Appropriate indications for the use of a percutaneous cardiopulmonary support system in cases with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction

Adjusted mortality of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute myocardial infarction patients in cardiogenic shock

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a common cause of death following acute myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed to evaluate the adjusted mortality of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) for patients with MI-CS. We included 300 MI patients selected from a multinational registry and categorized into VA-ECMO + IABP (N = 39) and no VA-ECMO (medical management ± IABP) (N = 261) groups. Both groups' 30-day and 1-year mortality were compared using the weighted Kaplan-Meier, propensity score, and inverse probability of treatment weighting methods. Adjusted incidences of 30-day (VA-ECMO + IABP vs No VA-ECMO, 77.7% vs 50.7; P = .083) and 1-year mortality (92.3% vs 84.8%; P = .223) along with propensity-adjusted and inverse probability of treatment weighting models in 30-day (hazard ratio [HR], 1.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92-2.77; P = .346 and HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.42-3.17; P = .452, respectively) and 1-year mortality (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 0.95-2.56; P = .076 and HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.57-3.06; P = .51, respectively) did not differ between the groups. However, better survival benefit 30 days post-ECMO could be supposed (31.6% vs 83.4%; P = .022). Therefore, patients with MI-CS treated with IABP with additional VA-ECMO and those not supported with ECMO have comparable overall 30-day and 1-year mortality risks. However, VA-ECMO-supported survivors might have better long-term clinical outcomes.

Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Different Mechanical Hemodynamic Support Devices for Cardiogenic Shock or High-Risk Pci: a Network Meta-Analysis of Thirty-Seven Trials

BACKGROUND

With more advanced mechanical hemodynamic support for patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) or high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (HS-PCI), the morality rate is now significantly lower than before. While previous studies showed that intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) did not reduce the risk of mortality in patients with CS compared to conservative treatment, the efficacy in other mechanical circulatory support (MCS) trials was inconsistent.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted this network meta-analysis to assess the short-term efficacy and safety of different intervention measures for patients with CS or who underwent HS-PCI.

METHODS

Four online databases were searched. From the initial 1,550 articles, we screened 38 studies (an extra 14 studies from references) into this analysis, including a total of 11,270 patients from five interventions (pharmacotherapy, IABP, pMCS, ECMO alone, and ECMO+IABP).

RESULT

The short-term efficacy was determined by 30-day or in-hospital mortality. ECMO+IABP significantly reduced mortality compared with pMCS and ECMO alone (OR = 1.85, 95% CrI [1.03-3.26]; OR = 1.89, 95% CrI [1.19-3.01], respectively). ECMO+IABP did not show reduced mortality when compared with pharmacotherapy and IABP (OR = 1.73, 95% CrI [0.97-3.82]; OR = 1.67, 95% CrI [0.98-2.89], respectively). The rank probability, however, supported that ECMO+IABP might be a more suitable intervention in improving mortality for patients with CS or who underwent HS-PCI. Regarding bleeding, compared with other invasive intervention measures, IABP showed a trend of reduced bleeding (with pMCS OR = 3.86, 95% CrI [1.53-10.66]; with ECMO alone OR = 3.74, 95% CrI [1.13-13.78]; with ECMO+IABP OR = 4.80, 95% CrI [1.61-18.53]). No difference was found in stroke, myocardial infarction, limb ischemia, and hemolysis among the invasive therapies evaluated.

CONCLUSION

Following this analysis, ECMO+IABP might be a more suitable intervention measure in improving short-term mortality for patients with CS and who underwent HS-PCI. However, the result was limited by the lack of sufficient direct comparisons and evidence from randomized controlled trials. Moreover, bleeding and other device-related complications should be considered in clinical applications.

How to Bail Out Patients with Severe Acute Myocardial Infarction

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is the most serious complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The practice of early revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention, and advances in pharmacotherapy have reduced the rate of complications of CS. However, when CS is combined with AMI, mortality from AMI is still high, and many clinicians are wondering how to treat CS with AMI. In recent years, mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices have improved the clinical outcome in AMI patients with CS. For best outcome, treatment of AMI with CS should always consider treatments that improve the prognosis of the patients.

