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Mongin D, Chabert C, Courvoisier DS, García-Romero J, Alvero-Cruz JR. Heart rate recovery to assess fitness: comparison of different calculation methods in a large cross-sectional study. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:157-170. [PMID: 34308736 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1954513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We propose a cross-sectional study based on 980 maximal effort tests to quantify the effect of the calculation method of heart rate recovery (HRR) on its association with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). For five different time t0 after exercise cessation, HRR has been calculated as: the difference and the ratio between maximal measured heart rate and heart rate (HR) at t0HR at t0the decay time of an exponential decay encompassing the first t0 minutes of the HR recovery.The associations between HRR indices and CRF were estimated from generalized estimating equations stratified by gender and adjusted for age and body mass index. For HRR indices based on exponential regression, no significant association with CRF was found, whereas the other HRR indices are associated with CRF when t0 is at least 1 minute and is maximum for t0 = 2 minutes for females and t0 = 3 minutes for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mongin
- Division of Rheumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clovis Chabert
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jeronimo García-Romero
- Department of Human Physiology, Malaga University, Andalucía Tech, Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Education, Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Alvero-Cruz
- Department of Human Physiology, Malaga University, Andalucía Tech, Histology, Pathological Anatomy and Physical Education, Malaga, Spain
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2
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A single session of whole-body cryotherapy boosts maximal cycling performance and enhances vagal drive at rest. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:383-393. [PMID: 36544016 PMCID: PMC9895013 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) has been reported to maximize physical recovery after exercise and reduce the ensuing muscle damage. In addition, WBC triggers cardiovascular responses leading to an increased vagal drive. Here we tested whether WBC may boost exercise performance as well as post-exercise recovery. Moreover, we compared the effects of WBC and exercise on sympathovagal balance and tested whether these two factors may interact. ECG was recorded in 28 healthy adults who underwent rest, all-out effort on a cycloergometer, 5 min recovery and again rest. After 3-5 days, WBC (3 min exposure to - 150 °C air) was applied and the whole procedure repeated. Total exercise duration was split into the time needed to reach peak power output (tPEAK) and the time to exhaustion (tEXH). The post-exercise exponential decay of HR was characterized by its delay from exercise cessation (tDELAY) and by its time constant (τOFF). Sympathovagal balance was evaluated by measuring HR variability power in the low (LF) and high (HF) frequency bands, both before exercise and after recovery from it. Sympathetic vs. vagal predominance was assessed by the sympathovagal index LFnu. Paired t-tests indicated that WBC increased tEXH and reduced tDELAY, speeding up the HR recovery. These results suggest that WBC may be exploited to boost exercise performance by about 12-14%. ANOVA on HR variability confirmed that exercise shifted the sympathovagal balance towards sympathetic predominance, but it also highlighted that WBC enhanced vagal drive at rest, both before exercise and after full recovery, covering ~ 70% of the exercise effect.
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Casanova-Lizón A, Manresa-Rocamora A, Flatt AA, Sarabia JM, Moya-Ramón M. Does Exercise Training Improve Cardiac-Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity in Sedentary People? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13899. [PMID: 36360777 PMCID: PMC9656115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the training-induced effect on cardiac parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity, assessed by resting heart rate variability (HRV) and post-exercise heart rate recovery (HRR), in sedentary healthy people. Electronic searches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Random-effects models of between-group standardised mean difference (SMD) were estimated. Heterogeneity analyses were performed by means of the chi-square test and I2 index. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were performed to investigate the influence of potential moderator variables on the training-induced effect. The results showed a small increase in RMSSD (SMD+ = 0.57 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23, 0.91]) and high frequency (HF) (SMD+ = 0.21 [95% CI = 0.01, 0.42]) in favour of the intervention group. Heterogeneity tests reached statistical significance for RMSSD and HF (p ≤ 0.001), and the inconsistency was moderate (I2 = 68% and 60%, respectively). We found higher training-induced effects on HF in studies that performed a shorter intervention or lower number of exercise sessions (p ≤ 0.001). Data were insufficient to investigate the effect of exercise training on HRR. Exercise training increases cardiac PNS modulation in sedentary people, while its effect on PNS tone requires future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casanova-Lizón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
| | - Agustín Manresa-Rocamora
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Miguel Hernandez University, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Andrew A. Flatt
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University—Armstrong Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA
| | - José Manuel Sarabia
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Miguel Hernandez University, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Moya-Ramón
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03202 Alicante, Spain
- Department of Sport Sciences, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Miguel Hernandez University, 03010 Alicante, Spain
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Jurasz M, Boraczyński M, Laskin JJ, Kamelska-Sadowska AM, Podstawski R, Jaszczur-Nowicki J, Nowakowski JJ, Gronek P. Acute Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses to Incremental Cycling Exercise in Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050643. [PMID: 35625371 PMCID: PMC9138148 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a progressive submaximal cycling exercise on selected cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables in endurance and strength trained athletes. The sample comprised 32 participants aged 22.0 ± 0.54 years who were assigned into three groups: an endurance trained group (END, triathletes, n = 10), a strength trained group (STR, bodybuilders, n = 10), and a control group (CON, recreationally active students, n = 12). The incremental cycling exercise was performed using a progressive protocol starting with a 3 min resting measurement and then a 50 W workload with subsequent constant increments of 50 W every 3 min until 200 W. The following cardiometabolic variables were evaluated: heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and blood lactate (BLa−). We found the between-group differences in metabolic variables (the average RER and BLa−) were statistically significant (Tukey’s HSD test: CON vs. STR, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively; CON vs. END, p < 0.001; END vs. STR, p < 0.001). RER and BLa− differences in all groups depended on the workload level (G-G-epsilon = 0.438; p < 0.004 and G-G-epsilon = 0.400; p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in cardiorespiratory variables between endurance- and strength-trained groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that acute cardiorespiratory responses at each of the four submaximal workloads were comparable in endurance- compared to strength-trained athletes, but significantly different compared to recreationally active men. However, there were significant differences in the metabolic responses of RER and BLa−. Based on our findings we recommend that endurance-trained athletes follow a concurrent training program, combined strength and endurance training, to improve neuromuscular parameters and thus optimize their economy of movement and endurance-specific muscle power capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jurasz
- Department of Sport Medicine and Traumatology, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Michał Boraczyński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-533-101-720
| | - James J. Laskin
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
| | - Anna M. Kamelska-Sadowska
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 11-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
- Clinic of Rehabilitation, Provincial Specialist Children’s Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Robert Podstawski
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (R.P.); (J.J.-N.)
| | - Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland; (R.P.); (J.J.-N.)
| | - Jacek J. Nowakowski
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Piotr Gronek
- Laboratory of Healthy Aging, Department of Dance, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
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Joseph A, Saravana Kumar V, Tharion E. Cardiac autonomic activity, physical fitness, and arterial blood pressure of Kungfu practitioners. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Joseph
- Department of Physiology Christian Medical College Vellore India
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Storniolo JL, Esposti R, Cavallari P. Heart Rate Kinetics and Sympatho-Vagal Balance Accompanying a Maximal Sprint Test. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2950. [PMID: 32038363 PMCID: PMC6987453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When a maximal sprint starts, heart rate (HR) quickly increases. After the exercise ends, HR keeps high for seconds before recovering with a roughly exponential decay. Such decay and its time constant (τoff) have been widely studied, but less attention was devoted to the time delay (tdelay) between sprint end and HR decay onset. Considering the correlation between sympatho-vagal balance and performance, as well as the occurrence of heart failure in cardiopaths during the post-exercise phase, we evaluated sympatho-vagal balance before and after sprint, trying to correlate it with both tdelay and τoff. R-R intervals, recorded in 24 healthy adults from 5 min before to 5 min after a 60-m sprint-test (from Storniolo et al., 2017, with permission of all authors), were re-processed to extract HR variability power (LF and HF) in the low- and high-frequency ranges, respectively. The sympatho-vagal balance, evaluated in pre-test resting period (LF/HF)REST and at steady-state recovery (LF/HF)RECOV, was correlated with tdelay and τoff. Both (LF/HF)REST and (LF/HF)RECOV had a skewed distribution. Significant rank correlation was found for (LF/HF)REST vs. τoff and for (LF/HF)RECOV vs. both τoff and tdelay. The difference (LF/HF)RECOV-REST had a normal distribution and a strong partial correlation with tdelay but not with τoff. Thus, a long tdelay marks a sympathetic activity that keeps high after exercise, while a high sympathetic activity before sprint leads to a slow recovery (high τoff), seemingly accompanying a poor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Storniolo
- Human Physiology Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Esposti
- Human Physiology Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Human Physiology Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Influence of Intensity RAMP Incremental Test on Peak Power, Post-Exercise Blood Lactate, and Heart Rate Recovery in Males: Cross-Over Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16203934. [PMID: 31623132 PMCID: PMC6843469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16203934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: The linearly increased loading (RAMP) incremental test is a method commonly used to evaluate physical performance in a laboratory, but the best-designed protocol remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the selected variables used in training control resulting from the two different intensities of RAMP incremental tests. Methods: Twenty healthy and physically active men took part in this experiment. The tests included two visits to a laboratory, during which anthropometric measurements, incremental test on a cycle ergometer, and examinations of heart rate and blood lactate concentration were made. The cross-over study design method was used. The subjects underwent a randomly selected RAMP test with incremental load: 0.278 W·s−1 or 0.556 W·s−1. They performed the second test a week later. Results: Peak power output was significantly higher by 51.69 W (p < 0.001; t = 13.10; ES = 1.13) in the 0.556 W·s−1 group. Total work done was significantly higher in the 0.278 W·s−1 group by 71.93 kJ (p < 0.001; t = 12.55; ES = 1.57). Maximal heart rate was significantly higher in the 0.278 W·s−1 group by 3.30 bpm (p < 0.01; t = 3.72; ES = 0.48). There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate recovery and peak blood lactate. Conclusions: We recommend use of the 0.556 W·s−1 RAMP protocol because it is of shorter duration compared with 0.278 W·s−1 and as such practically easier and of less effort for subjects.
