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Pi A, Villivalam SD, Kang S. The Molecular Mechanisms of Fuel Utilization during Exercise. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1450. [PMID: 37998049 PMCID: PMC10669127 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is widely recognized for its positive impact on human health and well-being. The process of utilizing substrates in skeletal muscle during exercise is intricate and governed by complex mechanisms. Carbohydrates and lipids serve as the primary fuel sources for skeletal muscle during exercise. It is now understood that fuel selection during exercise is not solely determined by physical activity itself but is also influenced by the overall metabolic state of the body. The balance between lipid and carbohydrate utilization significantly affects exercise capacity, including endurance, fatigue, and overall performance. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the regulation of substrate utilization during exercise is of utmost importance. The aim of this review is to provide an extensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the pathways involved in the regulation of substrate utilization during exercise. By synthesizing existing research, we can gain a holistic perspective on the intricate relationship between exercise, metabolism, and fuel selection. This advanced understanding has the potential to drive advancements in the field of exercise science and contribute to the development of personalized exercise strategies for individuals looking to optimize their performance and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sona Kang
- Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology Department, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Dynamic changes in DICER levels in adipose tissue control metabolic adaptations to exercise. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23932-23941. [PMID: 32900951 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011243117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DICER is a key enzyme in microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. Here we show that aerobic exercise training up-regulates DICER in adipose tissue of mice and humans. This can be mimicked by infusion of serum from exercised mice into sedentary mice and depends on AMPK-mediated signaling in both muscle and adipocytes. Adipocyte DICER is required for whole-body metabolic adaptations to aerobic exercise training, in part, by allowing controlled substrate utilization in adipose tissue, which, in turn, supports skeletal muscle function. Exercise training increases overall miRNA expression in adipose tissue, and up-regulation of miR-203-3p limits glycolysis in adipose under conditions of metabolic stress. We propose that exercise training-induced DICER-miR-203-3p up-regulation in adipocytes is a key adaptive response that coordinates signals from working muscle to promote whole-body metabolic adaptations.
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Picoli CDC, Gilio GR, Henriques F, Leal LG, Besson JC, Lopes MA, Franzói de Moraes SM, Hernandes L, Batista Junior ML, Peres SB. Resistance exercise training induces subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue browning in Swiss mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:66-74. [PMID: 32501777 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00742.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training (AER) may promote several adaptations in white adipose tissue (WAT), including a phenotypic change known as browning. The present study aimed at assessing if resistance exercise training (RES) would be as efficient as AER in inducing a brown-like adipocyte reprogramming in WAT. Thirty Swiss male mice were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 animals each: 1) sedentary (SED), 2) AER, and 3) RES. After the adaptation training, an incremental test was performed at the beginning of each week to adjust training load. Mice were submitted to 8 wk of AER or RES. After the experimental period, inguinal and retroperitoneal WAT (iWAT and rpWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were collected. The prescription of AER and RES was effective in increasing the performance of both groups. Also, RES presented a lower body weight than AER/SED. AER and RES reduced the area of iWAT and rpWAT adipocytes and the lipid area of BAT, induced an increase of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), and increased the expression of selective genes of brown and beige phenotype in adipocytes after 8 wk. In general, we demonstrated here that AER and RES training similarly induced the browning of iWAT and rpWAT.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aerobic exercise training (AER) induces the browning of white adipose tissue, turning adipocytes multilocular, highly vascularized and expressing uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1). The current study compared the efficiency of resistance to aerobic exercise training to promote a brown-like phenotype. Our results suggest that both types of training similarly induce subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue browning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo Renan Gilio
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Maringá, Maringá-Paraná, Brazil.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Henriques
- Department of Integrated Biotechnology Group, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi-São Paulo, Brazil.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Luana Garcia Leal
- Department of Integrated Biotechnology Group, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi-São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Carlos Besson
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá-Paraná, Brazil
| | - Magno Alves Lopes
- Department of Integrated Biotechnology Group, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi-São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luzmarina Hernandes
- Department of Morphological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá-Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Sidney Barnabé Peres
