Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic effects of d-2-[4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl]propionic acid (M-5011), a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in rats and guinea pigs

Analgesic Effect of the Newly Developed S(+)-Flurbiprofen Plaster on Inflammatory Pain in a Rat Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Model

Preclinical Research This article describes the properties of a novel topical NSAID (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) patch, SFPP (S(+)-flurbiprofen plaster), containing the potent cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, S(+)-flurbiprofen (SFP). The present studies were conducted to confirm human COX inhibition and absorption of SFP and to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of SFPP in a rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model. COX inhibition by SFP, ketoprofen and loxoprofen was evaluated using human recombinant COX proteins. Absorption of SFPP, ketoprofen and loxoprofen from patches through rat skin was assessed 24 h after application. The AIA model was induced by injecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis followed 20 days later by the evaluation of the prostaglandin PGE2 content of the inflamed paw and the pain threshold. SFP exhibited more potent inhibitory activity against COX-1 (IC50  = 8.97 nM) and COX-2 (IC50  = 2.94 nM) than the other NSAIDs evaluated. Absorption of SFP was 92.9%, greater than that of ketoprofen and loxoprofen from their respective patches. Application of SFPP decreased PGE2 content from 15 min to 6 h and reduced paw hyperalgesia compared with the control, ketoprofen and loxoprofen patches. SFPP showed analgesic efficacy, and was superior to the ketoprofen and loxoprofen patches, which could be through the potent COX inhibitory activity of SFP and greater skin absorption. The results suggested SFPP can be expected to exert analgesic effect clinically.

Comparative assessment of effectiveness of ketoprofen and ketoprofen/beta-cyclodextrin complex in two experimental models of inflammation in rats

Oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can lead to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal distress. The complexation of different groups of active substances with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) has drawn considerable interest over recent years. The purpose of this study was to analyze the ketoprofen/β-cyclodextrin (K/β-CD) conjugate complex as well as to assess its anti-inflammatory effect after oral administration (doses of 30 mg/m(2) and 15 mg/m(2) of body surface), compared with ketoprofen. The studies were done on two models of experimentally-induced acute inflammation in rats (n = 48, 6/group), by means of intraplantar administration of a 10% aqueous kaolin suspension and intraperitoneal administration of a 1% sodium thioglycolate solution. The dynamics of the acute inflammatory process and the anti-inflammatory effects were monitored using plethysmometric determinations after 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h (plantar inflammation), and the absorbance of the exudates (spectrophotometrically read) and nucleated cell counts after 24 h (peritoneal inflammation). The coupling of ketoprofen with β-CD resulted in increased solubility (100% in 60 min) of the newly-formed product, which further resulted in a higher bioavailability compared with ketoprofen (<40% in 120 min). In both models of experimentally-induced inflammation, the K/β-CD complex had a higher anti-inflammatory activity than ketoprofen.

Comparison of the efficacy and skin permeability of topical NSAID preparations used in Europe

This study compared the efficacy and skin permeability of nine topical preparations of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (ketoprofen, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, and piroxicam patches; and ketoprofen, diclofenac, piroxicam, niflumic acid, and ibuprofen gels) available in the European Union. The anti-inflammatory effect of these NSAID preparations was evaluated in rat models of acute inflammation (carrageenan or yeast treatment) and chronic inflammation (collagen or adjuvant treatment). Skin permeability of the preparations was evaluated in vitro using mouse skin. In rats with acute inflammation, both ketoprofen preparations significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema and yeast-induced hyperalgesia. Flurbiprofen and diclofenac preparations also showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect, but the ketoprofen products were the most potent among the four patch preparations and five gel preparations. With repeated application, the ketoprofen patch significantly decreased edema from day 3 in collagen-treated rats, while other preparations (ketoprofen gel, diclofenac patch, and diclofenac gel) decreased edema from day 7. In rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis, only the ketoprofen patch significantly decreased edema after 2 weeks of application. In the skin permeation study, the ketoprofen preparations showed higher skin permeability compared with the other NSAID preparations. These results suggested that ketoprofen preparations had the most potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity related to good skin permeability. Efficacy of the ketoprofen patch was comparable to or better than that of ketoprofen gel at a lower dose and frequency of administration. Ketoprofen products, especially the patch preparation, could be useful for treating inflammatory pain in diseases like osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new oxadiazoles derived from phenylpropionohydrazides