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Ultra-short-term heart rate recovery after maximal exercise in elite European table tennis players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Durmić T, Ðjelić M, Gavrilović T, Antić M, Jeremić R, Vujović A, Mihailović Z, Zdravković M. Usefulness of heart rate recovery parameters to monitor cardiovascular adaptation in elite athletes: The impact of the type of sport. Physiol Int 2019; 106:81-94. [PMID: 30888216 DOI: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to determine heart rate (HR) recovery after maximal test in elite athletes who compete in high dynamic, high static, and in mixed sport disciplines; to assess differences in HR recovery between these groups of athletes; and to measure the association of HR index (HRI) with heart adaptation variables to determine whether these values were correlated with the type of exercise. METHODS One hundred and ninety-four elite athletes were divided into three groups according to the predominant type of exercise performed: endurance (n = 40), strength-sprinter (n = 36), and ball-game players (n = 118). They performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill and were subjected to echocardiography. The rate of decline (HR recovery) was calculated as the difference between maximum and recovery HRs (HRrec1 and HRrec3). The HRI was calculated as HRmax - 1-min post-exercise HR (HRrec1). RESULTS The most significant correlation of HRI was with posterior wall diameter and left ventricular (LV) mass index (r = 0.43 and r = 0.51; p = 0.012 and p = 0.003, respectively). LV mass index [Beta (B) = 0.354, p = 0.001] was an independent predictor of HRI and HRrec1. HRI may be an effective tool for discrimination of physiological and "gray zone" LV hypertrophy, with area under the curve of 0.545 (95% CI = 0.421-0.669, p = 0.0432). HRI displayed a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 52.2% at the optimal cut-off value of 23.5. CONCLUSION HR recovery pattern, especially HRI, may offer a timely and efficient tool to identify athletes with autonomous nervous system adaptive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Durmić
- 1 Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Ðjelić
- 2 Institute of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - T Gavrilović
- 3 Serbian Institute of Sports and Sports Medicine , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Antić
- 3 Serbian Institute of Sports and Sports Medicine , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - R Jeremić
- 2 Institute of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Vujović
- 4 School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Z Mihailović
- 1 Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Zdravković
- 4 School of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia.,5 Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Medical Center "Bezanijska Kosa" , Belgrade, Serbia
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Hayashi S, Otsuki T. Higher left ventricular wall thickness and forearm blood flow may be associated with higher systolic blood pressure in swimmers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.8.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University
| | - Takeshi Otsuki
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University
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Beltrame T, Catai AM, Rebelo AC, Tamburús NY, Zuttin RS, Takahashi ACDM, da Silva E. Associations Between Heart Rate Recovery Dynamics With Estradiol Levels in 20 to 60 Year-Old Sedentary Women. Front Physiol 2018; 9:533. [PMID: 29867572 PMCID: PMC5962759 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that estradiol levels, as well as aging, influence cardiac autonomic function in women. The main aim of this study was to test the correlations between heart rate recovery (HRR) dynamics, as a proxy of cardiac autonomic function, with estradiol levels and age in women. This cross-sectional study involved 44 healthy women. Heart rate (HR) data were obtained beat-by-beat during the entire experiment. Maximal incremental exercise testing (IET) on a cycle ergometer was performed followed by 6 min of recovery. During the IET recovery period, the overall HRR dynamics were evaluated by exponential data modeling (time constant "τ") where shorter τ indicates faster HRR adjustment. Considering the cardiac autonomic complexity, HRR dynamics were also evaluated by delta (Δ) analysis considering different HR data intervals. The relationship between HRR dynamics, estradiol levels and age was tested by Pearson product-moment correlation. The overall HRR dynamics (i.e., τ) were statistically correlated with age (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) and estradiol levels (r = -0.37, p = 0.01). The Δ analysis showed that the slower overall HRR associated with aging was a consequence of slower dynamics occurring within the 45-210 s interval, indicating slower sympathetic withdrawal. In conclusion, aging effects on HRR in women seems to be correlated with a slower sympathetic withdrawal. In addition, the cardioprotective effect previously associated with estradiol seems not to influence the autonomic modulation during exercise recovery periods in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beltrame
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aparecida M. Catai
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana C. Rebelo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nayara Y. Tamburús
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Roberta S. Zuttin
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Agriculture of Itapeva, Itapeva, Brazil
| | | | - Ester da Silva
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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García-Pinillos F, Delgado-Floody P, Martínez-Salazar C, Latorre-Román PÁ. Responsiveness of the Countermovement Jump and Handgrip Strength to an Incremental Running Test in Endurance Athletes: Influence of Sex. J Hum Kinet 2018; 61:199-208. [PMID: 29599872 PMCID: PMC5873349 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study analyzed the acute effects of an incremental running test on countermovement jump (CMJ) and handgrip strength performance in endurance athletes, considering the effect of post-exercise recovery time and sex. Thirty-three recreationally trained long-distance runners, 20 men and 13 women, participated voluntarily in this study. The participants performed the Léger test, moreover, the CMJ and handgrip strength tests were carried out before and after the running test and during different stages of recovery (at the 1st min of recovery (posttest1), 5th min of recovery (posttest2), and 10th min of recovery (posttest3)). Two-way analysis of variance revealed a significant improvement in the CMJ (pre-posttest1, p = 0.001) and handgrip strength (pre-posttest2, p = 0.017) during recovery time. The Pearson’s Chi-2 test showed no significant relationship (p ≥ 0.05) between sex and post-activation potentiation (PAP). A linear regression analysis pointed to heart rate recovery as a predictive factor of CMJ improvement (PAP). In conclusion, despite significant fatigue reached during the Léger test, the long-distance runners did not experience an impaired CMJ and handgrip strength performance, either men or women, achieving an improvement (PAP) in posttest conditions. The results obtained showed no significant relationship between sex and PAP. Moreover, significant effect of recovery after running at high intensity on CMJ performance and handgrip strength was found. Finally, the data suggest that PAP condition can be predicted by heart rate recovery in endurance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Faculty of Education Sciences, Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression. University of Jaen, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s/n. D2 Building, Dep. 142. 23071, Jaen, Spain
- Felipe García-Pinillos. Faculty of Education Sciences. Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression. University of Jaén (Spain). Campus de las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén (Spain). Tel: (+34) 660062066, (+34) 953 212710. E-mail:
| | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Universidad de La Frontera, Faculty of Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Temuco, Chile
| | - Cristian Martínez-Salazar
- Universidad de La Frontera, Faculty of Education, Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Temuco, Chile
| | - Pedro Á. Latorre-Román
- Faculty of Education Sciences, Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression. University of Jaen, Paraje de Las Lagunillas s/n. D2 Building, Dep. 142. 23071, Jaen, Spain
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13
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Counts B, Loenneke J, Loprinzi P. The effect of different exercise modalities on the heart rate recovery response. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Storniolo JL, Pavei G, Minetti AE. A "Wearable" Test for Maximum Aerobic Power: Real-Time Analysis of a 60-m Sprint Performance and Heart Rate Off-Kinetics. Front Physiol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 29163210 PMCID: PMC5672015 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximum aerobic power (V˙O2peak) as an indicator of body fitness is today a very well-known concept not just for athletes but also for the layman. Unfortunately, the accurate measurement of that variable has remained a complex and exhaustive laboratory procedure, which makes it inaccessible to many active people. In this paper we propose a quick estimate of it, mainly based on the heart rate off-kinetics immediately after an all-out 60-m sprint run. The design of this test took into account the recent availability of wrist wearable, heart band free, multi-sensor smart devices, which could also inertially detect the different phases of the sprint and check the distance run. 25 subjects undertook the 60-m test outdoor and a V˙O2peak test on the laboratory treadmill. Running average speed, HR excursion during the sprint and the time constant (τ) of HR exponential decay in the off-kinetics were fed into a multiple regression, with measured V˙O2peak as the dependent variable. Statistics revealed that within the investigated range (25–55 ml O2/(kg min)), despite a tendency to overestimate low values and underestimate high values, the three predictors confidently estimate individual V˙O2peak (R2 = 0.65, p < 0.001). The same analysis has been performed on a 5-s averaged time course of the same measured HR off-kinetics, as these are the most time resolved data for HR provided by many modern smart watches. Results indicate that despite of the substantial reduction in sample size, predicted V˙O2peak still explain 59% of the variability of the measured V˙O2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Storniolo
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaspare Pavei
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto E Minetti
- Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Haraldsdottir K, Brickson S, Sanfilippo J, Dunn W, Watson A. In-season changes in heart rate recovery are inversely related to time to exhaustion but not aerobic capacity in rowers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017. [PMID: 28649720 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine if in-season changes in heart rate recovery (HRR) are related to aerobic fitness and performance in collegiate rowers. Twenty-two female collegiate rowers completed testing before and after their competitive season. Body fat percentage (BF%) was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max ) and time to exhaustion (Tmax ) were determined during maximal rowing ergometer testing followed by 1 minute of recovery. HRR was expressed absolutely and as a percentage of maximal HR (HRR%1 min ). Variables were compared using paired Wilcoxon tests. Multivariable regression models were used to predict in-season changes in HRR using changes in VO2max and Tmax , while accounting for changes in BF%. From preseason to post-season, VO2max and BF% decreased (3.98±0.42 vs 3.78±0.35 L/min, P=.002 and 23.8±3.4 vs 21.3±3.9%, P<.001, respectively), while Tmax increased (11.7±1.3 vs 12.6±1.3 min, P=.002), and HRR%1 min increased (11.1±2.7 vs 13.8±3.8, P=.001). In-season changes in VO2max were not associated with HRR%1 min (P>.05). In-season changes in Tmax were related to changes in HRR%1 min (β=-1.67, P=.006). In-season changes in BF% were not related to changes in HRR (P>.05 for all). HRR1 min and HRR%1 min were faster preseason to post-season, although the changes were unrelated to VO2max . Faster HRR%1 min post-season was inversely related to changes in Tmax . This suggests that HRR should not be used as a measure of aerobic capacity in collegiate rowers, but is a promising measure of training status in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Haraldsdottir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S Brickson
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Sanfilippo
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - W Dunn
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A Watson
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Gnacinski SL, Ebersole KT, Cornell DJ, Mims J, Zamzow A, Meyer BB. Firefighters' cardiovascular health and fitness: An observation of adaptations that occur during firefighter training academies. Work 2017; 54:43-50. [PMID: 26967031 DOI: 10.3233/wor-162266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Firefighters' cardiovascular fitness remains a foremost concern among fire departments and organizations, yet very little research has been conducted to examine the cardiovascular fitness adaptations that occur during firefighter training academies. OBJECTIVE To describe the cardiovascular adaptations observed among firefighter recruits during firefighter training academies using measures of estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and heart rate recovery (ΔHR). METHODS Firefighter recruits (n = 41) enrolled in a 16-week firefighter training academy completed a 5-minute step test during the first, eighth, and sixteenth week of training. Repeated measures analysis of variance (RM ANOVA) calculations were conducted to determine changes in estimated VO2max and ΔHR. RESULTS Results of the RM ANOVA calculations revealed that mean estimated VO2max and mean ΔHR differed significantly between time points: F(2, 80) = 75.525, p < 0.001, and F(2, 80) = 4.368, p = 0.016, respectively. No significant changes were observed in mean estimated VO2max and mean ΔHR beyond the eighth week of training. No significant relationship was identified between estimated VO2max and ΔHR. CONCLUSIONS Although firefighter recruits' estimated VO2max and ΔHR change significantly over the course of the firefighter training academy, the measures may not be equal predictors of cardiovascular fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Gnacinski
- Human Performance & Sport Physiology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology - Integrative Health Care & Performance Unit, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Laboratory for Sport Psychology & Performance Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology - Integrative Health Care & Performance Unit, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kyle T Ebersole
- Human Performance & Sport Physiology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology - Integrative Health Care & Performance Unit, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David J Cornell
- Human Performance & Sport Physiology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology - Integrative Health Care & Performance Unit, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jason Mims
- City of Milwaukee Fire Department, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Aaron Zamzow
- City of Madison Fire Department, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Barbara B Meyer
- Laboratory for Sport Psychology & Performance Excellence, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, College of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology - Integrative Health Care & Performance Unit, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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17
