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Gardhouse S, Beaufrere H, Hawkins MG, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Jajou S, Paul Murphy J. Evaluation of Oral Transmucosal Administration of Pentobarbital for Euthanasia of Conscious Wild Birds. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023; 26:4-14. [PMID: 33843357 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1911655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This prospective study evaluated oral transmucosal pentobarbital sodium at three doses in 110 wild-caught wild birds requiring euthanasia. Birds received transmucosal pentobarbital at five (430 mg/kg), six (516 mg/kg), and seven times (602 mg/kg) the intravenous dose for mammals. Time to first effects and loss of consciousness, presence of pupillary light and corneal reflexes, apnea, and asystole were recorded each minute. When asystole was not achieved at 5 minutes, IV pentobarbital was administered. Combining data for all doses, loss of consciousness occurred at a median (range) of 2 minutes (0-4.75 min), apnea at 3 minutes (0-6 min), and asystole at 4 minutes (0.5-5 min). Loss of consciousness and apnea occurred significantly faster in the 602 mg/kg dose group than in the 430 mg/kg group (p = 0.009, difference of 0.6 ± 0.2 min; p = 0.024, difference of 0.7 ± 0.3 min), respectively. Apnea and asystole were achieved in 80/110 birds within 5 minutes. Oral transmucosal pentobarbital results in rapid loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest and provides a reliable alternative euthanasia method compared to intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gardhouse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Hugues Beaufrere
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle G Hawkins
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Jajou
- Health Sciences Center, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Paul Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Zainab Muhsan A, Ali Khalaf A. Histological Study for Median lethal Dose (LD50) of Eucalyptus Oil Administrated Orally in ( Mice mus musculus). BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus oil is used in a wide range of medicinal and other uses, and the current study aims to estimate the median lethal dose LD50 of eucalyptus oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and estimate the pathological effect of eucalyptus oil in mice. Eucalyptus oil was obtained in the study by extracting the leaves of the plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis using hydrodistillation. Toxicity testing was performed by dividing mice into groups that you treated with different doses of eucalyptus oil 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 mg/kg. The current study showed that the average lethal dose, the LD50, was 1820 mg/kg. The study suggested the emergence of clinical signs in mice when consuming eucalyptus oil in high doses, such as slow movement, suffocation, and convulsion, compared with the control group and the group that administered a lower dose, It was observed that high doses of eucalyptus oil could cause damage to the lung, liver, kidneys, and heart, as the lung was the organ most affected by the oil, followed by the liver, kidneys, and then the heart, and it was less affected by eucalyptus oil, and this indicates that eucalyptus oil, when administered orally in high doses, causes clear toxicity effects. Eucalyptus oil is a safe medicine for external use.
Keywords. Eucalyptus oil, LD50; Administrated; Lung; Liver; Heart; Kidney; Mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Ali Khalaf
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
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3
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Brunt MW, Améndola L, Weary DM. Attitudes of laboratory animal professionals and researchers towards carbon dioxide euthanasia for rodents and perceived barriers to change. Lab Anim 2021; 55:531-539. [PMID: 34192967 PMCID: PMC8669199 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211025166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that carbon dioxide (CO2) induces negative affective states (including anxiety, fear and distress) in laboratory rodents, but many countries still accept it for euthanasia. Alternative methods (e.g. inhalant anaesthetic) may represent a refinement over CO2 but are not widely adopted. We conducted an online survey of Canadian and European laboratory animal professionals and researchers (n = 592) to assess their attitudes towards the use of CO2 and alternative methods for rodent euthanasia using quantitative 7-point scale (from 1 (= strongly oppose) to 7 (= strongly favour) and qualitative (open-ended text) responses. CO2 was identified as the most common