acid; and MP-B, a homogenous mixture of water and acetonitrile in a ratio of 10:90 (v/v) and 1 ml of orthophosphoric acid] with a detection wavelength of 225 nm, a column temperature of 30°C, a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min, and an injection volume of 20 μl. All process, degradant and unknown impurities were separated well with a resolution >2.2 and were estimated accurately without any interference. The recovered values and regression values were 98.7-100.5% and R2 > 0.9999, respectively. The recovery and linearity studies covered the quantitation limit to 150% of the specification limit. The stability-indicating properties of the developed RP-HPLC method was assessed from the forced degradation studies. The developed method was successfully applied for real-time sample analysis of the glipizide dosage form.
Collapse
|
8
|
Giri S, Badgujar D, Paritala ST, Sharma N. Identification and structural characterization of major stress degradation products of halcinonide by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5730. [PMID: 37651995 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Halcinonide is a topical corticosteroid approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), known for its anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties. The therapeutic benefits of halcinonide have rendered it an effective treatment regimen for various dermatological conditions such as psoriasis, dermatitis, and eczema. However, stability of the drug substance is a prerequisite in determining the therapeutic efficacy and plays a crucial role during formulation development and long-term storage. As corticosteroids are highly susceptible to degradation, the current study aims to expose halcinonide to different stress conditions and understand its stability behavior. An HPLC method was developed for the separation of halcinonide and its degradation products. Separation was accomplished in gradient mode using an Eclipse Plus C18 column (250 × 4.5 mm, 5 μm) with ammonium formate (10 mM, pH 6.5) and acetonitrile as the mobile phases. LC-Q-TOF/MS/MS studies were conducted on halcinonide, which led to the identification of degraded products using optimized mass parameters. A potential mechanistic degradation pathway for halcinonide, along with the major identified degradation products has been established. The chromatographic method that was developed has been validated in compliance with the Q2(R1) guideline of the International Council for Harmonization. ProTox-II was used to perform in silico toxicity studies in order to evaluate the toxicity potential of both halcinonide and the identified degradation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Giri
- Opposite Air Force Station, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Devendra Badgujar
- Opposite Air Force Station, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sree Teja Paritala
- Opposite Air Force Station, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nitish Sharma
- Opposite Air Force Station, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Government of India), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moreira Pinto AR, Martins CR, Carvalho JFD, Ferrari VB, Vasconcellos SPD, Moraes JEFD. Degradation of amoxicillin applying photo-Fenton and acid hydrolysis processes with toxicity evaluation via antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Environ Technol 2023; 44:4248-4259. [PMID: 35694867 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2089056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTARCTThe antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) is a semisynthetic aminopenicillin, classified as an β-lactam antibiotic. This work aims to evaluate the AMX degradation (190 mg L-1), in aqueous medium, applying photo-Fenton ([TOC]0 = 100 mgC L-1; FH2O2 = 3.27 mmol min-1; [Fe2+] = 0.27 mmol L-1; pH = 3.0; T = 40°C) and acid hydrolysis processes. Along the experiments, samples were withdrawn and analyzed by a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer and a liquid chromatography system coupled to diode array (HPLC-DAD) and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) detectors. The hydrolysis process proved to be less efficient, because AMX removals greater than 80% were observed only after 24 hours of reaction (pH 2). Conversely, the photo-Fenton process removed completely AMX in just 20 minutes, reaching 85% of TOC removal in 2 hours. Finally, the AMX aqueous solutions treated by the studied processes was also evaluated in respect of its toxicity to some microorganisms, applying two antimicrobial susceptibility tests: disk-diffusion and broth microdilution methods. It was observed that the AMX aqueous solutions, pretreated by the photo-Fenton process, for just 7.5 min of reaction time, did not inhibit the microorganisms growth. The obtained results show that the photo-Fenton process was able to degrade AMX, in a relatively short time, and that the generated degradation products did not inhibit the microorganisms growth, when compared to acid hydrolysis process. Thus, it was verified the potential application of the photo-Fenton system as a pretreatment step to conventional biological oxidation processes for the treatment of industrial wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Rodrigo Moreira Pinto
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia e Controle Ambiental (LENCA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Reis Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia e Controle Ambiental (LENCA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Ferreira de Carvalho
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia e Controle Ambiental (LENCA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Baptista Ferrari
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia e Controle Ambiental (LENCA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzan Pantaroto de Vasconcellos
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia e Controle Ambiental (LENCA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ermírio Ferreira de Moraes
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Diadema, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia e Controle Ambiental (LENCA), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang L, Stanisheuski S, Song Z, Bracha S, Maier CS. Top-down mass spectrometry for characterizing the low molecular weight proteome of canine osteosarcoma cell phenotypes. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2023; 29:313-325. [PMID: 37724027 DOI: 10.1177/14690667231202766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone, which occupying about 20% of all bone cancers. To increase understanding of the biology of OS, we developed and evaluated a top-down mass spectrometry approach to detect, identify and quantify low molecular weight (MW) proteins (i.e., 1 kDa < MW < 30 kDa) in osteosarcoma cells. Top-down proteomic (TDP) data was acquired using reversed phase nano-liquid chromatography in conjunction with high-resolution mass spectrometry and resulted in the assignment of 328 proteins and 820 proteoforms or degradation products with high confidence. Eight post-translational modifications (PTMs) were identified in the present study, including N-terminal acetylation, lysine acetylation, succinylation, malonylation, serine/tyrosine phosphorylation, histidine methylation and N-acetylleucine. We confirmed that a truncated N-terminal proteoform lost 73 Da of mass through removal of the N-terminal Met (-131 Da), acetylation of the second amino acid (+42 Da), and Met oxidation (+16 Da). The results showed that the levels of proteoforms/biodegradable peptides correlated with the metastatic phenotypes of osteosarcoma cell lines. This study demonstrates the benefits of TDP for the characterization and relative quantification of proteoforms with relevance to OS biology and the potential of small molecular weight proteoforms to serve as a still underappreciated source of biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Zifeng Song
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Shay Bracha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Claudia S Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cen X, Cheng SY, Shi ZM, Xie ZH, Zhang LL, Yang B, Ying GG. [Pollution Characteristics of Macrolide Antibiotics During Drinking Water Treatment and Their Chlorination Reaction Mechanism]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2023; 44:5017-5024. [PMID: 37699819 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202209221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic contamination in drinking water has attracted widespread attention. The pollution condition of six macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin-H2[KG-*2/5]O, clarithromycin, oleandomycin, roxithromycin, leucomycin, and tylosin) in two drinking water treatment plants was monitored, and the reaction mechanism of tylosin, a typical macrolide antibiotic, during chlorination disinfection treatment was investigated. The results showed that the six macrolide antibiotics can be widely detected in the drinking water treatment processes; however, their concentrations were generally very low. The concentrations of macrolide antibiotics in the influents and effluents ranged from 0.18 ng·L-1 to 3.97 ng·L-1 and 0.02 ng·L-1 to 1.91 ng·L-1, respectively. The removal rates of the six macrolides in the drinking water treatment were different, ranging from 18% (oleandomycin) to 100% (erythromycin- H2[KG-*2/5]O). The degradation of the six macrolides during chlorination was slow and greatly affected by water quality parameters. The chlorination degradation of tylosin followed the second-order reaction kinetic mode, with the kinetic rate constant of 0.77 L·(mol·s)-1 at pH 7.0. Nine chlorination degradation products of tylosin were detected, and the reaction pathways primarily included tertiary amine hydroxylation, aromatic oxidation, and epoxy addition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Si-Yu Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zong-Min Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuo-Hong Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Felegyi-Tóth CA, Heilmann T, Buda E, Stipsicz B, Simon A, Boldizsár I, Bősze S, Riethmüller E, Alberti Á. Evaluation of the Chemical Stability, Membrane Permeability and Antiproliferative Activity of Cyclic Diarylheptanoids from European Hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus L.). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13489. [PMID: 37686297 PMCID: PMC10488193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Four cyclic diarylheptanoids-carpinontriols A (1) and B (2), giffonin X (3) and 3,12,17-trihydroxytricyclo [12.3.1.12,6]nonadeca-1(18),2(19),3,5,14,16-hexaene-8,11-dione (4)-were isolated from Carpinus betulus (Betulaceae). Chemical stability of the isolated diarylheptanoids was evaluated as a function of storage temperature (-15, 5, 22 °C) and time (12 and 23 weeks). The effect of the solvent and the pH (1.2, 6.8, 7.4) on the stability of these diarylheptanoids was also investigated. Compounds 2 and 4 showed good stability both in aqueous and methanolic solutions at all investigated temperatures. Only 2 was stable at all three studied biorelevant pH values. Degradation products of 1 and 3 were formed by the elimination of a water molecule from the parent compounds, as confirmed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS). The permeability of the compounds across biological membranes was evaluated by the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA). Compound 3 possesses a logPe value of -5.92 ± 0.04 in the blood-brain barrier-specific PAMPA-BBB study, indicating that it may be able to cross the blood-brain barrier via passive diffusion. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of the compounds was investigated against five human cancer cell lines, confirming that 1 inhibits cell proliferation in A2058 human metastatic melanoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Csenge Anna Felegyi-Tóth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.A.F.-T.); (T.H.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (I.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Tímea Heilmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.A.F.-T.); (T.H.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (I.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Eszter Buda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.A.F.-T.); (T.H.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (I.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Bence Stipsicz
- Institute of Biology, Doctoral School of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Alexandra Simon
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.A.F.-T.); (T.H.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (I.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Imre Boldizsár
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.A.F.-T.); (T.H.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (I.B.); (E.R.)
