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Munkboel CH, Rasmussen TB, Elgaard C, Olesen MLK, Kretschmann AC, Styrishave B. The classic azole antifungal drugs are highly potent endocrine disruptors in vitro inhibiting steroidogenic CYP enzymes at concentrations lower than therapeutic Cmax. Toxicology 2019; 425:152247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Machado MC, Fragoso MCBV, Moreira AC, Boguszewski CL, Vieira Neto L, Naves LA, Vilar L, Araújo LAD, Musolino NRC, Miranda PAC, Czepielewski MA, Gadelha MR, Bronstein MD, Ribeiro-Oliveira A. A review of Cushing's disease treatment by the Department of Neuroendocrinology of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2018; 62:87-105. [PMID: 29694638 PMCID: PMC10118687 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The treatment objectives for a patient with Cushing's disease (CD) are remission of hypercortisolism, adequate management of co-morbidities, restoration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, preservation of fertility and pituitary function, and improvement of visual defects in cases of macroadenomas with suprasellar extension. Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is the main treatment option for the majority of cases, even in macroadenomas with low probability of remission. In cases of surgical failure, another subsequent pituitary surgery might be indicated in cases with persistent tumor imaging at post surgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or pathology analysis of adrenocorticotropic hormone-positive (ACTH+) positive pituitary adenoma in the first procedure. Medical treatment, radiotherapy and adrenalectomy are the other options when transsphenoidal pituitary surgery fails. There are several options of medical treatment, although cabergoline and ketoconazole are the most commonly used alone or in combination. Novel treatments are also addressed in this review. Different therapeutic approaches are frequently needed on an individual basis, both before and, particularly, after surgery, and they should be individualized. The objective of the present review is to provide the necessary information to achieve a more effective treatment for CD. It is recommended that patients with CD be followed at tertiary care centers with experience in treating this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Carlos Machado
- Unidade de Neuroendocrinologia, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Candida Barisson Vilares Fragoso
- Unidade de Neuroendocrinologia, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ayrton Custódio Moreira
- Divisão de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - César Luiz Boguszewski
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (SEMPR), Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Vieira Neto
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Luciana A Naves
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Lucio Vilar
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Nina Rosa Castro Musolino
- Divisão de Neurocirurgia Funcional, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Mauro A Czepielewski
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Monica R Gadelha
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcello Delano Bronstein
- Unidade de Neuroendocrinologia, Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Antônio Ribeiro-Oliveira
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Abstract
PURPOSE Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a rare disease that results from exposure to high levels of cortisol; Cushing's disease (CD) is the most frequent form of CS. Patients with CS suffer from a variety of comorbidities that increase the risk of mortality. Surgical resection of the disease-causing lesion is generally the first-line treatment of CS. However, some patients may not be eligible for surgery due to comorbidities, and approximately 25 % of patients, especially those with CD, have recurrent disease. For these patients, adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors may control cortisol elevation and subsequent symptomatology. CS is rare overall, and clinical studies of adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors are often small and, in many cases, data are limited regarding the efficacy and safety of these treatments. Our aim was to better characterize the profiles of efficacy and safety of currently available adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors, including drugs currently in development. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors, focusing on novel drugs. RESULTS Currently available adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors, including ketoconazole, metyrapone, etomidate, and mitotane, have variable efficacy and significant side effects, and none are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for CS. Therefore, there is a clear need for novel, prospectively studied agents that have greater efficacy and a low rate of adverse side effects. Efficacy and safety data of current and emerging adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors, including osilodrostat (LCI699) and levoketoconazole (COR-003), show promising results that will have to be confirmed in larger-scale phase 3 studies (currently ongoing). CONCLUSIONS The management of CS, and particularly CD, remains challenging. Adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors can be of major interest to control the hypercortisolism at any time point, either before or after surgery, as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fleseriu
- Departments of Medicine and Neurological Surgery, and Northwest Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code: CH8N, 3303 SW Bond Ave, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Frederic Castinetti
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRN2M, Department of Endocrinology, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