method used to kill rodents, and attitudes towards this method were variable and on average ambivalent (mean ± SD score on our 7-point scale was 4.4 ± 1.46). Qualitative analysis revealed four themes relating to participant attitude: (a) the animal’s experience during gas exposure; (b) practical considerations for humans; (c) compromise between the animal’s experience and practical considerations; and (d) technical description of the procedure or policies. Many participants (51%) felt that there were alternatives available that could be considered an improvement over CO2, but perceived barriers to implementing these refinements. Qualitative analysis of these responses revealed five themes: (a) financial constraints; (b) institutional culture; (c) regulatory constraints; (d) research constraints; and (e) safety concerns. In conclusion, concerns regarding the use of CO2 often focused on the animal’s experience, but barriers to alternatives related to operational limitations. New research is now required on to how best to overcome these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Brunt
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lucia Améndola
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Canada
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Nichols KE, Holliday-White KL, Bogie HM, Swearingen KM, Fine MS, Doyle J, Tiesma SR. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Responses to Carbon Dioxide Euthanasia in Conscious and Anesthetized Rats. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:742-749. [PMID: 32873368 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Euthanasia is a necessary component in research and must be conducted humanely. Currently, regulated CO₂ exposure in conscious rats is acceptable, but data are divided on whether CO₂ alone is more distressing than anesthesia prior to CO₂. To evaluate distress in rats, we compared physiologic responses to CO₂ euthanasia with and without isoflurane preanesthesia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with telemetry devices to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and blood glucose. Animals recovered for 2 wk and were then exposed to either 5% isoflurane (n = 6) or 100% CO₂ (n = 7; calculated 30% chamber volume/min displacement) in their home cages to induce loss of consciousness. Euthanasia was then completed with CO₂ in both groups. MAP and HR increased when the gas delivery lids were placed on the home cages of both groups. Both MAP and HR gradually decreased with isoflurane exposure. MAP increased and HR decreased with CO₂ exposure. Glucose levels remained stable throughout the procedure, except for a small drop in conscious animals initially exposed to 100% CO₂. These data suggest that both gases affect the measured parameters in a similar manner, and that environmental factors, such as gas delivery lid placement, also change these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Nichols
- Surgical Services, Data Sciences International, St Paul, Minnesota;,
| | | | - Heather M Bogie
- Surgical Services, Data Sciences International, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kim M Swearingen
- Surgical Services, Data Sciences International, St Paul, Minnesota; Envigo, Denver, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan S Fine
- Surgical Services, Data Sciences International, St Paul, Minnesota; Boston Scientific, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer Doyle
- Data Services, Data Sciences International, St Paul, Minnesota
| | - Scott R Tiesma
- Marketing, Data Sciences International, St Paul, Minnesota; Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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5
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Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize evidence regarding rat emotional experiences during carbon dioxide (CO2) exposure. The studies reviewed show that CO2 exposure is aversive to rats, and that rats respond to CO2 exposure with active and passive defense behaviors. Plasma corticosterone and bradycardia increased in rats exposed to CO2. As with anxiogenic drugs, responses to CO2 are counteracted by the administration of anxiolytics, SRIs, and SSRI's. Human studies reviewed indicate that, when inhaling CO2, humans experience feelings of anxiety fear and panic, and that administration of benzodiazepines, serotonin precursors, and SSRIs ameliorate these feelings. In vivo and in vitro rat studies reviewed show that brain regions, ion channels, and neurotransmitters involved in negative emotional responses are activated by hypercapnia and acidosis associated with CO2 exposure. On the basis of the behavioral, physiological, and neurobiological evidence reviewed, we conclude that CO2 elicits negative emotions in rats.