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Riethmüller
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.A.F.-T.); (T.H.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (I.B.); (E.R.)
| | - Ágnes Alberti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary; (C.A.F.-T.); (T.H.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (I.B.); (E.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gomez-Zavaglia A, Barros L, Prieto MA, Cassani L. Recent Progress in Understanding the Impact of Food Processing and Storage on the Structure-Activity Relationship of Fucoxanthin. Foods 2023; 12:3167. [PMID: 37685100 PMCID: PMC10487199 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin, a brown algae carotenoid, has attracted great interest because of its numerous biological activities supported by in vitro and in vivo studies. However, its chemical structure is susceptible to alterations when subjected to food processing and storage conditions, such as heat, oxygen, light, and pH changes. Consequently, these conditions lead to the formation of fucoxanthin derivatives, including cis-isomers, apo-fucoxanthinone, apo-fucoxanthinal, fucoxanthinol, epoxides, and hydroxy compounds, collectively known as degradation products. Currently, little information is available regarding the stability and functionality of these fucoxanthin derivatives resulting from food processing and storage. Therefore, enhancing the understanding of the biological effect of fucoxanthin derivatives is crucial for optimizing the utilization of fucoxanthin in various applications and ensuring its efficacy in potential health benefits. To this aim, this review describes the main chemical reactions affecting the stability of fucoxanthin during food processing and storage, facilitating the identification of the major fucoxanthin derivatives. Moreover, recent advancements in the structure-activity relationship of fucoxanthin derivatives will be critically assessed, emphasizing their biological activity. Overall, this review provides a critical updated understanding of the effects of technological processes on fucoxanthin stability and activity that can be helpful for stakeholders when designing processes for food products containing fucoxanthin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
- Center for Research and Development in Food Cryotechnology (CIDCA, CCT-CONICET La Plata), La Plata RA1900, Argentina;
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - Lucía Cassani
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004 Ourense, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yuan S, Yu H, Guo Y, Xie Y, Cheng Y, Qian H, Yao W. Recent advance in probiotics for the elimination of pesticide residues in food and feed: mechanisms, product toxicity, and reinforcement strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37584269 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2246545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The extensive utilization of pesticides in agriculture has resulted in the presence of pesticide residues in food and feed, which poses a significant threat to human health. Various physical and chemical methods have been proposed to remove pesticides, but most of these methods are either costly or susceptible to secondary contamination. Consequently, the utilization of microorganisms, such as probiotics, for eliminating pesticides, has emerged as a promising alternative. Probiotics, including lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, have demonstrated remarkable efficiency and convenience in eliminating pesticide residues from food or feed. To promote the application of probiotic decontamination, this review examines the current research status on the utilization of probiotics for pesticide reduction. The mechanisms involved in microbial decontamination are discussed, along with the toxicity and potential health risks of degradation products. Furthermore, the review explores strategies to enhance probiotic detoxification and outlines prospects for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Löffler P, Escher BI, Baduel C, Virta MP, Lai FY. Antimicrobial Transformation Products in the Aquatic Environment: Global Occurrence, Ecotoxicological Risks, and Potential of Antibiotic Resistance. Environ Sci Technol 2023. [PMID: 37335844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is concerning for the health of humans, animals, and the environment in a One Health perspective. Assessments of AMR and associated environmental hazards mostly focus on antimicrobial parent compounds, while largely overlooking their transformation products (TPs). This review lists antimicrobial TPs identified in surface water environments and examines their potential for AMR promotion, ecological risk, as well as human health and environmental hazards using in silico models. Our review also summarizes the key transformation compartments of TPs, related pathways for TPs reaching surface waters and methodologies for studying the fate of TPs. The 56 antimicrobial TPs covered by the review were prioritized via scoring and ranking of various risk and hazard parameters. Most data on occurrences to date have been reported in Europe, while little is known about antibiotic TPs in Africa, Central and South America, Asia, and Oceania. Occurrence data on antiviral TPs and other antibacterial TPs are even scarcer. We propose evaluation of structural similarity between parent compounds and TPs for TP risk assessment. We predicted a risk of AMR for 13 TPs, especially TPs of tetracyclines and macrolides. We estimated the ecotoxicological effect concentrations of TPs from the experimental effect data of the parent chemical for bacteria, algae and water fleas, scaled by potency differences predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for baseline toxicity and a scaling factor for structural similarity. Inclusion of TPs in mixtures with their parent increased the ecological risk quotient over the threshold of one for 7 of the 24 antimicrobials included in this analysis, while only one parent had a risk quotient above one. Thirteen TPs, from which 6 were macrolide TPs, posed a risk to at least one of the three tested species. There were 12/21 TPs identified that are likely to exhibit a similar or higher level of mutagenicity/carcinogenicity, respectively, than their parent compound, with tetracycline TPs often showing increased mutagenicity. Most TPs with increased carcinogenicity belonged to sulfonamides. Most of the TPs were predicted to be mobile but not bioaccumulative, and 14 were predicted to be persistent. The six highest-priority TPs originated from the tetracycline antibiotic family and antivirals. This review, and in particular our ranking of antimicrobial TPs of concern, can support authorities in planning related intervention strategies and source mitigation of antimicrobials toward a sustainable future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Löffler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38 050 Grenoble, France
| | - Marko P Virta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Multidisciplinary Center of Excellence in Antimicrobial Resistance Research, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Prehn A, Hobusch C, Härtig W, Michalski D, Krueger M, Flachmeyer B. Increasing reproducibility in preclinical stroke research: the correlation of immunofluorescence intensity measurements and Western blot analyses strongly depends on antibody clonality and tissue pre-treatment in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1183232. [PMID: 37342767 PMCID: PMC10277931 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1183232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the setting of stroke, ischemia not only impairs neuronal function, but also detrimentally affects the different components of the neurovascular unit, which are shown to be involved in the transition from reversible to long-lasting tissue damage. In this context, the glial proteins myelin basic protein (MBP) and the 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) as well as the vasculature-associated basement membrane proteins laminin and collagen IV have been identified as ischemia-sensitive elements. However, available data from immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses are often found to be contradictory, which renders interpretation of the respective data rather difficult. Therefore, the present study investigates the impact of tissue pre-treatment and antibody clonality on immunofluorescence measurements of the mentioned proteins in a highly reproducible model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Here, immunofluorescence labeling using polyclonal antibodies revealed an increased immunofluorescence intensity of MBP, CNP, laminin and collagen IV in ischemic areas, although Western blot analyses did not reveal increased protein levels. Importantly, contrary to polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal ones did not provide increased fluorescence intensities in ischemic areas. Further, we were able to demonstrate that different ways of tissue pre-treatment including paraformaldehyde fixation and antigen retrieval may not only impact on fluorescence intensity measurements in general, but rather one-sidedly affect either ischemic or unaffected tissue. Therefore, immunofluorescence intensity measurements do not necessarily correlate with the actual protein levels, especially in ischemia-affected tissue and should always be complemented by different techniques to enhance reproducibility and to hopefully overcome the translational roadblock from bench to bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Prehn
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jain S, Shah RP. Drug-Excipient Compatibility Study Through a Novel Vial-in-Vial Experimental Setup: A Benchmark Study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:117. [PMID: 37160790 PMCID: PMC10169295 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-excipient compatibility study (DECS) is one of the critical steps during pre-formulation studies to select the appropriate excipient to obtain a stable formulation/dosage form. As such, there is no recommended guideline for DECS. Further, the previously reported studies and protocols followed by various pharmaceutical industries are very lengthy and laborious. Therefore, to improve the existing study strategies and rapid screening of suitable excipients during formulation development, a novel vial-in-vial approach has been proposed. The devised approach was compared with the previously reported conventional approaches using six different drugs with multiple marketed formulations from different manufacturers for each drug. To validate the proposed novel approach, several reported strategies/methodologies have been executed such as exposure of formulations with and without primary packaging, crushed blend with and without water, and/or acetonitrile at accelerated stability condition of 40°C/75% RH for 3 to 6 months and compared with the novel approach. Eventually, all the samples were subjected to HPLC analysis to evaluate the degradation behaviour. The results suggested that the novel approach demonstrated discriminating results with significant degradation as compared to the conventional approaches. Consequently, exercising this methodology for screening the excipients is expected to shorten the drug development cycle by many folds. Moreover, it has also been anticipated that the developed novel approach would prevent the occurrence of late-stage surprises during stability studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Ravi P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India.
