Growth performance and feed utilization of keureling fish Tor tambra (Cyprinidae) fed formulated diet supplemented with enhanced probiotic

Histomorphological Changes in Fish Gut in Response to Prebiotics and Probiotics Treatment to Improve Their Health Status: A Review

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) promotes the digestion and absorption of feeds, in addition to the excretion of waste products of digestion. In fish, the GIT is divided into four regions, the headgut, foregut, midgut, and hindgut, to which glands and lymphoid tissues are associated to release digestive enzymes and molecules involved in the immune response and control of host-pathogens. The GIT is inhabited by different species of resident microorganisms, the microbiota, which have co-evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship and are responsible for metabolic benefits and counteracting pathogen infection. There is a strict connection between a fish's gut microbiota and its health status. This review focuses on the modulation of fish microbiota by feed additives based on prebiotics and probiotics as a feasible strategy to improve fish health status and gut efficiency, mitigate emerging diseases, and maximize rearing and growth performance. Furthermore, the use of histological assays as a valid tool for fish welfare assessment is also discussed, and insights on nutrient absorptive capacity and responsiveness to pathogens in fish by gut morphological endpoints are provided. Overall, the literature reviewed emphasizes the complex interactions between microorganisms and host fish, shedding light on the beneficial use of prebiotics and probiotics in the aquaculture sector, with the potential to provide directions for future research.

Fermented medicinal herbs improve hematological and physiological profile of Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

This study sought to determine the effect of fermented medicinal herbs (FMH), i.e. cutchery ( Kaempferia galanga), turmeric ( Curcuma longa) and curcuma ( Curcuma xanthorrhiza) in combination with molasses and probiotic drink (Yakult), administered orally on the hematological and physiological profile of striped catfish ( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). A complete randomized design (CRD) experiment was used with four levels of treatments, namely P0 (control), P1 (FMH 100 mL/kg), P2 (FMH 200 mL/kg) and P3 (FMH 300 mL/kg) of feed. The fish were kept in a farm in cages at 75 fish/m ³ and fed with the experimental diets for 60 days. The results revealed that FMH (P2) dietary administration improved hematological and physiological profile of catfish, i.e total erythrocytes of 2.81 x 10 ⁶ cells/mm ³, hematocrit values of 39.00%, hemoglobin levels of 10.73 g/dL, total leukocytes of 11.41 x 10 ⁴ cells/mm ³, blood glucose 97.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein 4.10 mg/dL compared to controls with 1.89 x 10 ⁶ cells/mm ³, 32.33 %, g/dL, 9.67 x 10 ⁴ cells/mm ³, 67.33 mg/dL, and total serum protein of 3.10 mg/dL, respectively. Moreover, the diet improved special growth rate, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency and the survival rate of catfish. The hematological and physiological profile of catfish improvement are considered to be due to the content of secondary metabolites of FMH, namely curcuminoids, vitamin C, essential oils, tannins, and flavonoids, which trigger immunostimulation. The presence of curcuminoids provide an antioxidant effect on cell membranes reducing erythrocyte cell membrane damage due to oxidation. Similarly, flavonoids are natural antioxidants, which are credited with the ability of reducing free radicals and anti-free radicals.

Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics improved the functionality of aquafeed: Upgrading growth, reproduction, immunity and disease resistance in fish

Aquaculture plays an increasingly significant role in improving the sustainability of global fish production. This sector has been intensified with the advent of new husbandry practices and the development of new technology. However, the increasing intensification and indiscriminate commercialized farming has enhanced the vulnerability of cultivated aquatic species to damage from pathogens. In efforts to confront these various diseases, frequent use of drugs, antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, and agents for sterilization have unintentionally added to the risk of transmission of pathogens and harmful chemical compounds to consumers. Some natural dietary supplements are believed to have the potential to offset this setback in aquaculture. Application of bio-friendly feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are becoming popular dietary supplements with the potential to not only improve growth performance, but in some cases can also enhance immune competence and the overall well-being of fish and crustaceans. The present review discusses and summarizes the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics application on growth, stress mitigation, microbial composition of intestine, immune system and health condition of aquatic animals in association with existing constraints and future perspectives in aquaculture.

A novel low-molecular-weight chitosan/gamma-polyglutamic acid polyplexes for nucleic acid delivery into zebrafish larvae

Many challenges, such as virus infection, extreme weather and long cultivation periods, during the development of fish larvae have been observed, especially in aquaculture. Gene delivery is a useful method to express functional genes to defend against these challengers. However, the methods for fish larvae are insufficient. In our earlier report, low-molecular-weight chitosan (LMWCS) showed a strong positive charge and may be useful for polyplex formulation. Herein, we present a simple self-assembly of LMWCS polyplexes (LMWCSrNPs) for gene delivery into zebrafish larvae. Different weight ratios of LMWCS/gamma-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA)/plasmid DNA were analyzed by gel mobility assay. Delivery efficiency determined by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells showed that delivery efficiency at a weight ratio of 20:8:1 was higher than others. Zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the round shape of the particle size varied. In our earlier reports, IRF9S2C could induce interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression to induce innate immunity in zebrafish and pufferfish. Further delivery of pcDNA3-IRF9S2C-HA plasmid DNA into ZFL cells and zebrafish larvae by LMWCSrNP successfully induced ISG expression. Collectively, LMWCSrNP could be a novel gene delivery system for zebrafish larvae and might be used to improve applications in aquaculture.