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Counts BR, Loenneke JP, Loprinzi PD. Objectively-Measured Free-Living Physical Activity and Heart Rate Recovery. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2017; 42:127-132. [PMID: 28353058 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-017-9359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the association of free-living, objectively-measured physical activity on treadmill-based heart rate recovery (HRR), a parameter known to associate with morbidity and mortality. Data was used from 2003 to 2004 NHANES. Physical activity was assessed via accelerometry, with HRR recovery assessed from a treadmill-based test. Heart rate recovery minute 1 (HRR1) and minute 2 (HRR2) were calculated. After adjustment, light and vigorous-intensity free-living physical activity, respectively, were associated with HRR1 (βadjusted = 0.69, 95% CI 0.22-1.14; βadjusted 1.94, 95% CI 0.01-3.9) and HRR2 (βadjusted = 0.99, 95% CI 0.35-1.62; βadjusted = 5.88, 95% CI 2.63-9.12). Moderate physical activity was not associated with HRR1 (βadjusted = 0.60, 95% CI -0.41 to 1.62), but was with HRR2 (βadjusted = 2.28, 95% CI 1.27-3.28). As free-living physical activity intensity increased, there was a greater association with HRR. This finding may provide mechanistic insight of previous research observations demonstrating intensity-specific effects of physical activity on various health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Counts
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P. O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P. O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, P. O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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18
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García-Pinillos F, Molina-Molina A, Latorre-Román PÁ. Impact of an incremental running test on jumping kinematics in endurance runners: can jumping kinematic explain the post-activation potentiation phenomenon? Sports Biomech 2016; 15:103-15. [PMID: 27052545 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1158860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether kinematic data during countermovement jump (CMJ) might explain post-activation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon after an exhausting running test. Thirty-three trained endurance runners performed the Léger Test; an incremental test which consists of continuous running between two lines 20 m apart. CMJ performance was determined before (pre-test) and immediately after the protocol (post-test). Sagittal plane, video of CMJs was recorded and kinematic data were obtained throughout 2-Dimensional analysis. In addition to the duration of eccentric and concentric phases of CMJ, hip, knee and ankle angles were measured at four key points during CMJ: the lowest position of the squat, take-off, landing, and at the lowest position after landing. Additionally, heart rate was monitored, and rate of perceived exertion was recorded at post-test. Analysis of variance revealed a significant improvement in CMJ (p = 0.002) at post-test. Cluster analysis grouped according to whether PAP was experienced (responders group: RG, n = 25) or not (non-responders group: NRG, n = 8) relative to CMJ change from rest to post-test. RG significantly improved (p < 0.001) the performance in CMJ, whereas NRG remained unchanged. Kinematic data did not show significant differences between RG and NRG. Thus, the data suggest that jumping kinematic does not provide the necessary information to explain PAP phenomenon after intensive running exercises in endurance athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Molina-Molina
- b Sport and Health University Institute (iMUDS), Sports Biomechanics Laboratory , Granada , Spain
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19
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Rutkowski Ł, Zatoń M, Michalik K. Maximum Oxygen Uptake and Post-Exercise Recovery in Professional Road Cyclists. HUMAN MOVEMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/humo-2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim was to investigate the relationship between aerobic fitness as ascribed by maximum oxygen uptake (VOA sample of 17 professional cyclists (age 17.4 ± 3.1 years; VOPost-exercise VOAs recovery potential is associated with the aerobic fitness level, training effects may be monitored based on the recovery of VO
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20
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Suzic Lazic J, Dekleva M, Soldatovic I, Leischik R, Suzic S, Radovanovic D, Djuric B, Nesic D, Lazic M, Mazic S. Heart rate recovery in elite athletes: the impact of age and exercise capacity. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:117-123. [PMID: 26147945 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that postexercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is a valid indicator of sympaticovagal balance. It is also used in prescription and monitoring of athletic training. The purpose of our study was to determine HRR after maximal exercise among elite athletes with respect to age. A total of 274 elite male Caucasian athletes were randomly selected from the larger sample and divided into two groups: adolescent (group Y) and adult athletes (≥18 years; group A). They performed maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a treadmill. Heart rate recovery was calculated as the rate of decline of HR from peak exercise to rates 1, 2 and 3 min after cessation of exercise (HRR1, HRR2 and HRR3). A significantly higher HRR1 was found in group A (29·5 ± 15·6 versus 22·4 ± 10·8, P<0·001), but HRR3 was higher in group Y (82·7 ± 10·2 versus 79·9 ± 12·25; P = 0·04). Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that, among all subjects, the HRR1 alone was independently associated with age (P<0·001). The maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was in a negative relationship with HRR1 and in a positive one with HRR3 (P<0·05) with respect to all athletes. The HRR during 3 min postexercise should be reported for the purpose of better assessing functional adaptation to exercise among elite athletes as well as the age-associated differences in recovery. Higher values of HRR1 should be expected in older athletes, and HRR3 could be used as an index of aerobic capacity, irrespective of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Suzic Lazic
- University Clinical Center 'Dr. Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje', Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Dekleva
- University Clinical Center 'Zvezdara', Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Soldatovic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Roman Leischik
- Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
| | - Slavica Suzic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Radovanovic
- University Clinical Center 'Dr. Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje', Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Djuric
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Nesic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milivoje Lazic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sanja Mazic
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Institute of Sport and Sports Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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DUARTE ANTONIO, SOARES PEDROPAULO, PESCATELLO LINDA, FARINATTI PAULO. Aerobic Training Improves Vagal Reactivation Regardless of Resting Vagal Control. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:1159-67. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Kingsley JD, Figueroa A. Acute and training effects of resistance exercise on heart rate variability. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 36:179-87. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Derek Kingsley
- Human Performance and Autonomic Studies Laboratory; Kent State University; Kent OH USA
| | - Arturo Figueroa