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H295R cells as a model for steroidogenic disruption: A broader perspective using simultaneous chemical analysis of 7 key steroid hormones. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:343-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Nakamura Y, Xing Y, Hui XG, Kurotaki Y, Ono K, Cohen T, Sasano H, Rainey WE. Human adrenal cells that express both 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) contribute to adrenal androstenedione production. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 123:122-6. [PMID: 21185375 PMCID: PMC4269365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Androstenedione is one of several weak androgens produced in the human adrenal gland. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2) and cytochrome b5 (CYB5A) are both required for androstenedione production. However, previous studies demonstrated the expression of HSD3B2 within the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and fasciculata (ZF) but low levels in the zona reticularis. In contrast, CYB5A expression increases in the zona reticularis (ZR) in human adrenal glands. Although their colocalization has been reported in gonadal theca and Leydig cells this has not been studied in the human adrenal. Therefore, we immonolocalized HSD3B2 and CYB5A in normal human adrenal glands and first demonstrated their co-expression in the cortical cells located at the border between the ZF and ZR in normal human adrenal. Results of in vitro studies using the human adrenal H295R cells treated with the HSD3B2 inhibitor, trilostane, also demonstrated a markedly decreased androstenedione production. Decreasing CYB5A mRNA using its corresponding siRNA also resulted in significant inhibition of androstenedione production in the H295R cells. These findings together indicate that there are a group of cells co-expressing HSD3B2 and CYB5A with hybrid features of both ZF and ZR in human adrenal cortex, and these hybrid cortical cells may play an important role in androstenedione production in human adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Haider SM, Patel JS, Poojari CS, Neidle S. Molecular modeling on inhibitor complexes and active-site dynamics of cytochrome P450 C17, a target for prostate cancer therapy. J Mol Biol 2010; 400:1078-98. [PMID: 20595043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A molecular model for the P450 enzyme cytochrome P450 C17 (CYP17) is presented based on sequence alignments of multiple template structures and homology modeling. This enzyme plays a central role in the biosynthesis of testosterone and is emerging as a major target in prostate cancer, with the recently developed inhibitor abiraterone currently in advanced clinical trials. The model is described in detail, together with its validation, by providing structural explanations to available site-directed mutagenesis data. The CYP17 molecule in this model is in the form of a triangular prism, with an edge of approximately 55 A and a thickness of approximately 37 A. It is predominantly helical, comprising 13 alpha helices interspersed by six 3(10) helices and 11 beta-sheets. Multinanosecond molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent have been carried out, and principal components analysis has been used to reveal the details of dynamics around the active site. Coarse-grained methods have also been used to verify low-frequency motions, which have been correlated with active-site gating. The work also describes the results of docking synthetic inhibitors, including the drug abiraterone and the natural substrate pregnenolone, in the CYP17 active site together with molecular dynamics simulations on the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozeb M Haider
- CRUK Biomolecular Structure Group, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Goodson JL, Evans AK, Soma KK. Neural responses to aggressive challenge correlate with behavior in nonbreeding sparrows. Neuroreport 2005; 16:1719-23. [PMID: 16189485 PMCID: PMC2596666 DOI: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000183898.47160.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted on captive male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) during the nonbreeding season in order to (1) examine Fos and Zenk responses of basal forebrain sites to simulated territorial intrusion and (2) determine how those responses relate to aggression. Numerous forebrain areas showed significant Fos and Zenk responses to simulated territorial intrusion, and in several areas of the hypothalamus and lateral septum, these responses were negatively correlated with aggressive behavior. Homologous areas in mammals show greater responses in subordinate subjects than in dominant subjects. Thus, these brain areas may be responsive to social stressors across a wide range of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Goodson
- Psychology Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.
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Müller-Vieira U, Angotti M, Hartmann RW. The adrenocortical tumor cell line NCI-H295R as an in vitro screening system for the evaluation of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and CYP11B1 (steroid-11beta-hydroxylase) inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 96:259-70. [PMID: 15985365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone plays a key role in salt and water homeostasis but is also involved in the development and progression of congestive heart failure and myocardial fibrosis. As a new pharmacological strategy for the treatment of these diseases, we propose the inhibition of the key enzyme of mineralcorticoid formation, CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase). For studies of the effects of CYP11B2 inhibitors on the adrenal cortex, we selected the NCI-H295R cell line which expresses most of the key enzymes necessary for steroidogenesis. To evaluate this cell line as a test system for effects and side effects of CYP inhibitors, we established assays using radiolabeled substrates of CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 and subsequently tested a series of CYP11B2 inhibitors including the CYP19 inhibitor fadrozole. Fadrozole and compounds 6, 9 and 10 were more potent towards CYP11B2 compared to CYP11B1 with IC(50) values in the nanomolar range. To analyze their overall effect, the formation of steroids in the cell culture supernatant was monitored. All compounds led to a concentration-dependent reduction of the aldosterone secretion but also reduced the formation of cortisol and androgens. In conclusion, the H295R cell line is a suitable tool for the prediction of overall side effects of CYP11B2 inhibitors on steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Müller-Vieira