The necessity of conversion from coronary care unit to the cardiovascular intensive care unit required for cardiologists

The in-hospital mortality rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has dramatically decreased due to the treatment at the coronary care unit (CCU), especially with the progress of arrhythmia therapy and reperfusion therapy. On the other hand, severe heart failure and multiple organ failure are increasing due to aging populations and multiple organ diseases. As a result, patients with AMI without complications are less likely to be admitted to the CCU, and cardiologists staying in the CCU have also decreased. The mortality rate is high when complications such as cardiogenic shock, cardiac rupture, and in-hospital cardiac arrest occur in AMI, therefore careful intensive care even in low-risk AMI is necessary. For cardiologists, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, or infection control are necessary for cardiovascular intensive care, and integrated multidisciplinary care coordinated by skilled intensive care physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, physiotherapists, pharmacists, nutritionists, social workers, and clinical engineers is important. Therefore, for the critical care of cardiovascular diseases, it is necessary to convert from CCU to the cardiovascular intensive care unit.

Clinical determinants of successful weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with fulminant myocarditis

Aims

Patients with fulminant myocarditis (FM) often present with cardiogenic shock and require mechanical circulatory support, including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation. This study sought to clarify the determinants of successful weaning from ECMO in FM patients.

Methods and results

We studied 37 consecutive FM patients supported by ECMO as the initial form of mechanical circulatory support between January 1995 and December 2014 in our hospital. Twenty‐two (59%) patients were successfully weaned from ECMO, while 15 (41%) were not. There were significant differences in levels of peak creatine kinase and those of its MB isoform (CK‐MB), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), and prevalence of cardiac rhythm disturbances. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that a peak CK‐MB level of 185 IU/L and LVPWT of 11 mm were the optimal cut‐off values for predicting successful weaning from ECMO (areas under the curve, 0.89 and 0.85, respectively). During the follow‐up [median 48 (interquartile range 8–147) months], 83% of FM patients who were weaned from ECMO survived, with preserved fractional shortening based on echocardiography. Of the 15 FM patients who were not weaned from ECMO, nine bridged to VAD, and only two were successfully weaned from VAD and survived.

Conclusions

These results indicate that myocardial injury, as evidenced by CK‐MB and LVPWT, and prolonged presence of cardiac rhythm disturbances are important clinical determinants of successful weaning from ECMO.

Electrocardiographic characteristics associated with in-hospital outcome in patients with left main acute coronary syndrome: For contriving a new risk stratification score

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate electrocardiographic characteristics associated with in-hospital prognosis in patients with left main acute coronary syndrome.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 89 left main acute coronary syndrome subjects were selected from 3357 consecutive acute coronary syndrome patients (2.7%). Patients of this study were divided into two groups; those who survived and those who died. Patients' characteristics and electrocardiogram on admission were then retrospectively analyzed between the two groups. In-hospital mortality was 28.1%. The prevalence and degree of ST-segment elevation at lead aVL were significantly higher in the deceased group than in the survival group ( p<0.001). However, those at lead aVR did not show significant differences between the two groups. Moreover, the width of the QRS-complex was significantly wider (lead V3; p<0.001), and the level of five minus the absolute value of five minus number of ST-segment elevation (5-|5-ST|; due to the highest in-hospital mortality (70%) in the five-lead ST-segment elevation group) was significantly larger in the deceased group than in the survival group ( p<0.001). The odds ratios that predicted in-hospital cardiac death were 1.03 for width of the QRS-complex at lead V3 (95% confidence interval (CI); 1.01-1.06; p=0.003), 1.74 for 5-|5-ST| (95% CI; 1.03-3.00; p=0.040), and 1.44 for ST-segment elevation at lead aVL (95% CI; 0.93-2.23; p=0.100).