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Turner PV, Hickman DL, van Luijk J, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Sargeant JM, Kurosawa TM, Agui T, Baumans V, Choi WS, Choi YK, Flecknell PA, Lee BH, Otaegui PJ, Pritchett-Corning KR, Shimada K. Welfare Impact of Carbon Dioxide Euthanasia on Laboratory Mice and Rats: A Systematic Review. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:411. [PMID: 32793645 PMCID: PMC7387666 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been increased concern about the suitability of CO2 as a method for euthanasia of laboratory mice and rats, including the potential discomfort, pain or distress that animals may experience prior to loss of consciousness; time to loss of consciousness; best methods for use of CO2; and the availability of better alternatives. These discussions have been useful in providing new information, but have resulted in significant confusion regarding the acceptability of CO2 for rodent euthanasia. In some cases, researchers and veterinarians have become uncertain as to which techniques to recommend or use for euthanasia of laboratory mice and rats. Methods: The International Association of Colleges of Laboratory Animal Medicine (IACLAM) convened a taskforce to examine the evidence for adverse welfare indicators in laboratory rats and mice undergoing CO2 euthanasia using a SYRCLE-registered systematic review protocol. Of 3,772 papers identified through a database search (PubMed, Web of Science, CAB Direct, Agricola, and grey literature) from 1900 to 2017, 37 studies were identified for detailed review (some including more than one species or age group), including 15 in adult mice, 21 in adult rats, and 5 in neonates of both species. Experiments or reports were excluded if they only assessed parameters other than those directly affecting animal welfare during CO2 induction and/or euthanasia. Results: Study design and outcome measures were highly variable and there was an unclear to high risk of bias in many of the published studies. Changes in the outcome measures evaluated were inconsistent or poorly differentiated. It is likely that repeated exposures to carbon dioxide inhalation are aversive to adult rats and mice, based on avoidance behavior studies; however, this effect is largely indistinguishable from aversion induced by repeated exposures to other inhalant anesthetic gasses. Conclusion: There is insufficient evidence to permit an unbiased assessment of the effect of CO2 inhalation during euthanasia on welfare indicators in laboratory mice and rats. Additional well-designed, unbiased, and adequately powered studies are needed to accurately assess the welfare of laboratory mice and rats undergoing euthanasia via CO2 gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia V. Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River, Wilmington, MA, United States
| | - Debra L. Hickman
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Judith van Luijk
- Department of Health Evidence, SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory Experimentation (SYRCLE), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga
- Department of Health Evidence, SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory Experimentation (SYRCLE), Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - T. Miki Kurosawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Vera Baumans
- Department of Animals, Science and Society, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Woo Sung Choi
- National New Drug Development Cluster, Woojung Bio, Suwon-si, South Korea
| | - Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul A. Flecknell
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Byeong H. Lee
- Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Pedro J. Otaegui
- Laboratory Animal Facilities, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kathleen R. Pritchett-Corning
- Office of Animal Resources, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Keisuke Shimada
- Animal Resource Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Shomer NH, Allen-Worthington KH, Hickman DL, Jonnalagadda M, Newsome JT, Slate AR, Valentine H, Williams AM, Wilkinson M. Review of Rodent Euthanasia Methods. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:242-253. [PMID: 32138808 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The optimal choice of euthanasia method for laboratory rodents depends on a number of factors, including the scientific goals of the study, the need to minimize animal pain and/or distress, applicable guidelines and laws, the training and proficiency of personnel, and the safety and emotional needs of the personnel performing the euthanasia. This manuscript aims to provide guidance to researchers so they may select the method of euthanasia that results in minimal experimental confounds, such as the creation of artifact and alteration of tissues and analytes. Specific situations addressed include euthanasia of large numbers of rodents and euthanasia of neonates. Recent literature supports the notion of significant strain-dependent differences in response to euthanasia methods such as CO₂ inhalation. To assist researchers in selecting a strain-appropriate method of euthanasia, the authors present a summary of methodologies for assessing the effectiveness of euthanasia techniques, including elements and parameters for a scoring rubric to assess them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirah H Shomer
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri;,
| | | | - Debra L Hickman
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mahesh Jonnalagadda
- Laboratory Animal Medical Services, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Joseph T Newsome
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea R Slate
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helen Valentine
- Division of Animal Resources, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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8