Data of feed formulation for Indonesian short-fin eel, Anguilla bicolor McClelland, 1844 elver

This article describes the data of raw material compositions for formulating the diet for Indonesian short-fin eel, Anguilla bicolor Anguilla bicolor McClelland, 1844 elver. The data on growth performance, survival and feed utilization of eel elver from the formulated diet test results are also presented here. Four formulated diets and one commercial feed were tested for the eel elver. The formulated diet was formulated from animal and plant based protein sources such as; fish meal, cornmeal, soybean meal, fine bran, ebi-shrimp meal, golden snail meal, bloodmeal, and tapioca flour. Vitamins and minerals were added into the diet. In addition, probiotics and papain enzyme and its combination were also included into the experimental diets to boost the growth performance, survival and feed utilization of the fish. The tested treatments were; (A) commercial diet without probiotic and papain enzyme, (B) experimental diet without probiotic and papain enzyme, (C) experimental diet with probiotic 10 ml kg⁻¹ feed, (D) experimental diet with papain enzyme 10 g kg⁻¹ feed, (E) experimental diet with probiotic 10 ml kg⁻¹ + papain 10 g kg⁻¹ feed, (F) experimental diet with probiotic 5 ml kg⁻¹ + papain 5 g kg⁻¹ feed. Each experimental fish group was fed on an experimental diet twice a day at 08.00 AM and 06.00 PM at feeding level of 10% body weight for 60 days. The results showed that the weight gain ranged between 4.60 g to 5.92 g, daily growth rate between 0.063 g day⁻¹ and 0.098 g per day⁻¹, the specific growth rate varies from 0.72% day⁻¹ to 1.35% day⁻¹, survival rate 50.00% to 73.33%, feed conversion ratio from 2.35 to 4.17, and feed efficiency between 41.82% to 58.98%. The best treatment was found in fish fed on the experimental diet with papain enzyme 10 g kg⁻¹ of feed

Influence of different stocking density on the growth, feed efficiency, and survival of Majalaya common carp ( Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758)

Background: Stocking density is key to successful Majalaya common carp ( Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) culture which is a valuable fish culture in Indonesia.  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the growth statues, feed utilization, and survival rate of Majalaya common carp (reared with different stocking density.

Methods: In total, 1400 fish were randomly distributed into four replicates of four different groups of stocking density: 50, 75, 100, and 125 fish m ⁻³. All fish were fed using a satiation method, three times per day with commercial diet for 12 weeks. At the end of the trial week, growth, feed utilization, and survival were determined. Water quality measures, such as dissolved oxygen (mg L ^-1), temperature (°C), pH, NH ³ (mg L ^-1), and NO ₂ (mg L ^-1) were also measured once a week during the trial.

Results: Similar weight gain and SGR were found in Majalaya common carp reared at stocking densities of 50 to 100 fish m ³. However, 125 fish m ^-3 density may reduce weight gain and SGR. The average weekly and daily weight gain of Majalaya common carp significantly increased when reared from 50 to 100 fish m ^-3 and remained constant at 125 fish m ^-3 density. Meanwhile, feed conversion ratio and survival of Majalaya common carp were not affected by any stocking density.

Conclusions: A stocking density of 100 fish m ^-3 exhibited significantly higher growth of Majalaya common carp in hapa net ponds among the treatment. Temperature ranges of 29.20-33.38°C, pH 7.47-8.22, DO 4.76-7.55 (mg L ^-1), NH ₃ 0-0.5 mg L ^-1, and NO ₂ 0-1 mg L ^-1 were found to provide optimum condition to the fish.

Phenotype and genotype of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from the tiger grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus alimentary tract

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been isolated successfully from the tiger grouper Epinephelusfuscoguttatus intestine. However, their genus or species have not been identified. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to characterize the three isolated LAB (KSBU-12C, KSBU-5Da, and KSBU-9) based on their phenotype and genotype. The LAB phenotype was examined by observing morphological features including cell morphology, spore production and motility. The physiological tests were performed in 6.5% NaCl at the  temperatures of 10 ^oC and 45 ^oC, and the biochemical tests were evaluated based on the production of enzymes catalase, oxidase and arginine dehydrolase, following  the Standard Analytical Profile Index, API 50 CH kit.  The genotype was examined based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis , and the products were analyzed using the BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) NCBI database. The three isolates (KSBU-5Da, KSBU-12C, and KSBU-9) were categorized into the genus Enterococcus. 16S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that the isolates had 99% similarity to E. hirae ATCC 9790, registered in GenBank with accession number NR_075022.1. It was concluded that the three LAB isolates taken from the tiger grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus are E. hirae.

Growth performance and feed utilization of keureling fish Tor tambra (Cyprinidae) fed formulated diet supplemented with enhanced probiotic

Background The objective of the present study was to determine the optimum dosage of probiotic in the diet of keureling fish ( Tor tambra) fry. MethodsLactobacillus casei from Yakult® was used as a starter, and enhanced with Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Kaempferia galanga and molasses. The mixture was fermented for 7 days prior to use as probiotic in a formulated diet containing 30% crude protein. Four levels of probiotic dosage; 0 ml kg -1 (control), 5 ml kg -1, 10 ml kg -1 and 15 ml kg -1 were tested in this study. The fish was fed twice a day at 08.00 AM and 06.00 PM at the ration of 5% body weight for 80 days. Results The results showed that growth performance and feed efficiency increased with increasing probiotic dosage in the diet from control (no probiotic) to 10 ml kg -1 of probiotic dosage and then decreased when the dosage was increased up to 15 ml kg -1. Conclusions The best values for all measured parameters were recorded at the dosage of 10 ml kg -1. Therefore, it was concluded that the optimum dosage of enhanced probiotic for T. tambra fry was 10 ml kg -1 of feed.