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Loi M, De Leonardis S, Ciasca B, Paciolla C, Mulè G, Haidukowski M. Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation by Ery4 Laccase: From In Vitro to Contaminated Corn. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050310. [PMID: 37235345 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. and are found in food and feed as contaminants worldwide. Due to climate change, AFs occurrence is expected to increase also in western Europe. Therefore, to ensure food and feed safety, it is mandatory to develop green technologies for AFs reduction in contaminated matrices. With this regard, enzymatic degradation is an effective and environmentally friendly approach under mild operational conditions and with minor impact on the food and feed matrix. In this work, Ery4 laccase, acetosyringone, ascorbic acid, and dehydroascorbic acid were investigated in vitro, then applied in artificially contaminated corn for AFB1 reduction. AFB1 (0.1 µg/mL) was completely removed in vitro and reduced by 26% in corn. Several degradation products were detected in vitro by UHPLC-HRMS and likely corresponded to AFQ1, epi-AFQ1, AFB1-diol, or AFB1dialehyde, AFB2a, and AFM1. Protein content was not altered by the enzymatic treatment, while slightly higher levels of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 were detected. Although further studies are needed to improve AFB1 reduction and reduce the impact of this treatment in corn, the results of this study are promising and suggest that Ery4 laccase can be effectively applied for the reduction in AFB1 in corn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvana De Leonardis
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Paciolla
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mulè
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Miriam Haidukowski
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dou J, Tang Y, Lu Z, He G, Xu J, He Y. Neglected but Efficient Electron Utilization Driven by Biochar-Coactivated Phenols and Peroxydisulfate: Polyphenol Accumulation Rather than Mineralization. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:5703-5713. [PMID: 36932960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report an unrecognized but efficient nonradical mechanism in biochar-activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) systems. Combining a newly developed fluorescence trapper of reactive oxygen species with steady-state concentration calculations, we showed that raising pyrolysis temperatures of biochar (BC) from 400 to 800 °C remarkably enhanced trichlorophenol degradation but inhibited the catalytic production of radicals (SO4•- and •OH) in water and soil, thereby switching a radical-based activation into an electron-transfer-dominated nonradical pathway (contribution increased from 12.9 to 76.9%). Distinct from previously reported PDS* complex-determined oxidation, in situ Raman and electrochemical results of this study demonstrated that the simultaneous activation of phenols and PDS on the biochar surface triggers the potential difference-driven electron transfer. The formed phenoxy radicals subsequently undergo coupling and polymerization reactions to generate dimeric and oligomeric intermediates, which are eventually accumulated on the biochar surface and removed. Such a unique nonmineralizing oxidation achieved an ultrahigh electron utilization efficiency (ephenols/ePDS) of 182%. Through biochar molecular modeling and theoretical calculations, we highlighted the critical role of graphitic domains rather than redox-active moieties in lowering band-gap energy to facilitate electron transfer. Our work provides insights into outstanding contradictions and controversies related to nonradical oxidation and inspiration for more oxidant-saving remediation technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jibo Dou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhijiang Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Guangzhi He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mhaske DK, Kumbhar AS. Simultaneous quantification of (E) and (Z) isomers of rilpivirine and four degradation products in bulk and tablets by reversed-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and confirmation of all by molecular weight. J Sep Sci 2023:e2201067. [PMID: 37021513 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202201067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The (E)-isomer of rilpivirine is an approved antiretroviral drug used to treat human immunodeficiency virus. A simple, fast, accurate, and precise analytical method is required to confirm the quality, purity, efficacy, and safety of drug substances and drug products containing rilpivirine. This research article offers a comprehensive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method for the simultaneous separation and quantification of (E) and (Z) isomers of rilpivirine, including two amide impurities, one nitrile impurity, and one dimer impurity, in both bulk and tablet forms. After complete validation, the proposed reverse-phase UHPLC method has proven to be simple, fast, linear, accurate, and precise, with a lower limit of quantification and detection of 0.05 and 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, for all six analytes. Separation was achieved on a Waters Acquity BEH Shield RP18 (150 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column maintained at 35.0°C using a gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.05 percent formic acid in 10 mM ammonium formate at a flow rate of 0.30 mL/min. A systematic forced degradation study on the undissolved rilpivirine revealed the formation of acid-base hydrolyzed amide impurities (Impurity-A and Impurity-B), oxidative nitrile impurities (Impurity-C), and Z-isomer and dimer impurities of rilpivirine (Impurity-D and Impurity-E) due to alkaline hydrolysis and photodegradation. The proposed method is primarily appropriate for applications requiring the precise determination of desired and undesired isomers of rilpivirine and its degradation products, such as those involving the safety, efficacy, and quality roles of rilpivirine in bulk and tablet forms. Additionally, the proposed UHPLC method in combination with a mass spectrometer and photo-diode array detector is helpful for the confirmation and correct identification of all analytes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Krishna Mhaske
- Department of Chemistry, Vivekanand College, Kolhapur (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arjun Shankar Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, Vivekanand College, Kolhapur (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur), Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dhiman V, Chavan BB, Ramarapu N, Samanthula G. Insight into in silico prediction and chemical degradation study of osimertinib mesylate by LC-HRMS and NMR: Investigation of a typical case of alkaline pH-mediated oxidative degradation product. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2023; 29:123-131. [PMID: 36895152 DOI: 10.1177/14690667231162345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Osimertinib mesylate is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used to treat nonsmall-cell lung cancer. The objective was to understand in silico prediction and chemical-based stress testing of the osimertinib mesylate. A total of eight degradation products (DPs) were formed under chemical stress testing. An in silico tool viz., Zeneth predicted a higher percentage of DPs. The separation of all the DPs was achieved using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, employing X-Bridge C18 column with ammonium acetate (pH adjusted to 7.50 with ammonia) and acetonitrile as mobile phase. The overall results showed it underwent significant degradation in acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions. In rest of the conditions, osimertinib mesylate was found to be stable or slight degradation was observed in photolytic condition. The structure of DPs was elucidated with a comparison of data generated from high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) of osimertinib mesylate and its degradation products. To confirm the unambiguous regioisomers, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimentional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance studies were performed. Furthermore, the N-oxide position was assigned for the first time using the Meisenheimer rearrangement reaction in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode. Interestingly, an unusual reaction of DP2 formation was observed at alkaline conditions. In silico tools such as DEREK and Sarah predicted osimertinib mesylate and most of the DPs found to be structural alert for mutagenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Balasaheb B Chavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Niharika Ramarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Gananadhamu Samanthula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang M, Ye Z, Xing C, Chen H, Zhang J, Yan W. Degradation of deoxynivalenol in wheat by double dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma: identification and pathway of degradation products. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:2347-2356. [PMID: 36534079 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deoxynivalenol (DON) produced during the onset of fusarium head blight not only affects the quality and safety of wheat but also causes serious harm to human and livestock health. However, due to the high stability of DON, it is difficult to eliminate it or reduce it naturally after it has been produced. Cold plasma technology is a non-thermophysical processing technology that has been widely used for microbial inactivation and mycotoxin degradation. In this study, the degradation efficiency of double dielectric barrier discharge (DDBD) cold plasma on DON in aqueous solution and wheat was studied; the structures of degradation products of DON and its pathway were clarified, and the effect of DDBD plasma on wheat quality was evaluated. RESULTS Double dielectric barrier discharge cold plasma was used for efficient degradation of DON (0.5 ~ 5 μgmL^-1) solution and achieved a degradation rate of 98.94% within 25 min under the optimal conditions (voltage 100 V, frequency 200 Hz, duty cycle 80%). Furthermore, 10 degradation products (C15 H24 O5 , C15 H22 O6 , C15 H22 O9 , C16 H22 O7 , C15 H20 O7 , C15 H20 O9 , C15 H18 O8 , C15 H22 O5 , C16 H24 O5 , and C15 H18 O9 ) were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS/MS) combined with Metabolitepilot and Peakview software. The degradation pathway of DON was obtained based on the chemical structures and accurate mass of these products. The DON degradation rate of 61% in wheat was achieved after treatment for 15 min, which slightly affects the moisture content, proteins, and wheat starch. CONCLUSION Applying DDBD to wheat could effectively reduce the level of DON contamination, which provides a theoretical basis for applying cold plasma to the degradation of DON in wheat. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- National Center of Meat Quality & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhumiao Ye
