1
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Yang K. Quarterly fluctuations in external and internal loads among professional basketball players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1419097. [PMID: 38915779 PMCID: PMC11194393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1419097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to explore the variations in external and internal loads on a quarter-by-quarter basis among professional Chinese basketball players. It emphasizes the crucial impact of these variations on optimizing athletic performance and match strategies. Method An observational longitudinal study design was employed, involving sixteen male players from the National Basketball League during the 2024 season in China. Data collection was facilitated through the use of Catapult S7 devices for measuring external loads and session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE) for assessing internal loads. Linear mixed-effects models were utilized for the statistical analysis to identify differences in workload intensities across game quarters based on player positions. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between external and internal load throughout the game. Results The analysis uncovered significant positional differences in workload intensities across game quarters. Guards were found to have a higher PlayerLoad™ (PL) per minute in the first quarter, while centers demonstrated an increase in high-intensity accelerations and jumps in the fourth quarter. Furthermore, a significant moderate correlation between sRPE and PL was observed across all game quarters, indicating a link between physical exertion and athletes' perceptions of effort. Conclusion The study offers new insights into the dynamic physical demands faced by basketball players and the importance of using both objective and subjective measures for a comprehensive assessment of athlete performance and wellbeing. The findings underscore the interconnectedness of physical exertion and athlete perception, providing a foundation for future research and practical applications in the field of basketball science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqi Yang
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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2
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Keogh JAJ, Ruder MC, White K, Gavrilov MG, Phillips SM, Heisz JJ, Jordan MJ, Kobsar D. Longitudinal Monitoring of Biomechanical and Psychological State in Collegiate Female Basketball Athletes Using Principal Component Analysis. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2024; 2024:7858835. [PMID: 38654723 PMCID: PMC11023736 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7858835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Background The growth in participation in collegiate athletics has been accompanied by increased sport-related injuries. The complex and multifactorial nature of sports injuries highlights the importance of monitoring athletes prospectively using a novel and integrated biopsychosocial approach, as opposed to contemporary practices that silo these facets of health. Methods Data collected over two competitive basketball seasons were used in a principal component analysis (PCA) model with the following objectives: (i) investigate whether biomechanical PCs (i.e., on-court and countermovement jump (CMJ) metrics) were correlated with psychological state across a season and (ii) explore whether subject-specific significant fluctuations could be detected using minimum detectable change statistics. Weekly CMJ (force plates) and on-court data (inertial measurement units), as well as psychological state (questionnaire) data, were collected on the female collegiate basketball team for two seasons. Results While some relationships (n = 2) were identified between biomechanical PCs and psychological state metrics, the magnitude of these associations was weak (r = |0.18-0.19|, p < 0.05), and no other overarching associations were identified at the group level. However, post-hoc case study analysis showed subject-specific relationships that highlight the potential utility of red-flagging meaningful fluctuations from normative biomechanical and psychological patterns. Conclusion Overall, this work demonstrates the potential of advanced analytical modeling to characterize components of and detect statistically and clinically relevant fluctuations in student-athlete performance, health, and well-being and the need for more tailored and athlete-centered monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. J. Keogh
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Matthew C. Ruder
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kaylee White
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Momchil G. Gavrilov
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Jordan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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3
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Fang K, Jiang H. Gender-Specific Effects of Short Sprint Interval Training on Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities in Basketball Players: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:8-16. [PMID: 38455442 PMCID: PMC10915601 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a 6-week short sprint interval training (sSIT) on male and female basketball players' bio-motor abilities, aerobic fitness, and anaerobic power. Using a randomized controlled trial design, 40 basketball players of similar training backgrounds were randomly assigned to two training groups of females (n = 10) and males (n = 10) or two control groups of females and males (each of 10). The training groups performed 3 sets of 10 × 5-second all-out interval running, with a 1:3 work-to-recovery ratio, and a 3-minute rest between sets. The players were