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences; The Florida State University; Tallahassee FL USA
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23
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Wallert J, Madison G. Recovery after aerobic exercise is manipulated by tempo change in a rhythmic sound pattern, as indicated by autonomic reaction on heart functioning. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:738. [PMID: 25285076 PMCID: PMC4168701 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical prowess is associated with rapid recovery from exhaustion. Here we examined whether recovery from aerobic exercise could be manipulated with a rhythmic sound pattern that either decreased or increased in tempo. Six men and six women exercised repeatedly for six minutes on a cycle ergometer at 60 percent of their individual maximal oxygen consumption, and then relaxed for six minutes while listening to one of two sound pattern conditions, which seemed to infinitely either decrease or increase in tempo, during which heart and breathing activity was measured. Participants exhibited more high-frequent heart rate variability when listening to decreasing tempo than when listening to increasing tempo, accompanied by a non-significant trend towards lower heart rate. The results show that neuropsychological entrainment to a sound pattern may directly affect the autonomic nervous system, which in turn may facilitate physiological recovery after exercise. Applications using rhythmic entrainment to aid physical recovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wallert
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
| | - Guy Madison
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University Umeå, Sweden
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24
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Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system dominates the regulation of body functions during exercise. Therefore after exercise, the sympathetic nervous system withdraws and the parasympathetic nervous system helps the body return to a resting state. In the examination of this relationship, the purpose of this study was to compare recovery heart rates (HR) of anaerobically versus aerobically trained cyclists. With all values given as means ± SD, anaerobically trained track cyclists (n=10, age=25.9 ± 6.0 yrs, body mass=82.7 ± 7.1 kg, body fat=10.0 ± 6.3%) and aerobically trained road cyclists (n=15, age=39.9 ± 8.5 yrs, body mass=75.3 ± 9.9 kg, body fat=13.1 ± 4.5%) underwent a maximal oxygen uptake test. Heart rate recovery was examined on a relative basis using heart rate reserve as well as the absolute difference between maximum HR and each of two recovery HRs. The post-exercise change in HR at minute one for the track cyclists and road cyclists respectively were 22 ± 8 bpm and 25 ± 12 bpm. At minute two, the mean drop for track cyclists was significantly (p<0.05) greater than the road cyclists (52 ± 15 bpm and 64 ± 11 bpm). Training mode showed statistically significant effects on the speed of heart rate recovery in trained cyclists. Greater variability in recovery heart rate at minute two versus minute one suggests that the heart rate should be monitored longer than one minute of recovery for a better analysis of post-exercise autonomic shift.
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25
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Henríquez OC, Báez SME, Von Oetinger A, Cañas JR, Ramírez CR. Autonomic control of heart rate after exercise in trained wrestlers. Biol Sport 2014; 30:111-5. [PMID: 24744476 PMCID: PMC3944582 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1044429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish differences in vagal reactivation, through heart rate recovery and heart rate variability post exercise, in Brazilian jiu-jitsu wrestlers (BJJW). A total of 18 male athletes were evaluated, ten highly trained (HT) and eight moderately trained (MT), who performed a maximum incremental test. At the end of the exercise, the R-R intervals were recorded during the first minute of recovery. We calculated heart rate recovery (HRR60s), and performed linear and non-linear (standard deviation of instantaneous beat-to-beat R-R interval variability – SD1) analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), using the tachogram of the first minute of recovery divided into four segments of 15 s each (0-15 s, 15-30 s, 30-45 s, 45-60 s). Between HT and MT individuals, there were statistically significant differences in HRR60s (p <0.05) and in the non linear analysis of HRV from SD130-45s (p <0.05) and SD145-60s (p <0.05). The results of this research suggest that heart rate kinetics during the first minute after exercise are related to training level and can be used as an index for autonomic cardiovascular control in BJJW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olguín C Henríquez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
| | - San Martín E Báez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile ; Departamento de Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Universidad de Playa Ancha, Chile
| | - A Von Oetinger
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitación. Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
| | - Jamett R Cañas
- Laboratorio de Fisiología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
| | - Campillo R Ramírez
- Departamento Ciencias de la Actividad Física. Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile
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Guerra ZF, Peçanha T, Moreira DN, Silva LP, Laterza MC, Nakamura FY, Lima JRP. Effects of load and type of physical training on resting and postexercise cardiac autonomic control. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:114-20. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaqueline F. Guerra
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Tiago Peçanha
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Débora N. Moreira
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Lilian P. Silva
- Faculty of Physiotherapy; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Mateus C. Laterza
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Department of Physical Education; State University of Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | - Jorge R. P. Lima
- Laboratory of Motor Assessment; Faculty of Physical Education and Sports; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Brazil
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Nakamura M, Hayashi K, Aizawa K, Mesaki N, Kono I. Effects of regular aerobic exercise on post-exercise vagal reactivation in young female. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 13:674-80. [PMID: 24251745 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.774054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Regular aerobic exercise accelerates post-exercise cardiovagal reactivation. However, little is known about the potentially favourable modulatory effects of regular aerobic exercise on cardiovagal reactivation in young female. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of regular aerobic exercise on post-exercise vagal reactivation in young female. Our study consisted of 8 female endurance-trained athletes (athlete group) and 10 untrained females (control group). Resting heart rate (HR), HR variability and post-exercise cardiovagal reactivation were measured during the subjects' early follicular (EF) and middle luteal (ML) phases. Post-exercise cardiovagal reactivation was estimated by T30: the time constant of HR decline for the first 30 s after the 4-min cycle ergometer exercise (intensity: 80% of ventilation threshold). In both groups, T30 was more accelerated in the EF phase than in the ML phase (P<0.05). In the EF phase, T30 was lower in the athletes than in the controls (P<0.05). A significant correlation between maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and T30 was observed in the EF phase (r=0.545, P<0.05). Our results suggest that regular aerobic exercise accelerates post-exercise cardiovagal reactivation in the EF phase in young female.