- National Center of Meat Quality & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changrui Xing
- China College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - HongJuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- National Center of Meat Quality & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- National Center of Meat Quality & Safety Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lakka NS, Kuppan C, Vadagam N, Reddamoni SY, Muthusamy C. Degradation pathways and impurity profiling of the anticancer drug apalutamide by HPLC and LC-MS/MS and separation of impurities using Design of Experiments. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5549. [PMID: 36409057 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apalutamide, an androgen receptor inhibitor, is used to treat prostate cancer. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the estimation of assay and organic impurities of apalutamide in drug substance and in tablet dosages using Design of Experiments. The chromatographic separation was achieved within 30 min using Atlantis dC18 , 100 × 4.6 mm, 3.0 μm and the binary gradient program (10 mm KH2 PO4 , pH 3.5; acetonitrile). The detection wavelength, flow rate, column temperature and injection volume used were 270 nm, 1.0 ml/min, 45°C and 10 μl, respectively. The interaction of independent variables (pH, column temperature and flow rate) and their influences on HPLC parameters were studied using a central composite design, and then the peak separation and elution behaviors between apalutamide and its seven impurities were determined. The method validation was performed for linearity, detection limit, quantitation limit, accuracy, precision and robustness as per the International Conference on Harmonization. A high-quality recovery with good precision (91.7-106.0%) and correlations (r2 > 0.997) within a linear range of 0.12-2.24 μg/ml (0.05-0.3%, w/w) were achieved consistently for assay and organic impurities of apalutamide. The stability-indicating characteristics of the proposed method were assessed through forced degradation and mass balance studies. An effort was made to figure out the chemical structures of newly formed degradation products (DP1-DP5) using LC-MS/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha Swamy Lakka
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, VIGNAN'S Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur (Dist.), Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chandrasekar Kuppan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences and Humanities, VIGNAN'S Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur (Dist.), Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Niroja Vadagam
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Chandru Muthusamy
- Department of Mathematics, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mari A, Alonso‐Prados E, Villaverde JJ, Sandín‐España P. Impact of drinking water treatment processes on the residues of plant protection products for consumer and aquatic risk assessment: theoretical and experimental studies. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200906. [PMID: 36531275 PMCID: PMC9749434 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides residues can occur in ground and surface waters, and potentially react with chemicals used for water disinfection treatments, such as chlorine. This can lead to the formation of unknown reaction products, which can be more toxic and/or persistent than the active substances themselves, and therefore become a potential risk for human health and environment. Thus, in the framework of the EU Regulation 1107/2009, the identification of these by-products and their potential risk should be assessed. Within the European Food Risk Assessment (EU-FORA) Fellowship Programme, the fellow studied the behaviour of herbicides belonging to the families of imidazolinones and sulfonylureas in waters treated with chlorine disinfectants. Due to their physicochemical properties, these herbicides are susceptible of reaching natural waters. In fact, some of them have been detected in water monitoring programmes. During the experimental part of the present work programme, reactions between the active substances and the most used chlorine disinfecting reactants (hypochlorite and chloramines) were performed. Degradation kinetic parameters such as half-lives and degradation constants were calculated. Results showed that herbicide degradation was both pH and chlorine/chloramines concentration dependent. In order to identify the degradation by-products, high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments were performed, and a possible route of formation of these compounds was proposed. Finally, their risk assessment was carried out by using tox/ecotoxicological properties determined by QSAR methodology and FOCUS modelling for hazard and exposure assessment, respectively. These results will contribute to the definition of a risk assessment scheme for pesticides by-products potentially occurring in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mari
- Unit of Plant Protection ProductsNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, INIA‐CSICCtra. La Coruña, km 7.528040MadridSpain
| | - Elena Alonso‐Prados
- Unit of Plant Protection ProductsNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, INIA‐CSICCtra. La Coruña, km 7.528040MadridSpain
| | - Juan José Villaverde
- Unit of Plant Protection ProductsNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, INIA‐CSICCtra. La Coruña, km 7.528040MadridSpain
| | - Pilar Sandín‐España
- Unit of Plant Protection ProductsNational Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, INIA‐CSICCtra. La Coruña, km 7.528040MadridSpain
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Adamek E, Masternak E, Sapińska D, Baran W. Degradation of the Selected Antibiotic in an Aqueous Solution by the Fenton Process: Kinetics, Products and Ecotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36555316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamides used in veterinary medicine can be degraded via the Fenton processes. In the premise, the process should also remove the antimicrobial activity of wastewater containing antibiotics. The kinetics of sulfathiazole degradation and identification of the degradation products were investigated in the experiments. In addition, their toxicity against Vibrio fischeri, the MARA® assay, and unselected microorganisms from a wastewater treatment plant and the river was evaluated. It was found that in the Fenton process, the sulfathiazole degradation was described by the following kinetic equation: r0 = k CSTZ-1 or 0 CFe(II)3 CH2O20 or 1 CTOC-2, where r0 is the initial reaction rate, k is the reaction rate constant, C is the concentration of sulfathiazole, Fe(II) ions, hydrogen peroxide and total organic carbon, respectively. The reaction efficiency and the useful pH range (up to pH 5) could be increased by UVa irradiation of the reaction mixture. Eighteen organic degradation products of sulfathiazole were detected and identified, and a possible degradation mechanism was proposed. An increase in the H2O2 dose, to obtain a high degree of mineralization of sulfonamide, resulted in an increase in the ecotoxicity of the post-reaction mixture.
Collapse
|
26
|
Courtene-Jones W, Martínez Rodríguez A, Handy RD. From microbes to ecosystems: a review of the ecological effects of biodegradable plastics. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:423-33. [PMID: 36069649 DOI: 10.1042/ETLS20220015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics have been proposed as a potential solution to plastic pollution, as they can be biodegraded into their elemental components by microbial action. However, the degradation rate of biodegradable plastics is highly variable across environments, leading to the potential for accumulation of plastic particles, chemical co-contaminants and/or degradation products. This paper reviews the toxicological effects of biodegradable plastics on species and ecosystems, and contextualises these impacts with those previously reported for conventional polymers. While the impacts of biodegradable plastics and their co-contaminants across levels of biological organisation are poorly researched compared with conventional plastics, evidence suggests that individual-level effects could be broadly similar. Where differences in the associated toxicity may arise is due to the chemical structure of biodegradable polymers which should facilitate enzymatic depolymerisation and the utilisation of the polymer carbon by the microbial community. The input of carbon can alter microbial composition, causing an enrichment of carbon-degrading bacteria and fungi, which can have wider implications for carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Furthermore, there is the potential for toxic degradation products to form during biodegradation, however understanding the environmental concentration and effects of degradation products are lacking. As global production of biodegradable polymers continues to increase, further evaluation of their ecotoxicological effects on organisms and ecosystem function are required.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sapińska D, Adamek E, Masternak E, Zielińska-Danch W, Baran W. Influence of pH on the Kinetics and Products of Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfonamides in Aqueous Solutions. Toxics 2022; 10:655. [PMID: 36355946 PMCID: PMC9695452 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to determine the kinetics of the photocatalytic degradation of six sulfonamides in the presence of TiO2-P25 in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions and to identify the structures of the stable products. It was stated that the pH of the solution significantly affected the photocatalytic degradation rate of sulfonamides in acidic and alkaline environments, and the effect likely depended on the susceptibility of sulfonamides to attack by hydroxyl radicals. In the post-reaction mixture, we identified the compounds resulting from the substitution of the aromatic rings with a hydroxyl group; the amide hydrolysis products; the hydroxylamine-, azo, and nitro derivatives; and the compounds formed via the elimination of the sulfone group. Moreover, previously unknown azo compounds were detected. Some degradation products of sulfonamides may exhibit marked bacteriostatic activity and high phytotoxicity. The azo and nitro compounds formed in an acidic environment may be potentially more toxic to aquatic ecosystems than the initial compounds.