evaluated for bio-motor abilities, including muscular power assessed through the vertical jump, agility measured using a T-test and Illinois change of direction (COD) test, and maximal sprint speed measured by a 20-meter sprint test. Also, aerobic fitness was assessed by evaluating maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) through the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR 1) test before and after the 6-week training period. After the intervention, both training groups (females and males) demonstrated significant improvements in vertical jump (effect size [ES] = 1.29, 1.06, respectively), peak power output (ES = 1.27, 1.39), T-test (ES = -0.56, -0.58), Illinois COD test (ES = -0.88, -1.1), 20-m sprint (ES = -1.09, -0.55), Yo-Yo IR1 performance (ES = 2.18, 2.20), and V̇O2max (ES = 2.28, 1.75). Gender did not exhibit any significant impact on the extent of changes observed over time. The results of this study suggest that adaptations in aerobic fitness and bio-motor abilities measured in this experiment in response to sSIT are similar across genders, and gender differences should not be a major concern when implementing sSIT in basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqin Fang
- Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Hubei, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Institute of Physical Education, Wuhan Sports University, Hubei, China
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4
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Song T, Jilikeha, Deng Y. Physiological and Biochemical Adaptations to a Sport-Specific Sprint Interval Training in Male Basketball Athletes. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:605-613. [PMID: 38045752 PMCID: PMC10690500 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared the effects of incorporating traditional sprint interval training (SIT) or basketball-specific SIT (SSIT) into typical off-season training of male basketball players. Adaptations to and effect size (EF) of interventions on aerobic fitness [evaluated using Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level-1 (Yo-Yo IR1)], change of direction [T-test (TT) and Illinois agility test (IAT)], vertical jump (VJ), standing long jump (SLJ), linear speed, maximal strength [one repetition maximum test in leg press (1RMLP)], and hormonal status were examined. Male athletes (age = 25.7 ± 2.0 years; height = 188.1 ± 7.9 cm; body mass = 85.9 ± 8.0 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three groups of SIT (n = 10): three sets of 10 × 15 sec all-out intervals with 1:1 recovery between bouts and a 3-min recovery between sets; SSIT (n = 10): the same intervals as SIT + basketball-specific ball drills while running; and CON (n = 10): two sessions per week of regular basketball technical and tactical drills. SIT and SSIT resulted in significant changes compared with baseline in maximal oxygen uptake (4.9%, ES = 2.22 vs. 6%, ES = 2.57), TT (-1.8%, ES =-0.46 vs. -2.7%, ES = -1.14), IAT (-4.5%, ES = -2.01 vs. -5.4%, ES = -1.93), VJ (7.5%, ES = 0.58 vs. 12%, ES = 0.95), linear sprint time (-2.9%, ES = -0.32 vs. -4.3%, ES = -0.69), Yo-Yo IR1 (18.5%, ES = 2.19 vs. 23.7%, ES = 2.56), serum testosterone (28%, ES = 1.52 vs. 29.7%, ES = 1.59), and cortisol (-6.53%, ES = -0.37 vs. -12.06%, ES = -0.64). Incorporating SIT and SSIT into typical off-season basketball training triggers adaptive mechanisms that enhance aerobic and anaerobic performance in male basketball players. The effect size values indicate more significant effects of SSIT than SIT in most physiological and sport-specific adaptations. Such a superior effect could be attributed to the more basketball-specific movement pattern of the SSIT. Such interventions can be used by the coaches and athletes for designing the training load and for better training adaptations throughout the training seasons and competition periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Song
- School of Physical Education, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Sichuan, China
| | - Jilikeha
- School of Physical Education, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujie Deng
- Ziliujing District of Shuping Primary School, Zigong, Sichuan, China
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5
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Philipp NM, Cabarkapa D, Nijem RM, Fry AC. Changes in countermovement jump force-time characteristic in elite male basketball players: A season-long analyses. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286581. [PMID: 37756277 PMCID: PMC10529540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Basketball is a sport that is characterized by various physical performance parameters and motor abilities such as speed, strength, and endurance, which are all underpinned by an athlete's efficient use of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). A common assessment to measure SSC efficiency is the countermovement jump (CMJ). When performed on a force plate, a plethora of different force-time metrics may be gleaned from the jump task, reflecting neuromuscular performance characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate how different CMJ force-time characteristics change across different parts of the athletic year, within a sample of elite collegiate male basketball players. Twelve basketball players performed CMJ's on near-weekly basis, combining for a total of 219 screenings. The span of testing was broken down into four periods: pre-season, non-conference competitive period, conference competitive period, and post-season competitive period. Results suggest that basketball players were able to experience improvements and maintenance of performance with regards to various force-time metrics, transitioning from the pre-season period into respective later phases of the in-season period. A common theme was a significant improvement between the pre-season period and the non-conference period. Various force-time metrics were subject to change, while outcome metrics such as jump height remained unchanged, suggesting that practitioners are encouraged to more closely monitor how different force-time characteristics change over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Philipp