In this study a series ofnew1-(2-aryl-5-phenethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethanones 2a-e was synthesized by the cyclization of imines 1a-e using acetic anhydride. The products were evaluated for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. Among the newly synthesized compounds, 1-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-5-phenethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethanone (2a)and1-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-phenethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethanone (2b)were found to possess maximum activity against the tested strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. It was concluded that para-substitution enhances the activity of synthesized oxadiazoles.

Effect of a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (M-5011) on cytokine levels in rats with monosodium urate crystal- induced pleurisy

We evaluated the effects of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), d-2-[4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl]propionic acid (M-5011), and indomethacin on the production of arachidonate metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines in male Sprague-Dawley rats with monosodium urate crystal (MSU)-induced pleurisy. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 in the pleural exudate were determined by biological assays, while prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and cytokine-induced chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) levels were quantified by enzyme immunoassays. Orally administered M-5011 (5 mg/kg) decreased the pleural exudate volume at 3 and 4 hr after MSU injection. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) decreased the volume at 3-5 hr. These drugs reduced the number of leukocytes in the pleural cavity at 6 hr. Both NSAIDs also reduced the content of PGE2 in the exudate without affecting LTB4 levels. Increased productions of both IL-6 and CINC-1 in the exudate were reduced by pretreatment with M-5011 or indomethacin, and TNF levels in the exudate were increased by pretreatment of these drugs. Thus, M-5011 inhibits the production of both IL-6 and CINC-1 at lower doses than those of indomethacin, and the inhibitory effect of M-5011 on CINC-1, but not IL-6, may partly contribute to the inhibition of leukocyte infiltration in rats with MSU-induced pleurisy.

The effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on immune functions of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

It is generally accepted that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects primarily through inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. However, effects of NSAIDs on immune responses are not fully understood. This study investigated effects of indomethacin and a new NSAID (d-2-[4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl]propionic acid, termed as M-5011 in this study) on cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation, activities of natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and secretion of immunoglobulin (Ig). Both indomethacin and M-5011 augmented interleukin (IL)-2 production, whereas they suppressed IL-6 production both at the protein and mRNA levels. These two NSAIDs augmented proliferation of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMC and enhanced NK and LAK cell activities. In contrast, indomethacin was more potent than M-5011 in inhibition of both PG synthesis and Ig secretions by pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated PBMC. These results suggest that these two NSAIDs equally augment cell-mediated immunity, whereas indomethacin was more potent than M-5011 in the inhibition of humoral immunity and PG synthesis.

Effects of a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (M-5011) on bone metabolism in rats with collagen-induced arthritis

The effects of a novel non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), d-2-[4-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)phenyl]propionic acid: M-5011, and other NSAIDs (indomethacin, zaltoprofen and tiaprofenic acid) on bone metabolism in Dark Agouti (DA) strain rats with collagen-induced arthritis were evaluated. M-5011 (1.5 and 4.5 mg/kg) and other NSAIDs (1.5 mg/kg) were administered orally once a day from day 14 to day 35 after collagen immunization. In arthritic rats, paw volume and serum levels of anti-type II collagen antibody were increased on day 21 compared to those in non-immunized rats. M-5011 (4.5 mg/kg), indomethacin and zaltoprofen tended to prevent this increase in paw volume. Elevated urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline levels were found on days 28 and 35 in arthritic rats. M-5011 (4.5 mg/kg) also tended to prevent the increase in urinary pyridinoline level on day 28, but none of the other NSAIDs affected urinary deoxypyridinoline levels. Bone mineral densities in the hindpaw and vertebrae were also decreased in arthritic rats. M-5011 and tiaprofenic acid prevented this decrease in vertebral bone mineral density. These findings indicate that M-5011 partially inhibits the generalized bone loss accompanying the development of collagen-induced arthritis in rats.