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Améndola L, Weary DM. Evidence for consistent individual differences in rat sensitivity to carbon dioxide. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215808. [PMID: 31017958 PMCID: PMC6481838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) gradual-fill is commonly used to kill laboratory rats, but this use remains controversial due to a lack of agreement between studies. Inconsistencies may arise from differences in behaviors measured (e.g. active versus passive behaviors), in how rats cope with threats, or in rat sensitivity to CO2. The aims of the current study were to 1) describe active and passive responses during CO2 forced exposure, 2) determine if these responses are consistent within individuals and across aversive stimuli, 3) assess individual differences in aversion to CO2 in aversion-avoidance and approach-avoidance tests and 4) determine how responses in aversion tests relate to individual differences in behavior during forced exposure. Twelve Sprague Dawley female rats were exposed twice to three treatments: CO2, oxygen (O2), and fox scent, and were exposed to CO2 twice in each aversion test. The change in behavior from baseline was higher for rearing and locomotion when rats were exposed to CO2 than when exposed to O2 and fox scent. Responses varied among rats but were consistent across multiple tests within rats. For example, rearing was consistent within individuals between two exposures to CO2. Similarly, the strength of aversion was consistent within individuals across multiple exposures to CO2 in aversion-avoidance and approach-avoidance testing. Latency to avoid CO2 in aversion-avoidance tests was negatively correlated with rearing during CO2 forced exposure. Collectively, these results indicate that rat responses to CO2 vary between (but are consistent within) individuals, suggesting that rats vary in CO2 sensitivity. However, even the less responsive rats avoided CO2 concentrations far below those necessary to achieve unconsciousness, indicating that all rats likely experience negative states when euthanized with CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Améndola
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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9
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Franco NH, Olsson IAS. “How Sick Must Your Mouse Be?” — An Analysis of the Use of Animal Models in Huntington's Disease Research. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 40:271-83. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291204000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno H. Franco
- IBMC — Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (Laboratory Animal Science Group), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I. Anna S. Olsson
- IBMC — Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (Laboratory Animal Science Group), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Fractionated whole body gamma irradiation modulates the hepatic response in type II diabetes of high fat diet model rats. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:2273-2283. [PMID: 30747384 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HFD animals were exposed to a low rate of different fractionated whole body gamma irradiation doses (0.5, 1 and 2 Gy, three fractions per week for two consecutive months) and the expression of certain genes involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in livers and brains of HFD Wistar rats was investigated. Additionally, levels of diabetes-related proteins encoded by the studied genes were analyzed. Results indicated that mRNA level of incretin glucagon like peptite-1 receptor (GLP-1R) was augmented in livers and brains exposed to 1 and 2 Gy doses. Moreover, the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 (UCP2/3) expressions in animals fed on HFD compared to those fed on normal chow diet were significantly increased at all applied doses. GLP-1R and UCP3 protein levels were up regulated in livers. Total protein content increased at 0.5 and 1 Gy gamma irradiation exposure and returned to its normal level at 2 Gy dose. Results could be an indicator of type 2 diabetes delayed development during irradiation exposure and support the importance of GLP-1R as a target gene in radiotherapy against T2DM and its chronic complications. A new hypothesis of brain-liver and intestine interface is speculated by which an increase in the hepatic GLP-1R is influenced by the effect of fractionated whole body gamma irradiation.
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Khalil A, Omran H, Alsheikh F. Balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in livers of high fat diet rats exposed to fractionated gamma irradiation. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:741. [PMID: 30340629 PMCID: PMC6194628 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In this work, the effects of irradiation and high fat diet (HFD) intake have been examined in Wistar rat livers. HFD Wistar rats were exposed three times per week for 2 months to three different doses (0.5, 1, and 2 Gy) of a fractionated whole body gamma irradiation (FWBGI). Hepatic mRNA of these rats was evaluated for five cytokines, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, CRP and IL10. In addition, some critical protein levels were evaluated. Results Results demonstrated that FWBGI was able to omit the inflammatory state already induced by the HFD through the depression of all pro-inflammatory genes. In addition, TNFα/IL10 IL1β/IL10, IL6/IL10 and CRP/IL10 ratios were less than 1 at all studied irradiation doses. IL6/IL10 ratio (mRNA and protein) was the best that represented an anti-inflammatory state with all used doses. Results could be of great importance in liver radiotherapy in HFD animal models and may give indicators about the inflammatory state improvement during FWBGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Khalil
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box: 6091, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic.