Collapse
|
28
|
Alcalde-Eon C, Escribano-Bailón MT, García-Estévez I. Role of Oak Ellagitannins in the Synthesis of Vitisin A and in the Degradation of Malvidin 3- O-Glucoside: An Approach in Wine-Like Model Systems. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:13049-13061. [PMID: 35438989 PMCID: PMC9585584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the influence that oak ellagitannins can have on wine astringency and color. Direct reactions between flavanols or anthocyanins with vescalagin have been reported to occur, but participation of these compounds in the formation of other types of derivatives has only been suggested but not demonstrated. This study aims at evaluating, in wine-like model systems, the possible different roles of the main oak ellagitannins, castalagin and vescalagin, alone or combined, in the synthesis of vitisin A and in the degradation of malvidin 3-O-glucoside. In the presence of pyruvic acid, the anthocyanin disappeared mainly as a result of the synthesis of vitisin A, whereas in its absence, degradation reactions prevailed. In general, ellagitannins increased the synthesis of vitisin A, decreased the total content of degradation products, and changed the degradation profile, with differences observed between castalagin and vescalagin. The results of the study revealed that the fate of malvidin 3-O-glucoside is conditioned by the presence of ellagitannins.
Collapse
|
29
|
Tolić Čop K, Mutavdžić Pavlović D, Gazivoda Kraljević T. Photocatalytic Activity of TiO 2 for the Degradation of Anticancer Drugs. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:3532. [PMID: 36234661 PMCID: PMC9565840 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To prevent water pollution, photocatalysis is often used to remove small molecules such as drugs by generating reactive species. This study aimed to determine the photocatalytic activity of two anticancer drugs, imatinib and crizotinib, and to investigate various influences that may alter the kinetic degradation rate and ultimately the efficacy of the process. In order to obtain optimal parameters for the removal of drugs with immobilized TiO2, the mutual influence of the initial concentration of the contaminant at environmentally relevant pH values was investigated using the response surface modeling approach. The faster kinetic rate of photocatalysis was obtained at pH 5 and at the smallest applied concentration of both drugs. The photocatalytic efficiency was mostly decreased by adding various inorganic salts and organic compounds to the drug mixture. Regarding the degradation mechanism of imatinib and crizotinib, hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen showed a major role in photochemical reactions. The formation of seven degradation products for imatinib and fifteen for crizotinib during the optimal photocatalytic process was monitored by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-QqTOF). Since the newly formed products may pose a hazard to the environment, their toxicity was studied using Vibrio fischeri, where the significant luminescence inhibition was assessed for the mixture of crizotinib degradants during the photocatalysis from 90 to 120 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Tolić Čop
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Gazivoda Kraljević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Belesov AV, Shkaeva NV, Popov MS, Skrebets TE, Faleva AV, Ul’yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS. New Insights into the Thermal Stability of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810966. [PMID: 36142873 PMCID: PMC9502186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising applications of ionic liquids (ILs) with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (bmim) cation is based on their unique ability to dissolve and fractionate lignocellulosic biomass, allowing for the development of green biorefining technologies. A complete dissolution of lignocellulose requires prolonged treatment at elevated temperatures, which can cause the partial degradation of ILs. In the present study, a combination of various analytical techniques (GC-MS, HPLC-HRMS, 2D-NMR, synchronous thermal analysis) was used for the comprehensive characterization of bmim acetate, chloride, and methyl sulfate degradation products formed at 150 °C during 6- and 24-h thermal treatment. A number of volatile and non-volatile products, including monomeric and dimeric alkyl substituted imidazoles, alcohols, alkyl amines, methyl and butyl acetates, and N-alkylamides, was identified. By thermal lability, ILs can be arranged in the following sequence, coinciding with the decrease in basicity of the anion: [bmim]OAc > [bmim]Cl > [bmim]MeSO4. The accumulation of thermal degradation products in ILs, in turn, affects their physico-chemical properties and thermal stability, and leads to a decrease in the decomposition temperature, a change in the shape of the thermogravimetric curves, and the formation of carbon residue during pyrolysis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Patel R, Dube A, Solanki R, Khunt D, Parikh S, Junnuthula V, Dyawanapelly S. Structural Elucidation of Alkali Degradation Impurities of Favipiravir from the Oral Suspension: UPLC-TQ-ESI-MS/MS and NMR. Molecules 2022; 27:5606. [PMID: 36080375 PMCID: PMC9457609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel stability-indicating, reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of favipiravir in an oral suspension. The effective separation of favipiravir and its degradation products was achieved on a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (5 μm particle size, 150 mm length × 4.6 mm diameter). The mobile phase was prepared by mixing 5 mM of phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) and methanol in a 75:25 v/v ratio delivered at a 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The eluents were monitored using a photodiode array detector at a wavelength of 322 nm. The stability-indicating nature of this method was evaluated by performing force degradation studies under various stress conditions, such as acidic, alkali, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic degradation. Significant degradation was observed during the alkali stress degradation condition. The degradation products generated during various stress conditions were well separated from the favipiravir peak. In addition, the major degradation product formed under alkali stress conditions was identified using UPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS and NMR. Method validation was performed according to the ICH Q2 (R1) guideline requirements. The developed method is simple, accurate, robust, and reliable for routine quality control analysis of favipiravir oral suspensions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Patel
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhishek Dube
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Ravisinh Solanki
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Dignesh Khunt
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Gandhinagar 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Shalin Parikh
- Senores Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad 380058, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Sathish Dyawanapelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Guo B, Chou F, Huang L, Yin F, Fang J, Wang JB, Jia Z. Recent insights into oxidative metabolism of quercetin: catabolic profiles, degradation pathways, catalyzing metalloenzymes and molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1312-1339. [PMID: 36037033 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is the most abundant polyphenolic flavonoid (flavonol subclass) in vegetal foods and medicinal plants. This dietary chemopreventive agent has drawn significant interest for its multiple beneficial health effects ("polypharmacology") largely associated with the well-documented antioxidant properties. However, controversies exist in the literature due to its dual anti-/pro-oxidant character, poor stability/bioavailability but multifaceted bioactivities, leaving much confusion as to its exact roles in vivo. Increasing evidence indicates that a prior oxidation of quercetin to generate an array of chemical diverse products with redox-active/electrophilic moieties is emerging as a new linkage to its versatile actions. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the oxidative conversion of quercetin by systematically analyzing the current quercetin-related knowledge, with a particular focus on the complete spectrum of metabolite products, the enzymes involved in the catabolism and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Herein we review and compare the oxidation pathways, protein structures and catalytic patterns of the related metalloenzymes (phenol oxidases, heme enzymes and specially quercetinases), aiming for a deeper mechanistic understanding of the unusual biotransformation behaviors of quercetin and its seemingly controversial biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Chou
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Libin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Feifan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongchao Jia
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhang Q, Niu D, Ni S, An W, Li C, Huhe T, Wang C, Jiang X, Ren J. Effects of pH and Metal Ions on the Hydrothermal Treatment of Penicillin: Kinetic, Pathway, and Antibacterial Activity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph191710701. [PMID: 36078417 PMCID: PMC9517829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues lead to the risk of resistance gene enrichment, which is the main reason why penicillin mycelial dreg (PMD) is defined as hazardous waste. Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is an effective method to treat penicillin mycelial dreg, but the degradation mechanism of penicillin is unclear. In the study, we researched the effects of pH (4-10) at 80-100 °C and metal ions (Mn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) at several concentrations on the HT of penicillin, identified the degradation products (DPs) under different conditions, and evaluated the antibacterial activity of hydrothermally treated samples. The results show that penicillin degradation kinetics highly consistent with pseudo-first-order model (R2 = 0.9447-0.9999). The degradation rates (k) at pH = 4, 7, and 10 were 0.1603, 0.0039, and 0.0485 min-1, indicating acidic conditions were more conducive to penicillin degradation. Among the four tested metal ions, Zn2+ had the most significant catalytic effect. Adding 5 mg·L-1 Zn2+ caused 100% degradation rate at pH = 7 after HT for 60 min. Six degradation products (DPs) with low mass-to-charge (m/z ≤ 335) were detected under acidic condition. However, only two and three DPs were observed in the samples catalyzed by Zn2+ and alkali, respectively, and penilloic acid (m/z = 309) was the main DPs under these conditions. Furthermore, no antibacterial activity to Bacillus pumilus was detected in the medium with up to 50% addition of the treated samples under acidic condition. Even though acid, alkali, and some metal ions can improve the degradation ability of penicillin, it was found that the most effective way for removing its anti-bacterial activity was under the acidic condition. Therefore, resistance residue indicates the amount of additive in the process of resource utilization, and avoids the enrichment of resistance genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaopan Zhang
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Dongze Niu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Shensheng Ni
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Wenying An
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Taoli Huhe
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (J.R.)