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Dimitrije Cabarkapa
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ramsey M. Nijem
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Fry
- Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory - Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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6
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Guthrie BM, King EL, Patwardhan S, Wei Q, Sikdar S, Chitnis PV, Jones MT. Relationships between surrogate measures of mechanical and psychophysiological load, patellar tendon adaptations, and neuromuscular performance in NCAA division I men's volleyball athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1065470. [PMID: 36909358 PMCID: PMC9992433 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1065470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patellar tendon adaptations occur in response to mechanical load. Appropriate loading is necessary to elicit positive adaptations with increased risk of injury and decreased performance likely if loading exceeds the capacity of the tendon. The aim of the current study was to examine intra-individual associations between workloads and patellar tendon properties and neuromuscular performance in collegiate volleyball athletes. Methods National Collegiate Athletics Association Division I men's volleyball athletes (n = 16, age: 20.33 ± 1.15 years, height: 193.50 ± 6.50 cm, body mass: 84.32 ± 7.99 kg, bodyfat%: 13.18 ± 4.72%) competing across 9 weeks of in-season competition participated. Daily measurements of external workloads (i.e., jump count) and internal workloads [i.e., session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE)] were recorded. Weekly measurements included neuromuscular performance assessments (i.e., countermovement jump, drop jump), and ultrasound images of the patellar tendon to evaluate structural adaptations. Repeated measures correlations (r-rm) assessed intra-individual associations among performance and patellar tendon metrics. Results Workload measures exhibited significant negative small to moderate (r-rm =-0.26-0.31) associations with neuromuscular performance, negative (r-rm = -0.21-0.30), and positive (r-rm = 0.20-0.32) small to moderate associations with patellar tendon properties. Discussion Monitoring change in tendon composition and performance adaptations alongside workloads may inform evidence-based frameworks toward managing and reducing the risk of the development of patellar tendinopathy in collegiate men's volleyball athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Guthrie
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Erica L King
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.,Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Shriniwas Patwardhan
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.,Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Qi Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Siddhartha Sikdar
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.,Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Parag V Chitnis
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.,Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States.,Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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7
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Keogh JA, Ruder MC, Masood Z, Kobsar D. The Ecological Validity of Countermovement Jump to On-Court Asymmetry
in Basketball. Sports Med Int Open 2022; 6:E53-E59. [PMID: 36340854 PMCID: PMC9635953 DOI: 10.1055/a-1947-4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Jump-based asymmetry is often used as an indicator of sport performance and may
be used to discern injury susceptibility. Due to task specificity, however,
countermovement jump asymmetry may not be representative of on-court asymmetry.
As such, we assessed the association between countermovement jump asymmetry and
on-court impact asymmetry metrics (n=3, and n=4, respectively)
using linear regressions (α=0.05). Fifteen female basketball
athletes completed countermovement jump and on-court sessions across a
competitive season. A significant negative association was found between peak
landing force asymmetry and both overall and medium acceleration on-court
asymmetry (b=–0.1, R
2
=0.08, p<0.001;
b=–0.1, R
2
=0.11, p<0.001,
respectively), as well as between peak propulsive force asymmetry and on-court
medium acceleration asymmetry (b=–0.24,
R
2
=0.04, p=0.01). Alternatively, both peak landing
and peak propulsive force asymmetry were significantly positively associated
with on-court high acceleration asymmetry (b=0.17,
R
2
=0.08, p<0.001; b=0.35,
R
2
=0.02, p=0.04, respectively). While some
overlap may exist, countermovement jump and on-court impact asymmetry appear to
be independent. Thus, sport-specific monitoring may be necessary to adequately
monitor injury susceptibility using asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A.J. Keogh
- Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton,
Canada,Correspondence Mr. Joshua A.J.
Keogh McMaster University Faculty of
ScienceKinesiology1280 Main
Street W.L8S 4K1HamiltonCanada(905)
923-8183
| | - Matthew C Ruder
- Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton,
Canada
| | - Zaryan Masood
- Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton,
Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- Kinesiology, McMaster University Faculty of Science, Hamilton,
Canada
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