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá-Paraná, Brazil
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Bates DO, Beazley-Long N, Benest AV, Ye X, Ved N, Hulse RP, Barratt S, Machado MJ, Donaldson LF, Harper SJ, Peiris-Pages M, Tortonese DJ, Oltean S, Foster RR. Physiological Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors as Homeostatic Regulators. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:955-979. [PMID: 29978898 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of proteins are key regulators of physiological systems. Originally linked with endothelial function, they have since become understood to be principal regulators of multiple tissues, both through their actions on vascular cells, but also through direct actions on other tissue types, including epithelial cells, neurons, and the immune system. The complexity of the five members of the gene family in terms of their different splice isoforms, differential translation, and specific localizations have enabled tissues to use these potent signaling molecules to control how they function to maintain their environment. This homeostatic function of VEGFs has been less intensely studied than their involvement in disease processes, development, and reproduction, but they still play a substantial and significant role in healthy control of blood volume and pressure, interstitial volume and drainage, renal and lung function, immunity, and signal processing in the peripheral and central nervous system. The widespread expression of VEGFs in healthy adult tissues, and the disturbances seen when VEGF signaling is inhibited support this view of the proteins as endogenous regulators of normal physiological function. This review summarizes the evidence and recent breakthroughs in understanding of the physiology that is regulated by VEGF, with emphasis on the role they play in maintaining homeostasis. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:955-979, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew V Benest
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xi Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nikita Ved
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Hulse
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Shaney Barratt
- Academic Respiratory Unit, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J Machado
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy F Donaldson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Harper
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Peiris-Pages
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Domingo J Tortonese
- Centre for Comparative and Clinical Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Oltean
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca R Foster
- Bristol Renal, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Alabarse PV, Lora PS, Silva JM, Santo RC, Freitas EC, de Oliveira MS, Almeida AS, Immig M, Teixeira VO, Filippin LI, Xavier RM. Collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model of rheumatoid cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:603-612. [PMID: 29575818 PMCID: PMC5989855 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by chronic polyarticular synovitis and presents systemic changes that impact quality of life, such as impaired muscle function, seen in up to 66% of the patients. This can progress to severely debilitating state known as rheumatoid cachexia-without loss of fat mass and body weight-for which there is little consensus in terms of diagnosis or treatment. This study aims to evaluate whether the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) animal model also develops clinical and functional features characteristic of rheumatoid cachexia. METHODS Male DBA1/J mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: healthy animals (CO, n = 11) and CIA animals (n = 13). The clinical score and edema size, animal weight and food intake, free exploratory locomotion, grip strength, and endurance exercise performance were tested 0, 18, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days after disease induction. After euthanasia, several organs, visceral and brown fat, and muscles were dissected and weighed. Muscles were used to assess myofiber diameter. Ankle joint was used to assess arthritis severity by histological score. Statistical analysis were performed using one-way and two-way analyses of variance followed by Tukey's and Bonferroni's test or t-test of Pearson and statistical difference were assumed for a P value under 0.05. RESULTS The CIA had significantly higher arthritis scores and larger hind paw edema volumes than CO. The CIA had decreased endurance exercise performance total time (fatigue; 23, 22, 24, and 21% at 35, 45, 55, and 65 days, respectively), grip strength (27, 55, 63, 60, and 66% at 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 days, respectively), free locomotion (43, 57, 59, and 66% at 35, 45, 55, and 65 days, respectively), and tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscle weight (25 and 24%, respectively) compared with CO. Sarcoplasmic ratios were also reduced in CIA (TA: 23 and GA: 22% less sarcoplasmic ratio), confirming the atrophy of skeletal muscle mass in these animals than in CO. Myofiber diameter was also reduced 45% in TA and 41% in GA in CIA when compared with the CO. Visceral and brown fat were lighter in CIA (54 and 39%, respectively) than CO group. CONCLUSIONS The CIA model is a valid experimental model for rheumatoid cachexia given that the clinical changes observed were similar to those described in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo V.G. Alabarse
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350Porto Alegre90035‐003Brazil
| | - Priscila S. Lora
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Universidade do Vale do Rio dos SinosSão LeopoldoBrazil
| | - Jordana M.S. Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350Porto Alegre90035‐003Brazil
| | - Rafaela C.E. Santo
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350Porto Alegre90035‐003Brazil