CONCLUSIONS

ST-segment elevation at lead aVL rather than aVR, width of the QRS-complex at lead V3 and number of ST-segment elevation were the prognostic predictors for in-hospital mortality in patients with left main acute coronary syndrome. Electrocardiographic characteristics should be assessed in addition to the established risk score in patients with left main acute coronary syndrome.

The pre-ECMO simplified acute physiology score II as a predictor for mortality in patients with initiation ECMO support at the emergency department for acute circulatory and/or respiratory failure: a retrospective study

Background

In the emergency department (ED), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used as a rescue treatment modality for patients with refractory circulatory and/or respiratory failure. Serious consideration must be given to the indication, and the PRESERVE and RESP scores for mortality have been investigated. However these scores were validated to predict survival in patients who received mainly veno-venous (VV) ECMO in the intensive care unit. The aim of the present study was to investigate the factors that predicted the outcomes for patients who received mixed mode (veno-arterial [VA] and VV) ECMO support in the ED.

Methods

This single center retrospective study included 65 patients who received ECMO support at the ED for circulatory or respiratory failure between January 2009 and December 2013. Pre-ECMO SAPS II and other variables were evaluated and compared for predicting mortality.

Results

Fifty-four percent of patients received ECMO-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR), 31 % received VA and V-AV ECMO, and 15 % received VV ECMO. The 28-day and 60-month mortality rates were 52 % and 63 %. In the multivariate analysis, only the pre-ECMO Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) (odd ratio: 1.189, 95 % confidence interval: 1.032–1.370, p = 0.016) could predict the 28-day mortality. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the optimal cutoff value for pre-ECMO SAPS II in predicting 28-day mortality was 0.852 (95 % CI: 0.753–0.951, p < 0.001) and 80 (sensitivity of 97.1 % and specificity of 71.0 %), respectively. Validation of the 80 cutoff value revealed a statistically significant difference for the 28-day and 60-month mortality rates in the overall, E-CPR, and VA groups (28-day: p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.005; 60-month: p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.020). In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the 28-day and 60-month survival rates were lower among the patients with a pre-ECMO SAPS II of ≤80, compared to those with a score of >80 (both, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The pre-ECMO SAPS II could be helpful for identifying patients with refractory acute circulatory and/or respiratory failure who will respond to ECMO support in the ED.

Therapeutic strategy using extracorporeal life support, including appropriate indication, management, limitation and timing of switch to ventricular assist device in patients with acute myocardial infarction

The appropriate indication for, management of and limitations to extracorporeal life support (ECLS) and the timing of a switch to a ventricular assist device (VAD) remain controversial issues in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated with cardiogenic shock or cardiopulmonary arrest. To evaluate and discuss these issues, we studied patients with AMI treated with ECLS and compared deceased and discharged patients. Thirty-eight patients with AMI who needed ECLS [35 men (92.1 %), aged 59.9 ± 13.5 years] were enrolled in this study. Of these 38 patients, 34 subsequently underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and four subsequently received coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Fourteen patients (36.8 %) were discharged from the hospital. The outcome was not favorable for those patients with deteriorating low output syndrome (LOS) and the development of leg ischemia, hemolysis and multiple organ failure during ECLS. Levels of creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase, serum creatinine (Cr) and amylase after the patient had been put on ECLS and fluctuation of the cardiac index, blood pressure, arterial blood gas analysis and CK-MB and Cr levels during ECLS were indicators to switch from the ECLS to VAD. In the case of patients with no complication associated with ECLS, 4.6-5.6 days after initiation of ECLS was assumed to be the threshold to decide whether to switch from ECLS to VAD. Patients with AMI who suddenly developed refractory pulseless ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation without deteriorating LOS and who underwent successful PCI or CABG, and who prevented the complications associated with ECLS, showed a high probability of recovering with ECLS.

Predictive factors for successful weaning from percutaneous cardiopulmonary support in patients with cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) is useful in the rescue of patients who have experienced severe cardiogenic shock. We investigated the predictive factors of survival among patients with cardiogenic shock requiring PCPS.