| | - Chongqing Wang
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xingmei Jiang
- Bijie Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Bijie 551700, China
| | - Jianjun Ren
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (J.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pfohl P, Wagner M, Meyer L, Domercq P, Praetorius A, Hüffer T, Hofmann T, Wohlleben W. Environmental Degradation of Microplastics: How to Measure Fragmentation Rates to Secondary Micro- and Nanoplastic Fragments and Dissociation into Dissolved Organics. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:11323-11334. [PMID: 35902073 PMCID: PMC9387529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the environmental fate of microplastics is essential for their risk assessment. It is essential to differentiate size classes and degradation states. Still, insights into fragmentation and degradation mechanisms of primary and secondary microplastics into micro- and nanoplastic fragments and other degradation products are limited. Here, we present an adapted NanoRelease protocol for a UV-dose-dependent assessment and size-selective quantification of the release of micro- and nanoplastic fragments down to 10 nm and demonstrate its applicability for polyamide and thermoplastic polyurethanes. The tested cryo-milled polymers do not originate from actual consumer products but are handled in industry and are therefore representative of polydisperse microplastics occurring in the environment. The protocol is suitable for various types of microplastic polymers, and the measured rates can serve to parameterize mechanistic fragmentation models. We also found that primary microplastics matched the same ranking of weathering stability as their corresponding macroplastics and that dissolved organics constitute a major rate of microplastic mass loss. The results imply that previously formed micro- and nanoplastic fragments can further degrade into water-soluble organics with measurable rates that enable modeling approaches for all environmental compartments accessible to UV light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Pfohl
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Marion Wagner
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Lars Meyer
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | - Prado Domercq
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Antonia Praetorius
- Institute
for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GE, Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Research
Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Research
Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF
SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
- . Tel.: +49 621 6095339
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ayad MM, Hosny MM, Metias YM. Green micellar liquid chromatographic analysis of alfuzosin hydrochloride and sildenafil citrate in a binary mixture compared to classical RPLC with stability indicating studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:41-51. [PMID: 35754330 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2093896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two simple and validated chromatographic studies were performed for simultaneous estimation of sildenafil citrate and alfuzosin hydrochloride in bulk, pharmaceuticals, and in the presence of their main degradation products. Two systems of mobile phase were applied isocratically for their first chromatographic separation using conventional and micellar mobile phases. Methanol, acetonitrile, and 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (43:14:43 v/v; pH 4.66) were pumped at 1.3 mL/min in method I. Meanwhile, method II was based on less hazardous micellar mobile phase of nonionic surfactant (0.005 M Brij-35 in water; pH 2.5 adjusted with 0.1% orthophosphoric acid) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Both methods were carried on C18 column and coupled with UV detection at 225 nm at ambient temperature. The first method was rectilinear over the concentration range of 5-62.5 μg/mL for both drugs, while the second method showed higher linearity ranges of 0.5-40, 2.5-62.5 μg/mL for alfuzosin hydrochloride and sildenafil citrate, respectively. The developed methods successfully enabled the quantification of the studied binary mixture in their tablets dosage form and evaluation their stabilities. Validation of the proposed methods according to ICH guidelines and system suitability were ascertained. Moreover, the applied methods were evaluated and compared from the perspective of green analytical chemistry, employing the National Environmental Methods Index, analytical Eco-Scale score, and Green Analytical Procedure Index, as three assessment tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Mohamed Ayad
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt
| | - Mervat Mohamed Hosny
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt
| | - Youstina Mekhail Metias
- Department of Analytical chemistry, Faculty of pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 4451, Egypt.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guo Y, Lu T, Shi J, Li X, Wu K, Xiong Y. Identification of Deoxynivalenol and Degradation Products during Maize Germ Oil Refining Process. Foods 2022; 11:1720. [PMID: 35741918 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination in germs and germ oil is posing a serious threat to food and feed security. However, the transformation pathway, the distribution of DON, and its degradation products in edible oil refining have not yet been reported in detail. In this work, we systematically explored the variation of DON in maize germ oil during refining and demonstrated that the DON in germ oil can be effectively removed by refining, during which a part of DON was transferred to the wastes, and another section of DON was degraded during degumming and alkali refining. Moreover, the DON degradation product was identified to be norDON B by using the ultraviolet absorption spectrum, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, and the degradation product was found to be distributed in waste products during oil refining. This study provides a scientific basis and useful reference for the production of non-mycotoxins edible oil by traditional refining.
Collapse
|
37
|
McDonald ND, Love CE, Gibbons HS. The ChpR transcriptional regulator of Sinorhizobium meliloti senses 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol, a degradation product of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. Access Microbiol 2022; 3:000297. [PMID: 35024557 PMCID: PMC8749142 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global use of organophosphate insecticides (OPPs) and the growing concern of off-target side effects due to OPP exposure has prompted the need for sensitive and economical detection methods. Here we set out to engineer a previously identified OPP responsive transcription factor, ChpR, from Sinorhizobium melilotii to respond to alternative OPPs and generate a repertoire of whole-cell biosensors for OPPs. The ChpR transcription factor and cognate promoter P chpA, have been shown to activate transcription in the presence of the OPP chlorpyrifos (CPF). Utilizing a GFP reporter regulated by ChpR in a whole-cell biosensor we found that the system responds significantly better to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), the main degradation product of CPF, compared to CPF itself. This biosensor was able to respond to TCP at 390 nM within 4 h compared to 50 µM of CPF in 7 h. The ChpR-P chpA , and the activating ligand TCP, were able to regulate expression of a kanamycin resistance/sucrose sensitivity (kan/sacB) selection/counterselection module suitable for high throughput mutagenesis screening studies. The ability to control both GFP and the kan/sacB module demonstrates the utility of this reporter for the detection of CPF affected areas. The ChpR-P chpA system serves as an additional positive regulator switch to add to the growing repertoire of controllers available within synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D McDonald
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Courtney E Love
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry S Gibbons
- United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command - Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fingler S, Mendaš G, Dvoršćak M, Stipičević S, Vasilić Ž, Drevenkar V. Seasonal distribution of multiclass pesticide residues in the surface waters of northwest Croatia. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2021; 72:280-8. [PMID: 34985840 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2021-72-3598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our OPENTOX project, we evaluated the incidence and mass concentrations of multiclass pesticide residues in 23 river/stream water samples collected in urban and agricultural areas of northwest Croatia at various points of the pesticide application season in 2015. The study included 16 compounds of five herbicide classes and seven compounds of three insecticide classes. Pesticide residues were accumulated from water by solid-phase extraction and analysed using high performance liquid chromatography with UV-diode array detection and/or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Herbicide residues were more common than the insecticide ones, and, as expected, they peaked in the middle of the application season. Metolachlor showed the highest concentrations and was found in 91 % of all samples, followed by terbuthylazine, found in 70 % of the samples. The highest total mass concentration of detected pesticides was measured in the water samples of the Krapina (3992 ng/L) and Sutla (3455 ng/L) collected in rural areas with intensive agriculture. Our findings strongly speak in favour of continued monitoring of surface waters and possibly extending the list of priority water pollutants.