| | - Hasan Omran
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box: 6091, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Fatima Alsheikh
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Human Nutrition Laboratory, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box: 6091, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
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12
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Hermann R, Mestre Cordero VE, Fernández Pazos MDLM, Reznik FJ, Vélez DE, Savino EA, Marina Prendes MG, Varela A. Differential effects of AMP-activated protein kinase in isolated rat atria subjected to simulated ischemia-reperfusion depending on the energetic substrates available. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:367-383. [PMID: 29032506 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine-threonine kinase that functions primarily as a metabolic sensor to coordinate anabolic and catabolic processes in the cell, via phosphorylation of multiple proteins involved in metabolic pathways, aimed to re-establish energy homeostasis at a cell-autonomous level. Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion represents a metabolic stress situation for myocytes. Whether AMPK plays a critical role in the metabolic and functional responses involved in these conditions remains uncertain. In this study, in order to gain a deeper insight into the role of endogenous AMPK activation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, we explored the effects of the pharmacological inhibition of AMPK on contractile function rat, contractile reserve, tissue lactate production, tissue ATP content, and cellular viability. For this aim, isolated atria subjected to simulated 75 min ischemia-75 min reperfusion (Is-Rs) in the presence or absence of the pharmacological inhibitor of AMPK (compound C) were used. Since in most clinical situations of ischemia-reperfusion the heart is exposed to high levels of fatty acids, the influence of palmitate present in the incubation medium was also investigated. The present results suggest that AMPK activity significantly increases during Is, remaining activated during Rs. The results support that intrinsic activation of AMPK has functional protective effects in the reperfused atria when glucose is the only available energetic substrate whereas it is deleterious when palmitate is also available. Cellular viability was not affected by either of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Hermann
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Victoria Evangelina Mestre Cordero
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María de Las Mercedes Fernández Pazos
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Joaquín Reznik
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Débora Elisabet Vélez
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrique Alberto Savino
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Marina Prendes
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Varela
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Briceño C, Surot D, González-Acuña D, Martínez FJ, Fredes F. Parasitic survey on introduced monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Santiago, Chile. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:129-135. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Central Chile has been identified as a unique ecosystem with high conservation priority because of its high levels of endemism and intensive anthropic pressure. Over a period of almost four decades, the monk parakeet has been successful in establishing and dispersing in urban Santiago, although little is known about its potential impact. Furthermore, nothing is known about its epidemiological risks towards animals or even humans. For this reason, we conducted the first parasitic survey of monk parakeets in Chile through capture, necropsy and thorough external and internal inspection of 92 adult individuals. Among these, 45.7% presented lice that were identified as Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatum, 1.1% had mesostigmatid acari and 8.9% had free-ranging acari. Among 89 parakeets, 19.1% had structures identified as Cryptosporidium sp. This study provides the first description of Cryptosporidium sp. in monk parakeets. Along with the presence of a mesostigmatid acarus in one parakeet, this serves as a public health warning, given that both of these parasites have zoonotic potential.
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Neurochemical Changes Associated with Stress-Induced Sleep Disturbance in Rats: In Vivo and In Vitro Measurements. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153346. [PMID: 27078855 PMCID: PMC4831675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to quantitatively assess the changes in the cerebral neurochemical profile and to identify those factors that contribute to the alteration of endogenous biomolecules when rats are subjected to stress-induced sleep disturbance. We exposed Sprague-Dawley rats (controls: n = 9; stress-induced sleep perturbation rats: n = 11) to a psychological stressor (cage exchange method) to achieve stress-induced sleep perturbation. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging assessments were carried out using a high-resolution 9.4 T system. For in vivo neurochemical analysis, a single voxel was localized in the right dorsal hippocampal region, and in vivo spectra were quantified for 17 cerebral neurochemical signals. Rats were sacrificed upon completion of the magnetic resonance spectroscopy protocol, and whole-brain tissue was harvested from twenty subjects. The dopamine and serotonin signals were obtained by performing in vitro liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on the harvested tissue. In the right dorsal hippocampal region, the gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) and glutamine (Gln) concentrations were significantly higher in the sleep-perturbed rats than in the sham controls. The ratios of Gln/Glu (glutamate), Gln/tCr (total-creatine), and GABA/Glu were also significantly higher in the sleep-perturbed group, while serotonin concentrations were significantly lower in the sleep-perturbed rats. Pearson correlation results among individual rat data indicate that concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) were significantly higher in SSP rats. A larger correlation coefficient was also observed for the SSP rats. Analysis of the correlation between the in vivo and in vitro signals indicated that the concentrations of Gln, 5-HT, and DA exhibited a significant negative correlation in the SSP rat data but not in that of control rats. The authors propose that the altered and correlated GABA, Gln, 5-HT, and DA concentrations/ratios could be considered key markers of neurological function in animal models of stress-induced sleep perturbation.