| | - Eduarda C. Freitas
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350Porto Alegre90035‐003Brazil
| | - Mayara S. de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350Porto Alegre90035‐003Brazil
| | - Andrelise S. Almeida
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de BiomedicinaUniversidade do Vale do Rio dos SinosSão LeopoldoBrazil
| | - Mônica Immig
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de BiomedicinaUniversidade do Vale do Rio dos SinosSão LeopoldoBrazil
| | - Vivian O.N. Teixeira
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350Porto Alegre90035‐003Brazil
| | - Lidiane I. Filippin
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Universidade La SalleCanoasBrazil
| | - Ricardo M. Xavier
- Laboratório de Doenças AutoimunesHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreBrazil
- Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, R. Ramiro Barcelos, 2350Porto Alegre90035‐003Brazil
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Duarte FO, Gomes-Gatto CDV, Oishi JC, Lino ADDS, Stotzer US, Rodrigues MFC, Gatti da Silva GH, Selistre-de-Araújo HS. Physical training improves visceral adipose tissue health by remodelling extracellular matrix in rats with estrogen absence: a gene expression analysis. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:203-213. [PMID: 28884865 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue development is associated with modifications involving extracellular matrix remodelling, and metalloproteinases play a significant role in this process. Reduced circulating sexual hormones cause impacts on the size, morphology and functions of the adipose tissue, increasing susceptibility to diseases. This study investigated whether exercise training may be an alternative strategy to combat the effects promoted by estrogen decay through modulation in gene expression patterns in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of visceral adipose tissue of ovariectomized rats. Nulliparous rats (n = 40) were randomly distributed into four groups (n = 10/group): sham sedentary (Sh-S), sham resistance training (Sh-Rt), ovariectomized sedentary (Ovx-S) and ovariectomized resistance training (Ovx-Rt). The Sh-S animals did not have any type of training. The body mass and food intake, ECM gene expression, gelatinase MMP-2 activity and adipocyte area were measured. A lack of estrogen promoted an increase in body mass, food intake and the visceral, parametrial and subcutaneous adipocyte areas. The ovariectomy upregulated the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TGF-β, CTGF, VEGF-A and MMP-2 activity. On the other hand, resistance training decreased the body mass, food intake and the adipocyte area of the three fat depots analysed; upregulated TIMP-1, VEGF-A and MMP-2 gene expression; downregulated MMP-9, TGF-β and CTGF gene expression; and decreased the MMP-2 activity. We speculate that resistance training on a vertical ladder could play an important role in maintaining and remodelling ECM by modulation in the ECM gene expression and MMP-2 activity, avoiding its destabilization which is impaired by the lack of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda O Duarte
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism Applied to Exercise, Department of Physical Education and Human Motricity, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila do Valle Gomes-Gatto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge C Oishi
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism Applied to Exercise, Department of Physical Education and Human Motricity, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Diogo de S Lino
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism Applied to Exercise, Department of Physical Education and Human Motricity, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Uliana S Stotzer
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda C Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme H Gatti da Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Heloisa S Selistre-de-Araújo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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do Valle Gomes-Gatto C, Duarte FO, Stotzer US, Rodrigues MFC, de Andrade Perez SE, Selistre-de-Araujo HS. Estrogen deficiency in ovariectomized rats: can resistance training re-establish angiogenesis in visceral adipose tissue? Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2016; 71:528-36. [PMID: 27652835 PMCID: PMC5004578 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2016(09)08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training on angiogenesis markers of visceral adipose tissue in ovariectomized rats. METHOD Adult Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into four groups (n=6 per group): sham-sedentary, ovariectomized sedentary, sham-resistance training and ovariectomized resistance training. The rats were allowed to climb a 1.1-m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails and the weights were progressively increased. Sessions were performed three times per week for 10 weeks. Visceral adipose tissue angiogenesis and morphology were analyzed by histology. VEGF-A mRNA and protein levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Ovariectomy resulted in higher body mass (p=0.0003), adipocyte hypertrophy (p=0.0003), decreased VEGF-A mRNA (p=0.0004) and protein levels (p=0.0009), and decreased micro-vascular density (p=0.0181) in the visceral adipose tissue of the rats. Resistance training for 10 weeks was not able to attenuate the reduced angiogenesis in the visceral adipose tissue of the ovariectomized rats. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the resistance training program used in this study could not ameliorate low angiogenesis in the visceral adipose tissue of ovariectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Duarte
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular
- Departamento de Educação Física e Motricidade Humana, Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo Aplicados ao Exercício, São Carlos/SP, Brazil
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