Collapse
|
39
|
Špehar TK, Pocrnić M, Klarić D, Bertoša B, Čikoš A, Jug M, Padovan J, Dragojević S, Galić N. Investigation of Praziquantel/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexation by NMR and LC-HRMS/MS: Mechanism, Solubility, Chemical Stability, and Degradation Products. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:4210-4223. [PMID: 34670371 PMCID: PMC8564759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Praziquantel (PZQ) is a biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II anthelmintic drug characterized by poor solubility and a bitter taste, both of which can be addressed by inclusion complexation with cyclodextrins (CD). In this work, a comprehensive investigation of praziquantel/cyclodextrin (PZQ/CD) complexes was conducted by means of UV-vis spectroscopy, spectrofluorimetry, NMR spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), and molecular modeling. Phase solubility studies revealed that among four CDs tested, the randomly methylated β-CD (RMβCD) and the sulfobutylether sodium salt β-CD (SBEβCD) resulted in the highest increase in PZQ solubility (approximately 16-fold). The formation of 1:1 inclusion complexes was confirmed by HRMS, NMR, and molecular modeling. Both cyclohexane and the central pyrazino ring, as well as an aromatic part of PZQ are included in the CD central cavity through several different binding modes, which exist simultaneously. Furthermore, the influence of CDs on PZQ stability was investigated in solution (HCl, NaOH, H2O2) and in the solid state (accelerated degradation, photostability) by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD/MS). CD complexation promoted new degradation pathways of the drug. In addition to three already known PZQ degradants, seven new degradation products were identified (m/z 148, 215, 217, 301, 327, 343, and 378) and their structures were proposed based on HRMS/MS data. Solid complexes were prepared by mechanochemical activation, a solvent-free and ecologically acceptable method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marijana Pocrnić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Klarić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branimir Bertoša
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Čikoš
- Institute Ruđer Bošković, Bijenička cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Jug
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Padovan
- Fidelta Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nives Galić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Davoodi J, Majidi S, Jahani M, Tayarani-Najaran Z, Golmohammadzadeh S, Kamali H. Implementation of design of experiments for optimization of forced degradation conditions and development of a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for sepiwhite. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4299-4312. [PMID: 34669262 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepiwhite is a novel anti-pigmenting agent that is derived from fatty acid and phenylalanine and used for hyperpigmentation induced by light exposure or inflammation. In this study, a simple and validated high-performance liquid chromatography method for the quantitation of sepiwhite was developed. Optimized forced degradation of sepiwhite at thermal, acid/base, photolysis, oxidative, and heavy metal ions conditions were evaluated and the effect of each of them on production of specific 10%-30% degradants was studied by the approach of design of experiments. Sepiwhite accelerated study was conducted and toxicity of sepiwhite at each condition was tested. An optimized high-performance liquid chromatography method was validated by a face-centered central composition design. Ten different degradants were identified from sepiwhite and degradation behavior under different conditions was studied. Sepiwhite and its degradant products show no cytotoxicity. This optimized high-performance liquid chromatography method can be applied for quality control assay and sepiwhite degradation behavior may be considered in the manufacturing of sepiwhite products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javid Davoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sina Majidi
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Jahani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Control, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shiva Golmohammadzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Kamali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ji J, Yu J, Yang Y, Yuan X, Yang J, Zhang Y, Sun J, Sun X. Exploration on the Enhancement of Detoxification Ability of Zearalenone and Its Degradation Products of Aspergillus niger FS10 under Directional Stress of Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100720. [PMID: 34679013 PMCID: PMC8537726 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants in food. For food safety, an efficient and environmental-friendly approach to ZEN degradation is significant. In this study, an Aspergillus niger strain, FS10, was stimulated with 1.0 μg/mL ZEN for 24 h, repeating 5 times to obtain a stressed strain, Zearalenone-Stressed-FS10 (ZEN-S-FS10), with high degradation efficiency. The results show that the degradation rate of ZEN-S-FS10 to ZEN can be stabilized above 95%. Through metabolomics analysis of the metabolome difference of FS10 before and after ZEN stimulation, it was found that the change of metabolic profile may be the main reason for the increase in the degradation rate of ZEN. The optimization results of degradation conditions of ZEN-S-FS10 show that the degradation efficiency is the highest with a concentration of 104 CFU/mL and a period of 28 h. Finally, we analyzed the degradation products by UPLC-q-TOF, which shows that ZEN was degraded into two low-toxicity products: C18H22O8S (Zearalenone 4-sulfate) and C18H22O5 ((E)-Zearalenone). This provides a wide range of possibilities for the industrial application of this strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Guangzhou GRG Metrology and Test Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510630, China;
| | - Jia Yang
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou 225000, China;
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jiadi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (J.J.); (J.Y.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-85329015; Fax: +86-510-85328726
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Adolfsson KH, Sjöberg I, Höglund OV, Wattle O, Hakkarainen M. In Vivo Versus In Vitro Degradation of a 3D Printed Resorbable Device for Ligation of Vascular Tissue in Horses. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100164. [PMID: 34339098 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A resorbable 3D printed polydioxanone (PDO) device is manufactured to facilitate ligation of vascular tissue during surgery. The device must provide sufficient mechanical performance throughout the healing period. Therefore, degradation and mechanical performance of the device are investigated as a function of in vivo and in vitro aging. During aging the PDO device released cyclic and linear water-soluble products. In vivo aging resulted in higher relative number of linear oligomers in comparison to in vitro aging. A major loss of mechanical performance is observed after only 10 days in vivo and the Young's modulus (E) and tensile strength at break (σb ) decreased by 28% and 54%, respectively. This is in contrast to in vitro aging, where no loss of mechanical properties is observed during the same period. The in vivo aged devices exhibit clear holes in the matrices after 28 days, while apparent cracks are observed first after 140 days in vitro. These results highlight the sensitivity of the degradation process of resorbable devices with regards to the interactions of the device with the surrounding environment (tissues) and demonstrate the importance of in vivo testing as compliment to in vitro testing before clinical use of devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Adolfsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Ida Sjöberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Box 7054, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Odd V Höglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Box 7054, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Ove Wattle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, SLU Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Box 7054, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ardila JA, de Alvarenga Junior BR, Durango LC, Soares FLF, Perlatti B, de Oliveira Cardoso J, Oliveira RV, Forim MR, Carneiro RL. Design of experiments applied to stress testing of pharmaceutical products: A case study of Albendazole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 165:105939. [PMID: 34284097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Forced degradation tests are studies used to assess the stability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their formulations. These tests are performed submitting the API under extreme conditions in order to know the main degradation products in a short period of time. The results of these studies are used to assess the degradation susceptibility of APIs and to validate chromatographic analytical methods. However, most of degradation studies are performed using one-factor-at-the-time (OFAT) which does not consider the interactions between degradation variables. This work proposes the use of Design of Experiment (DoE) approach in forced degradation of albendazole (ABZ). It was used a central composite design (CCD) to evaluate the forced degradation in a multivariate way. Experiments were performed taking into account the variables pH, temperature, oxidizing agent (H2O2) and UV radiation. It was verified the influence of the variables and their interactions on the ABZ degradation. The ABZ oxidation showed to be the main degradation route for ABZ, which is strongly influenced by the temperature. The hydrolysis was relevant at alkaline medium and high temperature. LC-IT-MSn was used to identify the degradation products. It was found three known degradation products (albendazole-2-amino, albendazole sulfoxide and albendazole sulfone) and a new derivate of albendazole molecule (albendazole sulfoxide with a chlorine). This last one was isolated and characterized by UPLC-QToF-MS and NMR analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Armando Ardila
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Cuadrado Durango
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Perlatti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 90095, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Regina Vincenzi Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moacir Rossi Forim
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Lajarim Carneiro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ummiti K, Shanmukha Kumar JV. Establishment of validated stability indicating purity method based on the stress degradation behavior of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (ganirelix) in an injectable formulation using HPLC and LC-MS-QTOF. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2021; 27:126-140. [PMID: 33823624 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211005335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress study of a drug substance or pharmaceutical drug product provides a vision into degradation pathways and degradation products of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and helps in interpretation of the chemical structure of the degradation impurities. In the current study, Ganirelix active ingredient presented in the Orgalutran® was stressed with acidic and alkali hydrolysis, photolysis, thermal and oxidation conditions as per the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Q1A (R2). Ganirelix was found to be labile under thermal and alkali hydrolytic stress conditions, while it was stable to acid hydrolytic, oxidative and photolytic stress. All degradation products were separated with a resolution > 1.5 on a C18 column (2.6 µm, 25 cm×4.6 mm) using a hydrophilic ion pair such as sodium perchlorate, at a concentration <0.04 M. In total, four major degradant impurities were found during stress study. These impurities were fractionated and desalted by flash chromatography for identification of chemical structures. LC-MS-QTOF analysis revealed that two degradation products are diastereomers of Ganirelix, one degradation product is a deamination compound and other degradation product result from the insertion of a new amino acid residue in the Ganirelix peptide sequence. The developed method is sensitive enough to quantify the related substances of Ganirelix at the 0.04% level with that of Ganirelix test concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumarswamy Ummiti