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Sadler LJ, Hagen CD, Wang C, Widowski TM, Johnson AK, Millman ST. Effects of flow rate and gas mixture on the welfare of weaned and neonate pigs during gas euthanasia1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:793-805. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Sadler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - C. D. Hagen
- Value-Added Science and Technologies (VAST), Mason City, IA 50401
| | - C. Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - T. M. Widowski
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A. K. Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S. T. Millman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
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Novotný L, Misík J, Karasová J, Kuča K, Bajgar J. Influence of different ways of euthanasia on the activity of cholinesterases in the rat. J Appl Biomed 2009. [DOI: 10.32725/jab.2009.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Lawrance CC, Lucas EA, Clarke SL, Smith BJ, Kuvibidila S. Differential effects of isoflurane and CO2 inhalation on plasma levels of inflammatory markers associated with collagen-induced arthritis in DBA mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:807-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Reed B, Varon J, Chait BT, Kreek MJ. Carbon dioxide-induced anesthesia results in a rapid increase in plasma levels of vasopressin. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2934-9. [PMID: 19213839 PMCID: PMC2689799 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Brief anesthesia, such as after exposure to high levels of carbon dioxide, prior to decapitation is considered a more humane alternative for the euthanasia of rodents, compared with use of decapitation alone. Studies of the levels of certain stress hormones in plasma such as corticosterone and ACTH have supported the use of this method of euthanasia in endocrinological and molecular studies. In the current study, rats were briefly exposed to a chamber filled with carbon dioxide until recumbent (20-25 sec), immediately killed via decapitation, and trunk blood collected; findings were compared with rats killed via decapitation with no exposure to carbon dioxide. RIAs were used to measure arginine vasopressin (AVP) and ACTH immunoreactivity (ir) in plasma. Whereas ACTH-ir levels remained steady after brief exposure to carbon dioxide (in accordance with results of other investigators), AVP-ir levels were increased by more than an order of magnitude. These results were confirmed by quantitative capillary-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, indicating this observation of rapid increase in plasma AVP-ir levels is not due to nonspecific recognition by the antibody used in the RIA. Likewise, using capillary-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we observed a rapid increase in plasma oxytocin levels after carbon dioxide exposure. These surprising findings have important implications for the design and interpretation of studies involving brief carbon dioxide exposure prior to decapitation as well as those with euthanasia resulting from carbon dioxide-induced asphyxiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reed
- Laboratories of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Gaseous Ion Chemistry and MassSpectrometry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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Gas killing of rats: the effect of supplemental oxygen on aversion to carbon dioxide. Anim Welf 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600032012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHigh concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), used for killing laboratory rodents, are known to be more strongly aversive to rats than sweet food items are attractive. This study investigated whether the maintenance of a high oxygen (O2) concentration, using a gas mixture of 70% CO2 and 30% O2, would reduce aversion to CO2 during a gradual-fill procedure. Eight male Wistar rats, aged 10 months, were housed individually in an apparatus consisting of two cages, one higher than the other and joined by a tube. In a series of trials, subjects entered the lower cage for a reward of 20 sweet food items. The gas was turned on at the moment the rat started eating the reward items and flowed into the lower cage at a fixed rate. There were four treatments: 1) 100% CO2 at 14.5% cage volume min–1; 2) gas mixture at 14.5% min–1; 3) gas mixture at 21.0% min–1, which delivered CO2 at approximately 14.5% min–1 and 4) air, with each subject tested with each treatment four times. Measures of willingness to stay and eat in the lower cage (latency to stop eating, latency to leave and the number of reward items eaten) were much lower in all three gas treatments than in air, indicating that the CO2 and the CO2 + O2 mixture were both more strongly aversive than sweet food items were attractive. Comparing the gas mixture with 100% CO2, the latency to leave and the number of reward items eaten were slightly higher in the CO2 + O2 mixture at 21% min–1 than in CO2 at 14.5% min–1, indicating that the addition of O2 slightly reduced the aversiveness of CO2 in the gradual-fill procedure. This reduction is not enough to warrant recommending the use of CO2 + O2 mixtures for killing rats.