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A systematic review on heart-rate recovery to monitor changes in training status in athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2012; 7:251-60. [PMID: 22357753 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.7.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heart-rate recovery (HRR) has been proposed as a marker of autonomic function and training status in athletes. The authors performed a systematic review of studies that examined HRR after training. Five cross-sectional studies and 8 studies investigating changes over time (longitudinal) met our criteria. Three out of 5 cross-sectional studies observed a faster HRR in trained compared with untrained subjects, while 2 articles showed no change as a result of training. Most longitudinal studies observed a corresponding increase in HRR and power output (training status). Although confounding factors such as age, ambient temperature, and the intensity and duration of the exercise period preceding HRR make it difficult to compare these studies, the available studies indicated that HRR was related to training status. Therefore, the authors conclude that HRR has the potential to become a valuable tool to monitor changes in training status in athletes and less well-trained subjects, but more studies and better standardization are required to match this potential.
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Esco MR, Williford HN, Olson MS. Skinfold thickness is related to cardiovascular autonomic control as assessed by heart rate variability and heart rate recovery. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2304-10. [PMID: 21691230 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181f90174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are related to maximal aerobic fitness and selected body composition measurements. Fifty men (age = 21.9 ± 3.0 years, height = 180.8 ± 7.2 cm, weight = 80.4 ± 9.1 kg, volunteered to participate in this study. For each subject, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the sum of skinfolds across the chest, abdomen, and thigh regions (SUMSF) were recorded. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed during a 5-minute period while the subjects rested in a supine position. The following frequency domain parameters of HRV were recorded: normalized high-frequency power (HFnu), and low-frequency to high-frequency power ratio (LF:HF). To determine maximal aerobic fitness (i.e., VO2max), each subject performed a maximal graded exercise test on a treadmill. Heart rate recovery was recorded 1 (HRR1) and 2 (HRR2) minutes during a cool-down period. Mean VO2max and BMI for all the subjects were 49.5 ± 7.5 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1) and 24.7 ± 2.2 kg·m(-2), respectively. Although VO2max, WC, and SUMSF was each significantly correlated to HRR and HRV, only SUMSF had a significant independent correlation to HRR1, HRR2, HFnu, LF:HF (p < 0.01). The results of the regression procedure showed that SUMSF accounted for the greatest variance in HRR1, HRR2, HFnu, and LF:HF (p < 0.01). The results of this study suggest that cardiovascular autonomic modulation is significantly related to maximal aerobic fitness and body composition. However, SUMSF appears to have the strongest independent relationship with HRR and HRV, compared to other body composition parameters and VO2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Esco
- Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, Auburn University Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama, USA.