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken D-66041, Germany
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Haidar S, Ehmer PB, Barassin S, Batzl-Hartmann C, Hartmann RW. Effects of novel 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17, 20-lyase (P450 17, CYP 17) inhibitors on androgen biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 84:555-62. [PMID: 12767280 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(03)00070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aiming at the development of new drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer, the effects of steroidal compounds and one non-steroidal substance on androgen biosynthesis were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Sa 40 [17-(5-pyrimidyl)androsta-5,16-diene-3beta-ol], its 3-acetyl derivate Sa 41 and BW 19 [3,4-dihydro-2-(4-imidazolylmethyl)-6-methoxy-1-methyl-naphthalene] are compounds from our group, which have been developed as inhibitors of CYP 17 (17alpha-hydroxylase-C17, 20-lyase, the key enzyme in androgen biosynthesis). They have been compared with CB 7598 [abiraterone: 17-(3-pyridyl)androsta-5,16-diene-3beta-ol], its 3-acetyl compound CB 7630 and ketoconazole, compounds which already have been used clinically. The most potent compound toward human CYP 17 (testicular microsomes) was Sa 40 (IC(50) value of 24 nM), followed by Sa 41, CB 7598, BW 19, CB 7630 and ketoconazole. Sa 40 shows a type II difference spectrum and a non-competitive type of inhibition (K(i) value of 16 nM). No recovery of enzyme activity was observed after preincubation of CYP 17 with Sa 40 and subsequent charcoal treatment. In Escherichia coli cells coexpressing human CYP 17 and NADPH-P450 reductase, Sa 40 was more active than CB 7598 and BW 19, whereas the acetyl compounds were not active. The latter three compounds were equally active towards rat CYP 17. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered daily for 14 days BW 19 and the acetyl derivatives Sa 41 and CB 7630 as prodrugs (0.1 mmol/kg intraperitoneally). The test compounds strongly reduced plasma testosterone concentration, as well as prostate and seminal vesicles weights. They showed moderate inhibitory effects on the weights of levator ani, bulbocavernosus and testes, whereas they led to an increase in adrenal and pituitary weights. The only exception was BW 19 which did not change pituitary weights. Based on its superiority on the human enzyme, it was concluded that Sa 40 in its 3beta-acetate form (Sa 41) could be a promising candidate for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Haidar
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, D-66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Johansson MK, Sanderson JT, Lund BO. Effects of 3-MeSO2-DDE and some CYP inhibitors on glucocorticoid steroidogenesis in the H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2002; 16:113-21. [PMID: 11869873 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(01)00111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of steroids in the H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line was analysed by HPLC or RIA, and based on these data the apparent catalytic activities of CYP11A, CYP17, CYP21 and CYP11B1 in this cell line were calculated. The environmental pollutant 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE (3-MeSO2-DDE) and the cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors ketoconazole, metyrapone and aminoglutethimide were studied for their effects on the steroid formation. Metyrapone (IC50) of 1 microM) and 3-MeSO2-DDE (10 microM: 66 +/- 10% of control) were found to inhibit the apparent CYP11B1 activity. Ketoconazole inhibited all enzymes examined with the greatest effects on CYP11B1 (IC50) of 2.5 microM). Aminoglutethimide was examined only for effects on CYP11A activity and was shown to inhibit pregnenolone formation (20 microM: 61 +/- 4% of control). The possibility of studying all CYP enzymes in the corticosteroidogenesis makes this cell line a valuable test system to examine effects of chemicals, such as suspected endocrine disruptors, on the human glucocorticoid hormone synthesis. The inhibition of cortisol formation by 3-MeSO2-DDE supports an interaction with the active site of CYP11B1, as previously reported in mouse adrenocortical Y1 cells. In mice, this interaction led to metabolic activation and a high adrenotoxicity of 3-MeSO2-DDE. Therefore studies on the adrenotoxicity of 3-MeSO2-DDE in humans are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Johansson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyv. 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hartmann RW, Ehmer PB, Haidar S, Hector M, Jose J, Klein CDP, Seidel SB, Sergejew TF, Wachall BG, Wächter GA, Zhuang Y. Inhibition of CYP 17, a new strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2002; 335:119-28. [PMID: 12112031 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4184(200204)335:4<119::aid-ardp119>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are growth factors for approximately 80 percent of all prostate cancers. Suppressing androgen biosynthesis is therefore an important therapeutic strategy in order to inhibit tumor growth. Unfortunately, the drugs currently applied to lower androgen levels only affect testicular androgen production. Since androgens are also synthesized in the adrenal glands, tumor stimulation cannot be blocked completely. A new therapeutic target, CYP 17 (P450 17, 17alpha-hydroxylase-C17, C20 lyase), is likely to improve this situation. CYP 17 is a P450 enzyme and catalyzes the last step of androgen biosynthesis in both testes and adrenals. Inhibition of this enzyme will therefore result in a complete block of androgen production. This paper gives an overview of the current situation in this novel field of drug research and focuses on the development of steroidal and non-steroidal inhibitors of CYP 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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