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21
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Behavioural responses of rats to gradual-fill carbon dioxide euthanasia and reduced oxygen concentrations. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kingston SK, Dussault CA, Zaidlicz RS, Faltas NH, Geib ME, Taylor S, Holt T, Porter-Spalding BA. Evaluation of two methods for mass euthanasia of poultry in disease outbreaks. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:730-8. [PMID: 16178394 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Kingston
- USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Animal Care and Veterinary Services, 920 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Assessment of the aversion of hens to different gas atmospheres using an approach-avoidance test. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Measurement of aversion to determine humane methods of anaesthesia and euthanasia. Anim Welf 2004. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600014408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe distress experienced by animals during the induction of unconsciousness remains one of the most important and yet overlooked aspects of effective methods of anaesthesia and euthanasia. Here we show that considerable differences exist in the aversive responses elicited by 12 common methods of inhalational anaesthesia and euthanasia in laboratory rats and mice. Carbon dioxide, either alone or in combination with oxygen or argon, was found to be highly aversive to both species. The least aversive agents were halothane in rats and enflurane in mice. Exposing these animals to carbon dioxide in any form, either for anaesthesia or for euthanasia, is likely to cause considerable pain and distress and is therefore unacceptable when efficient and more humane alternatives are readily available.
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Mayevsky A, Barbiro-Michaely E, Ligeti L, MacLaughlin AC. Effects of euthanasia on brain physiological activities monitored in real-time. Neurol Res 2002; 24:647-51. [PMID: 12392199 DOI: 10.1179/016164102101200690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Animal experimentation is terminated by the euthanasia procedure in order to avoid pain and minimize suffering. Very little is known about the real time physiological changes taking place in the brain of animals during the euthanasia. Since there is no way to evaluate the suffering of animals under euthanasia, it is assumed that objective physiological changes taking place could serve as a good way to compare various types of euthanasia procedures. In the present study we compared the effect of euthanasia induced by i. v. injection of concentrated KCL to that of Taxan T-61 (a standard mixture used by veterinarians). The responses of the cat brain were evaluated by monitoring the hemodynamic (CBF), metabolic (NADH redox state), electrical (EcoG) and extracellular ion levels, as an indicator to the ionic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Mayevsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Leach MC, Bowell VA, Allan TF, Morton DB. Degrees of aversion shown by rats and mice to different concentrations of inhalational anaesthetics. Vet Rec 2002; 150:808-15. [PMID: 12120924 DOI: 10.1136/vr.150.26.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The distress associated with the induction of anaesthesia with halothane, isoflurane, enflurane and carbon dioxide was investigated in rats and mice by measuring the level of aversion they displayed on exposure to low, medium and high concentrations of these agents. The animals were exposed to each agent in a test chamber containing air or gas mixtures, which they were able to enter and leave at will, and the level of aversion was assessed in terms of the initial withdrawal and total dwelling times in the chamber. Comparisons between the anaesthetic and air-control treatments indicated that concentrations of the agents recommended for the rapid and efficient induction of anaesthesia were associated with some degree of aversion. Carbon dioxide was by far the most aversive gas for both rats and mice, with the least aversive being halothane for rats, and halothane and enflurane for mice. With all the anaesthetics, the level of aversion increased as the concentration increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Leach
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston
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Jenkins ES, Gray S, Combes RD. Mutagenesis screens: can they be justified? Altern Lab Anim 2001; 29:63-8. [PMID: 11178570 DOI: 10.1177/026119290102900106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E S Jenkins
- FRAME, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
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Evans GO, Smith DEC. Leucocyte values in rats and mice following carbon dioxide euthanasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00235378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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