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Abou Elkassem AM, Lo SS, Gunn AJ, Shuch BM, Dewitt-Foy ME, Abouassaly R, Vaidya SS, Clark JI, Louie AV, Siva S, Grosu AL, Smith AD. Role of Imaging in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Radiographics 2021; 41:1387-1407. [PMID: 34270355 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the expansion in cross-sectional imaging over the past few decades, there has been an increase in the number of incidentally detected renal masses and an increase in the incidence of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). The complete characterization of an indeterminate renal mass on CT or MR images is challenging, and the authors provide a critical review of the best imaging methods and essential, important, and optional reporting elements used to describe the indeterminate renal mass. While surgical staging remains the standard of care for RCC, the role of renal mass CT or MRI in staging RCC is reviewed, specifically with reference to areas that may be overlooked at imaging such as detection of invasion through the renal capsule or perirenal (Gerota) fascia. Treatment options for localized RCC are expanding, and a multidisciplinary group of experts presents an overview of the role of advanced medical imaging in surgery, percutaneous ablation, transarterial embolization, active surveillance, and stereotactic body radiation therapy. Finally, the arsenal of treatments for advanced renal cancer continues to grow to improve response to therapy while limiting treatment side effects. Imaging findings are important in deciding the best treatment options and to monitor response to therapy. However, evaluating response has increased in complexity. The unique imaging findings associated with antiangiogenic targeted therapy and immunotherapy are discussed. An invited commentary by Remer is available online. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asser M Abou Elkassem
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Simon S Lo
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Andrew J Gunn
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Brian M Shuch
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Molly E Dewitt-Foy
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Robert Abouassaly
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Sandeep S Vaidya
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Joseph I Clark
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Alexander V Louie
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Shankar Siva
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Anca-Ligia Grosu
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
| | - Andrew D Smith
- From the Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St S, JTN 452, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830 (A.M.A.E., A.J.G., A.D.S.); Department of Radiation Oncology (S.S.L.) and Department of Radiology (S.S.V.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, Calif (B.M.S.); Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (M.E.D.F., R.A.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill (J.I.C.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.V.L.); Division of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.S.); and Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (A.L.G.)
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Guo J, Ma J, Sun Y, Qin S, Ye D, Zhou F, He Z, Sheng X, Bi F, Cao D, Chen Y, Huang Y, Liang H, Liang J, Liu J, Liu W, Pan Y, Shu Y, Song X, Wang W, Wang X, Wu X, Xie X, Yao X, Yu S, Zhang Y, Zhou A. Chinese guidelines on the management of renal cell carcinoma (2015 edition). ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:279. [PMID: 26697439 PMCID: PMC4671863 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Guo
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jianhui Ma
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan Sun
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shukui Qin
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fangjian Zhou
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhisong He
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinan Sheng
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Feng Bi
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yingxia Chen
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Houjie Liang
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jun Liang
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenchao Liu
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yueyin Pan
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yongqian Shu
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin Song
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Weibo Wang
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiuwen Wang
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoan Wu
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin Yao
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shiying Yu
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yanqiao Zhang
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Aiping Zhou
- 1 Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China ; 2 Cancer Institute & Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China ; 3 People's Liberation Army (PLA) 81 Hospital, Nanjing 210002, China ; 4 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China ; 5 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China ; 6 Peking University Institute of Urology & Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China ; 7 West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China ; 8 Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA ; 9 Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200135, China ; 10 Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China ; 11 Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 100142, China ; 12 The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China ; 13 Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China ; 14 First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China ; 15 Jiangsu Province Hospital & First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 16 Yunnan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Kunming 650118, China ; 17 Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan 250012, China ; 18 Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China ; 19 PLA 174 Hospital & Nanjing Military Region Cancer Center, Xiamen 361003, China ; 20 General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command, Shenyang 110016, China ; 21 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China ; 22 Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China ; 23 Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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