METHODS AND SUBJECTS

We enrolled 29 patients (21 men and 8 women, 73 ± 10 years old) with circulatory collapse complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) requiring PCPS. Fifteen patients could be weaned from PCPS and survived for more than 1 month (group A), while the other 14 patients could not (group B). We investigated the initial PCPS settings, and performed the appropriate laboratory tests. Hemodynamic data and arterial base excess (BE) values were recorded throughout the PCPS treatment.

RESULTS

There was no difference in the laboratory test results or the left ventricular ejection fraction between the groups at the start of PCPS. PCPS flow (l/min) was significantly lower in group A than in group B at the 24th hour of PCPS (2.26 ± 0.36 and 2.54 ± 0.41, respectively). There were no differences in blood pressure between the groups. During the 24-h period prior to the end of PCPS, BE remained almost normal in group A. In group B, BE decreased continuously throughout the same period. BE values were significantly lower compared to those obtained in group A 12h prior to the end of PCPS.

CONCLUSIONS

A reduction in PCPS flow without hemodynamic collapse may allow for successful weaning from PCPS. BE may be a potent factor in determining when to terminate PCPS.

A review of the fundamental principles and evidence base in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in critically ill adult patients

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) comprises a commonly used method of extracorporeal life support. It has proven efficacy and is an accepted modality of care for isolated respiratory or cardiopulmonary failure in neonatal and pediatric populations. In adults, there are conflicting studies regarding its benefit, but it is possible that ECMO may be beneficial in certain adult populations beyond postcardiotomy heart failure. As such, all intensivists should be familiar with the evidence-base and principles of ECMO in adult population. The purpose of this article is to review the evidence and to describe the fundamental steps in initiating, adjusting, troubleshooting, and terminating ECMO so as to familiarize the intensivist with this modality.

Earlier application of percutaneous cardiopulmonary support rescues patients from severe cardiopulmonary failure using the APACHE III scoring system

Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) is a widely accepted treatment for severe cardiopulmonary failure. This system, which uses a percutaneous approach and autopriming devices, can be rapidly applied in emergency situations. We sought to identify the risk factors that could help predict in-hospital mortality, and to assess its outcomes in survivors. During a 2-yr period, 50 patients underwent PCPS for the treatment of severe cardiopulmonary failure, and of those, 22 (44%) were classified as survivors and 28 (56%) as non-survivors. We compared the 2 groups for risk factors of in-hospital mortality and to establish proper PCPS timing. Twenty patients underwent PCPS for acute myocardial infarction, 20 for severe cardiopulmonary failure after cardiac surgery, 7 for acute respiratory distress syndrome, and 3 for acute myocarditis. Multivariate analysis showed that an acute physiology, age, and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) III score >or=50 prior to PCPS was the only significant predictor of in-hospital mortality (P=0.001). Overall 18-month survival was 42.2%. Cox analysis showed patients with APACHE III scores >or=50 had a poor prognosis (P=0.001). Earlier application of PCPS, and other preemptive strategies designed to optimize high-risk patients, may improve patient outcomes. Identifying patients with high APACHE scores at the beginning of PCPS may predict in-hospital mortality. Survivors, particularly those with higher APACHE scores, may require more frequent follow-up to improve overall survival.

Long-term outcome of implanted cardioverter defibrillators in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of cardiac origin

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the long-term outcome of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

METHODS AND RESULTS

The frequency of lethal ventricular arrhythmias and whether ICD implantation can prevent recurrence of cardiac arrest were examined. Long-term (24.4+/-11.9 months) outcome was examined in 23 patients with OHCA who were treated with an ICD (OHCA group) and 35 patients without OHCA (non-OHCA group) who were treated with an ICD. Patients in both groups had same clinical backgrounds; however, those in the OHCA group showed a significantly lower incidence of induced ventricular arrhythmias (71%) than the non-OHCA group (96%). In the follow-up period, patients in the OHCA group had almost the same incidence of ICD discharge (30%) as patients in the non-OHCA group (40%). The rate of recurrence of ventricular fibrillation in the OHCA patients was 13%, and it was difficult to estimate the rate by induced ventricular arrhythmia.