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Piirainen JM, Tanskanen M, Nissilä J, Kaarela J, Väärälä A, Sippola N, Linnamo V. Effects of a Heart Rate–Based Recovery Period on Hormonal, Neuromuscular, and Aerobic Performance Responses During 7 Weeks of Strength Training in Men. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:2265-73. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ecd050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Cornelissen VA, Verheyden B, Aubert AE, Fagard RH. Effects of aerobic training intensity on resting, exercise and post-exercise blood pressure, heart rate and heart-rate variability. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 24:175-82. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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32
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Figueroa A, Hooshmand S, Figueroa M, Bada AM. Cardiovagal baroreflex and aortic hemodynamic responses to isometric exercise and post-exercise muscle ischemia in resistance trained men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 20:305-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Collier SR, Kanaley JA, Carhart R, Frechette V, Tobin MM, Hall AK, Luckenbaugh AN, Fernhall B. Effect of 4 weeks of aerobic or resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, blood flow and blood pressure in pre- and stage-1 hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 22:678-86. [PMID: 18432253 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2008.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of aerobic exercise (AE) training on blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness are well established, but the effects of resistance training are less well delineated. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of resistance vs aerobic training on haemodynamics and arterial stiffness. Thirty pre- or stage-1 essential hypertensives (20 men and 10 women), not on any medications, were recruited (age: 48.2 +/- 1.3 years) and randomly assigned to 4 weeks of either resistance (RE) or AE training. Before and after training, BP, arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity (PWV)) and vasodilatory capacity (VC) were measured. Resting systolic BP (SBP) decreased following both training modes (SBP: RE, pre 136 +/- 2.9 vs. post 132 +/- 3.4; AE, pre 141 +/- 3.8 vs. post 136 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, P = 0.005; diastolic BP: RE, pre 78 +/- 1.3 vs post 74 +/- 1.6; AE, pre 80 +/- 1.6 vs. post 77 +/- 1.7 mm Hg, P = 0.001). Central PWV increased (P = 0.0001) following RE (11 +/- 0.9-12.7 +/- 0.9 ms(-1)) but decreased after AE (12.1 +/- 0.8-11.1 +/- 0.8 m s(-1). Peripheral PWV also increased (P = 0.013) following RE (RE, pre 11.5 +/- 0.8 vs. post 12.5 +/- 0.7 ms(-1)) and decreased after AE (AE, pre 12.6 +/- 0.8 vs post 11.6 +/- 0.7 m s(-1)). The VC area under the curve (VC(AUC)) increased more with RE than that with AE (RE, pre 76 +/- 8.0 vs. post 131.1 +/- 11.6; AE, pre 82.7 +/- 8.0 vs. post 110.1 +/- 11.6 ml per min per s per 100 ml, P = 0.001). Further, peak VC (VCpeak) increased more following resistance training compared to aerobic training (RE, pre 17 +/- 1.9 vs. post 25.8 +/- 2.1; AE, pre 19.2 +/- 8.4 vs post 22.9 +/- 8.4 ml per min per s per 100 ml, P = 0.005). Although both RE and AE training decreased BP, the change in pressure may be due to different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Collier
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Borresen J, Lambert MI. Autonomic control of heart rate during and after exercise : measurements and implications for monitoring training status. Sports Med 2008; 38:633-46. [PMID: 18620464 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838080-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Endurance training decreases resting and submaximal heart rate, while maximum heart rate may decrease slightly or remain unchanged after training. The effect of endurance training on various indices of heart rate variability remains inconclusive. This may be due to the use of inconsistent analysis methodologies and different training programmes that make it difficult to compare the results of various studies and thus reach a consensus on the specific training effects on heart rate variability. Heart rate recovery after exercise involves a coordinated interaction of parasympathetic re-activation and sympathetic withdrawal. It has been shown that a delayed heart rate recovery is a strong predictor of mortality. Conversely, endurance-trained athletes have an accelerated heart rate recovery after exercise. Since the autonomic nervous system is interlinked with many other physiological systems, the responsiveness of the autonomic nervous system in maintaining homeostasis may provide useful information about the functional adaptations of the body. This review investigates the potential of using heart rate recovery as a measure of training-induced disturbances in autonomic control, which may provide useful information for training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Borresen
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Heffernan KS, Fahs CA, Shinsako KK, Jae SY, Fernhall B. Heart rate recovery and heart rate complexity following resistance exercise training and detraining in young men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3180-6. [PMID: 17890428 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00648.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine heart rate recovery (HRR) and linear/nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV) before and after resistance training. Fourteen young men (25.0 ± 1.1 yr of age) completed a crossover design consisting of a 4-wk time-control period, 6 wk of resistance training (3 days/wk), and 4 wk of detraining. Linear HRV was spectrally decomposed using an autoregressive approach. Nonlinear dynamics of heart rate complexity included sample entropy (SampEn) and Lempel-Ziv entropy (LZEn). HRR was calculated from a graded maximal exercise test as maximal heart rate attained during the test minus heart rate at 1 min after exercise (HRR). There was no change in SampEn, LZEn, or HRR after the time-control portion of the study ( P > 0.05). SampEn ( P < 0.05), LZEn ( P < 0.05), and HRR ( P < 0.05) increased after resistance training and returned to pretraining values after detraining. There was no change in spectral measures of HRV at any time point ( P > 0.05). These findings suggest that resistance exercise training increases heart rate complexity and HRR after exercise but has no effect on spectral measures of HRV in young healthy men. These autonomic changes regress shortly after cessation of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Heffernan
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
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Borresen J, Lambert MI. Changes in heart rate recovery in response to acute changes in training load. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 101:503-11. [PMID: 17687564 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-007-0516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate recovery is an indirect marker of autonomic function and changes therein may offer a practical way of quantifying the physiological effects of training. We assessed whether per cent heart rate recovery (HRr%) after a standardized sub-maximal running (Heart rate Interval Monitoring System: HIMS) test, changed with acute changes in training load. A total of 28 men and women (mean age 30+/-5 years) trained ad libitum for 2 weeks during which their heart rate (HR) was recorded. Training load was quantified using Training Impulse (TRIMPs). The participants were grouped based on whether they increased (Group I, n=9), decreased (Group D, n=8) or kept their training load constant (Group S, n=11) from week 1 to week 2. Each week, the subjects completed a HIMS test. Changes between weeks in HR at the end of the test and HRr% were compared between groups. Mean per cent change in TRIMPs from week 1 to week 2 was significantly different among the groups (Group I, 55+/-21% vs Group S, -6+/-6% vs Group D, -42+/-16%; P<0.05). Group I had a slower HRr% and Group D tended to have a slightly faster HRr% after HIMS 2 than after HIMS 1 (mean per cent change 5.6+/-8.7 vs -2.6+/-3.9; P=0.03). Thus a negative effect on HRr was observed with increases in training load. Sub-maximal HR was not affected by acute changes in training load. Whereas HR during exercise measures cardiac load, HRr may reflect the state of the autonomic nervous system, indicating the body's capacity to respond to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Borresen
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, PO BOX 115, Newlands, 7725, Cape Town, South Africa
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