- Department of Chemistry, 207673Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| | - J V Shanmukha Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, 207673Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Purushotham Reddy C, Ramakrishna K, Narayana Rao K. Separation, identification and characterization of stress degradation products of bortezomib using HPLC and LC-MS. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2021; 27:115-125. [PMID: 33827302 DOI: 10.1177/14690667211006246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib (BT) is a reversible inhibitor of proteasome which is used in the treatment of hematological cancers. To study the degradation behavior, BT was subjected to acidic, basic, neutral, photolytic, oxidative and thermal degradation conditions as per ICH guideline Q1A (R2). A gradient HPLC method has been developed for separating all the degradation products formed under various degradation conditions on Waters XBridge C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 µm) using the mobile phase composed of ammonium formate and acetonitrile. A total of six degradation products were formed in various stress conditions and these were separated identified, and characterized using high performance liquid chromatography in combination with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K Ramakrishna
- Department of chemistry, Gitam Institute of Science, GITAM (deemed to be university), Visakhapatnam, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
When two therapeutic agents are combined in a single formulation, i.e., coformulated, the quality and safety of the individual agents must be preserved. Here we describe an approach to evaluate the quality attributes of two individual monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), designated mAb-A and mAb-B, in coformulation. The mAbs were fractionated from heat-stressed coformulated drug product (DP) by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Each purified mAb fraction was then compared with mAb-A and mAb-B in their individual formulations from the same drug substance sources used to make the coformulated DP lot, which was subjected to the same stress conditions. Product variants were evaluated and compared by using several analytical tests, including high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), reducing and nonreducing gel electrophoresis, ion-exchange chromatography, capillary isoelectric focusing, and peptide mapping with mass spectrometry. Intermolecular interactions in coformulated and photostressed DPs were studied by evaluating aggregates fractionated from coformulated DP by HPSEC. Aggregate fractions of coformulated DP contained dimers, but not coaggregates, of mAb-A or mAb-B. Moreover, extensive assays for higher-order structure and biological interactions confirmed that there was no interaction between the two mAb molecules in the coformulation. These results demonstrate that the two coformulated therapeutic mAbs had the same quality attributes as the individually formulated mAb-A and mAb-B, no new quality attributes were formed, and no physicochemical, intermolecular, or biological interactions occurred between the two components. The approach described here can be used to monitor the product quality of other coformulated antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kim
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yoen Joo Kim
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Mingyan Cao
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Niluka De Mel
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Methal Albarghouthi
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Jared S Bee
- Formulation and Drug Development, REGENXBIO Inc, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jihong Wang
- Analytical Sciences, Viela Bio, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Development and Operations, Viela Bio, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li CY, Yang YX, Zhang N, Xie HJ, Hu Z, Zhang J. [Seasonal Removal Efficiency and Degradation Products of Two Typical PPCPs in Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2021; 42:842-849. [PMID: 33742878 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The pollution of surface waters by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has aroused widespread concern. Constructed wetlands (CWs) have outstanding advantages in the removal of PPCPs; however, few studies have focused on the interaction of different types of PPCPs in CWs. In this study, two typical PPCPs[broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents triclosan (TCS) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF)] were selected as target pollutants and their removal behavior in subsurface flow CWs was analyzed. The effects of different seasons and influent conditions (i.e., single and combined addition of TCS and DCF) on removal efficiency was also examined. The main parameters of the CW system were as follows:the up-flow subsurface CW had a hydraulic load of 0.20 m·d-1 and a hydraulic residence time of 3 d with a continuous flow inlet. The initial influent concentration of PPCPs was 80 g·L-1 for TCS and 25 g·L-1 for DCF. The results showed that the average removal efficiencies for TCS and DCF in summer (91.72% and 85.86%, respectively) were significantly higher than in winter (52.88% and 32.47%, respectively). Independent sample t-tests confirmed that there was no significant difference in the removal efficiency of TCS and DCF under the different influent conditions (single and combined addition). The degradation products of TCS and DCF were also no different between the influent systems, and the representative degradation products of TCS were not detected in all systems. The main degradation products of DCF in the different systems were 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid and m-dichlorobenzene. The two studied PPCPs showed no significant antagonism and competition effects at trace levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Yi-Xiao Yang
- Guangzhou Metro Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Hui-Jun Xie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guan Y, Chen J, Nepovimova E, Long M, Wu W, Kuca K. Aflatoxin Detoxification Using Microorganisms and Enzymes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010046. [PMID: 33435382 PMCID: PMC7827145 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination causes significant economic loss to food and feed industries and seriously threatens human health. Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most harmful mycotoxins, which are produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and other fungi that are commonly found in the production and preservation of grain and feed. AFs can cause harm to animal and human health due to their toxic (carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic) effects. How to remove AF has become a major problem: biological methods cause no contamination, have high specificity, and work at high temperature, affording environmental protection. In the present research, microorganisms with detoxification effects researched in recent years are reviewed, the detoxification mechanism of microbes on AFs, the safety of degrading enzymes and reaction products formed in the degradation process, and the application of microorganisms as detoxification strategies for AFs were investigated. One of the main aims of the work is to provide a reliable reference strategy for biological detoxification of AFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Guan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.G.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (W.W.); (K.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Dzomba P, Zaranyika MF. Persistence and fate of chlortetracycline in the aquatic environment under sub-tropical conditions: generation and dissipation of metabolites. J Environ Sci Health B 2020; 56:181-187. [PMID: 33378246 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1854009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of chlortetracycline in the aquatic environment, including the generation and dissipation of its metabolites, were investigated over a period of 90 days using microcosm experiments, with a view to establishing the metabolites generated and their persistence under conditions closely resembling the actual aquatic environment in terms of chemical and microbial composition. The concentrations of chlortetracycline and its metabolites were monitored in the water phase as well as the sediment phase. Data are presented showing that the degradation of chlortetracycline in each phase conforms to a triphasic linear rate law, confirming the existence of three speciation forms in each phase, attributed to one free dissolved form, and two colloidal particle adsorbed forms. Data are also presented showing that the two adsorbed forms are the most persistent, with life-times of 204.1 and 20.3 days respectively in the water phase, and 215.1 and 19.8 days respectively in the sediment phase. Life-times of 5.01 and 3.7 days respectively were obtained for the free dissolved forms in the water phase and sediment phase respectively. Data are further presented showing that of the several metabolites of chlortetracycline reported previously, only 4-epi-chlortetracycline and iso-chlortetracycline could be detected, and that these two degradation products undergo microbial mineralization without transformation to other intermediate degradation products in significant or detectable amounts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamhidzai Dzomba
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Biggi S, Bassani GA, Vincoli V, Peroni D, Bonaldo V, Biagiotti M, Belli R, Alessandrino A, Biasini E, Freddi G. Characterization of Physical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of SilkBridge Nerve Conduit after Enzymatic Hydrolysis. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2020; 3:8361-8374. [PMID: 35019608 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro degradation profile and the cytotoxicity of the degradation products of a silk fibroin (SF)-based nerve conduit (SilkBridge), with a complex three-layered wall architecture comprising both native and regenerated (electrospun) fibers, are reported. The bacterial protease type XIV from Streptomyces griseus was used as a hydrolytic agent at three different enzyme/substrate ratios (1:8, 1:80, and 1:800 w/w) to account for the different susceptibility to degradation of the native and regenerated components. The incubation time was extended up to 91 days. At fixed time points, the remaining device, the insoluble debris, and the incubation buffers containing soluble degradation products were separated and analyzed. The electrospun fibers forming the inner and outer layers of the conduit wall were almost completely degraded within 10 days of incubation at an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:80 w/w. The progression of degradation was highlighted by the emergence of zones of erosion and discontinuity along the electrospun fibers, weakening of the electrospun layers, and decrease in resistance to compressive stress. Native SF microfibers forming the middle layer of the conduit wall displayed a higher resistance to enzymatic degradation. When incubated at an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1:8 w/w, the weight decreased gradually over the incubation time as a consequence of fiber erosion and fragmentation. Analogously, the tensile properties markedly decreased. Both spectroscopic and thermal analyses confirmed the gradual increase in the crystalline character of the fibers. The incubation buffers containing the soluble degradation products were subjected to cytotoxicity testing with human HEK293 cells and mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells. No detrimental effects on cell viability were observed, suggesting that the degradation products do not retain any toxic property. Finally, the mass spectrometry analysis of degradation products showed that the SF polypeptides recovered in the incubation buffers were representative of the aminoacidic sequence of the fibroin light chain and of the highly repetitive fibroin heavy chain, indicating that virtually the entire sequence of the fibroin protein constituent of SilkBridge was degraded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biggi
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | | | | | - Daniele Peroni
- Mass Spectrometry (MS) Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Valerio Bonaldo
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Marco Biagiotti
- Silk Biomaterials Srl, Via Cavour 2, 22074 Lomazzo, Co, Italy
| | - Romina Belli
- Mass Spectrometry (MS) Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | | | - Emiliano Biasini
- Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory of Prions and Amyloids, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38123 Povo, TN, Italy
| | - Giuliano Freddi
- Silk Biomaterials Srl, Via Cavour 2, 22074 Lomazzo, Co, Italy
| |
Collapse
|