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that ICD implantation for survivors of OHCA with favorable neurological recovery might be effective for preventing recurrence of cardiac arrest.

Systematic review of percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock states

BACKGROUND

Cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest are common, lethal, debilitating and costly. Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass is an innovative strategy for treating these disorders that consists of rapid initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass and extracorporeal maintenance of circulation until restoration of an effective cardiac output. Multiple case reports suggest that percutaneous bypass is efficacious in patients with these disorders but these experiences have not been collated. Therefore, we have reviewed systematically the published experience with percutaneous bypass in patients with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives were to describe the proportion of patients with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest who achieved restoration of spontaneous circulation or survival to discharge with percutaneous bypass. A secondary objective was to describe adverse effects associated with percutaneous bypass, if feasible.

DESIGN

Articles were identified by using a comprehensive search of English-language MEDLINE from 1966 to September 2005.

PATIENTS

Individuals in cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest.

INTERVENTIONS

Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass.

ANALYSIS

Effects were summarized as inverse-variance weighted means, standard errors, median and interquartile range.

RESULTS

Included were 85 studies of 1494 patients with cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest or both. Studies were case reports, case-series or case-control studies of heterogeneous interventions in heterogeneous patients. The proportion of patients weaned was mean, 76.8+/-4.2%, and median, 66.0% (IQR 50%, 100%). The proportion of patients who survived to discharge was mean, 47.4+/-4.5%, and median 40.0% (IQR 20%, 75%). Fifty-two studies included 533 patients in cardiogenic shock. The proportion of patients who survived to discharge was mean, 51.6+/-6.5%, and median 38.5% (IQR 23.4%, 76.3%). Fifty-four studies included 675 patients in cardiac arrest. The proportion of patients who survived to discharge was mean, 44.9+/-6.7%, and median, 42.3% (IQR 15.4%, 75%). Five studies with 286 subjects had both patients with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest.

CONCLUSIONS

Percutaneous bypass is an efficacious intervention in patients with cardiac arrest or cardiogenic shock. Adequately-powered experimental studies of current percutaneous bypass technologies are required to demonstrate whether it is safe, effective and cost-effective.

Factors for Weaning From a Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Support System (PCPS) in Patients With Severe Cardiac Failure A Comparative Study in Weaned and Nonweaned Patients

The percutaneous cardiopulmonary support system (PCPS) has been widely accepted for the treatment of patients with severe cardiac failure. This system, which uses Seldinger's method through a percutaneous approach, enables rapid application in emergency situations. However, the indication for deployment and discontinuation of PCPS has not yet been established. We evaluated the results of PCPS use for the treatment of patients with severe cardiac failure and investigated factors that would predict successful weaning from PCPS. A total of 32 patients (23 men and 9 women) who had PCPS for the treatment of severe cardiac failure between January 1997 and October 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 57 +/- 17 years (range, 14 to 78 years). PCPS was necessary for severe cardiac failure after cardiac surgery in 15 patients, pulmonary infarction in 4, acute myocardial infarction in 3, acute myocarditis in 3, and other causes in 7. The mean duration of PCPS support in all 32 patients was 134 +/- 117 hours (range, 8 to 532). Twelve patients (38%) could be weaned from PCPS (group A), while the remaining 20 patients (62%) could not (group B). The incidence of cardiac arrest prior to PCPS use (n = 10, 31%) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in group A (1/12, 8%) than in group B (9/20, 45%). There were significant differences in the APACHE II scores, urine output, serum lactate levels, and epinephrine and dopamine dose received from PCPS induction to 72 hours after PCPS use between the 2 groups (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that an episode of cardiac arrest prior to PCPS induction was the only significant predictor for the unsuitability for discontinuation of PCPS. This retrospective study showed the limitation of PCPS therapy for patients with an episode of cardiac arrest who did not show improvement in their APACHE II score, urine output, serum lactate levels, and catecholamine dose received within 72 hours after PCPS induction. These results may help formulate criteria for indication and discontinuation of PCPS for patients with severe cardiac failure.

Complications related to intra-aortic balloon pump in cardiac surgery: a decade later

BACKGROUND

Our centre in 1995 reported 26% of vascular complications in cardiac surgical patients treated with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). However, during the last decade there have been improvements in IABP technology and insertion techniques. We aimed to evaluate the impact of these changes on the incidence of IABP-related complications in cardiac surgery.

METHODS

Demographics, indications, technique and complication rate in 186 consecutive patients treated with IABP from January 1994 to December 1998 (Group I) were compared with 323 consecutive patients treated with IABP from January 1999 to December 2003 (Group II) at our regional cardiothoracic centre. Data was variably expressed as mean with or without range and either standard deviation or range. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05.

RESULTS

There were 121 (65%) and 194 (60%) males in Group I and II, respectively. The mean age was 66+/-12.1 (17-88) years and the mean duration of IAPB use was 43.5h (range 3-144 h). Overall complication rate was 10% in Group I and 2% in Group II whereas vascular complications accounted for 3% in Group-I and 1% in Group-II. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated cardiogenic shock being strongly correlated to in-hospital mortality (OR 4.68; P=0.004) followed by older age (OR 3.12; P=0.034) and ejection fraction <35% (OR 1.78; P=0.03).

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrated a significant decrease in the IABP-related complications even though complexity of cases referred for surgery has increased. Henceforth, the risk of 1% vascular complications should play little influence on decision-making regarding the use of IABP.

Early Defibrillation and Circulatory Support Can Provide Better Long-Term Outcomes Through Favorable Neurological Recovery in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest of Cardiac Origin

BACKGROUND

Early defibrillation and cardiopulmonary bypass have been postulated to be a promising intervention against out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA); however, little is known about the long-term prognosis. The effects of early recovery of circulation (ROC) on neurological recovery and the long-term outcome in patients with OHCA were examined.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Functional recovery and long-term (22.0+/-15.3 months) outcome were examined in 100 patients with definite diagnosis of OHCA. Spontaneous circulation recovered in 79% of the patients (using on-site counter shock in 20% of the patients). Cardiopulmonary bypass was performed in 38 of the OHCA patients. The total survival and favorable neurological recovery rates were 40% and 25%, respectively. The patients with favorable recovery obtained early ROC (28.2+/-16.0 min). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that a period of less than 35 min for ROC was the optimal period for achieving a favorable recovery, with sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 73%. The patients with a prior history of heart failure or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction exhibited more frequent, exacerbated heart failure and ventricular arrhythmias.

CONCLUSIONS

Early ROC using on-site counter shock or cardiopulmonary bypass might result in better long-term outcome in patients with OHCA of cardiac origin.

Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac emergencies

Percutaneous cardiopulmonary support systems (PCPS) are compact, battery-powered, portable heart-lung machines that can be implemented rapidly in any area of the hospital using thin-walled cannulae inserted via the femoral vessels. PCPS provides temporary circulatory support by actively aspirating blood from the patient's venous system using a centrifugal pump and hollow fiber membrane oxygenator for gas exchange. A review of clinical reports has delineated several indications for emergent applications, with the most frequent being cardiac arrest (CA) or cardiogenic shock (CS). Survival is more likely in patients with CS (40%) compared to CA (21%). Implementation of PCPS after unwitnessed CA or cardiopulmonary resuscitation > 30 min yields a patient survival rate of < 10%. The likelihood of patient survival after emergent PCPS is most often related to the patient undergoing a definitive anatomic surgical repair such as coronary artery bypass or pulmonary embolectomy. If the need for circulatory support extends beyond 6 h, conversion to conventional long-term extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or a ventricular assist device is recommended.