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Larios Serrato V, Meza B, Gonzalez-Torres C, Gaytan-Cervantes J, González Ibarra J, Santacruz Tinoco CE, Anguiano Hernández YM, Martínez Miguel B, Cázarez Cortazar A, Sarquiz Martínez B, Alvarado Yaah JE, Mendoza Pérez AR, Palma Herrera JJ, García Soto LM, Chávez Rojas AI, Bravo Mateos G, Samano Marquez G, Grajales Muñiz C, Torres J. Diversity, composition, and networking of saliva microbiota distinguish the severity of COVID-19 episodes as revealed by an analysis of 16S rRNA variable V1-V3 region sequences. mSystems 2023; 8:e0106222. [PMID: 37310423 PMCID: PMC10470033 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01062-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the role of the oral microbiome in SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of the disease are limited. We aimed to characterize the bacterial communities present in the saliva of patients with varied COVID-19 severity to learn if there are differences in the characteristics of the microbiome among the clinical groups. We included 31 asymptomatic subjects with no previous COVID-19 infection or vaccination; 176 patients with mild respiratory symptoms, positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2 infection; 57 patients that required hospitalization because of severe COVID-19 with oxygen saturation below 92%, and 18 fatal cases of COVID-19. Saliva samples collected before any treatment were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. Oral microbiota in saliva was studied by amplification and sequencing of the V1-V3 variable regions of 16S gene using an Illumina MiSeq platform. We found significant changes in diversity, composition, and networking in saliva microbiota of patients with COVID-19, as well as patterns associated with severity of disease. The presence or abundance of several commensal species and opportunistic pathogens were associated with each clinical stage. Patterns of networking were also found associated with severity of disease: a highly regulated bacterial community (normonetting) was found in healthy people whereas poorly regulated populations (disnetting) were characteristic of severe cases. Characterization of microbiota in saliva may offer important clues in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and may also identify potential markers for prognosis in the severity of the disease. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 infection is the most severe pandemic of humankind in the last hundred years. The outcome of the infection ranges from asymptomatic or mild to severe and even fatal cases, but reasons for this remain unknown. Microbes normally colonizing the respiratory tract form communities that may mitigate the transmission, symptoms, and severity of viral infections, but very little is known on the role of these microbial communities in the severity of COVID-19. We aimed to characterize the bacterial communities in saliva of patients with different severity of COVID-19 disease, from mild to fatal cases. Our results revealed clear differences in the composition and in the nature of interactions (networking) of the bacterial species present in the different clinical groups and show community-patterns associated with disease severity. Characterization of the microbial communities in saliva may offer important clues to learn ways COVID-19 patients may suffer from different disease severities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Larios Serrato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Meza
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste SC, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | | | - Javier Gaytan-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Secuenciación, División de Desarrollo de la Investigación, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Joaquín González Ibarra
- División de Desarrollo de la Investigación en Salud, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Clara Esperanza Santacruz Tinoco
- División de Laboratorios Especializados, Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Yu-Mei Anguiano Hernández
- División de Laboratorios Especializados, Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Martínez Miguel
- División de Laboratorios Especializados, Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Allison Cázarez Cortazar
- División de Laboratorios Especializados, Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Brenda Sarquiz Martínez
- División de Laboratorios Especializados, Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | - Julio Elias Alvarado Yaah
- División de Laboratorios Especializados, Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, UMAE Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional SXXI, IMSS, Torreón, Mexico
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Karki R, Kanneganti TD. Innate immunity, cytokine storm, and inflammatory cell death in COVID-19. J Transl Med 2022; 20:542. [PMID: 36419185 PMCID: PMC9682745 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens; however, dysregulated innate immune responses can induce aberrant inflammation that is detrimental to the host. Therefore, careful innate immune regulation is critical during infections. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has resulted in global morbidity and mortality as well as socio-economic stresses. Innate immune sensing of SARS-CoV-2 by multiple host cell pattern recognition receptors leads to the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and the induction of inflammatory cell death. These processes can contribute to cytokine storm, tissue damage, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here, we discuss the sensing of SARS-CoV-2 to induce innate immune activation and the contribution of this innate immune signaling in the development and severity of COVID-19. In addition, we provide a conceptual framework for innate immunity driving cytokine storm and organ damage in patients with severe COVID-19. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulated by innate immunity is needed for the development of targeted modalities that can improve patient outcomes by mitigating severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS #351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, MS #351, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN, 38105-3678, USA.
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Chakraborty S, Basu A. Catching hold of COVID-19-related encephalitis by tracking ANGPTL4 signature in blood: An Editorial Highlight for "Endothelial cell biomarkers in critically ill COVID-19-patients with encephalitis": An Editorial Highlight for "Endothelial cell biomarkers in critically ill COVID-19-patients with encephalitis". J Neurochem 2021; 161:458-462. [PMID: 34967002 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans is characterized by a plethora of symptoms varying in intensity, such as non-specific febrile illness, dry cough, dyspnea, hypoxemia to severe lung damage, and even death. In addition to pulmonary complications associated with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), perturbations in the physiology of multiple other organ systems have been reported, resulting in multiorgan failure (MoF) that is frequently observed in severe COVID-19 cases. Central nervous system (CNS) infection by SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by neurological impairments in patients with COVID-19, with the development of encephalopathy at the severe end of the spectrum. While mechanistic investigations of SARS-CoV-2-related encephalitis may reveal promising therapeutic candidates for reducing COVID-19-associated disease morbidity, the discovery of biomarkers capable of diagnosing and predicting prognosis in patients with encephalitis upon SARS-CoV-2 infection will afford significant value for the rapid detection of encephalitis and predicting disease outcomes. This will ultimately enable appropriate modifications of therapeutic regimens aimed at reducing disease morbidity and mortality. In this editorial, we highlight a study by Le Guennec and colleagues, entitled "Endothelial cell biomarkers in critically ill COVID-19-patients with encephalitis", reporting the association of increased serum angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) abundance with COVID-19-related encephalitis. The study highlights ANGPTL4 as a potential molecular marker for this disease. These novel findings may catalyze developments in the field of COVID-19-associated encephalitis by facilitating accurate and rapid diagnosis of encephalitis and timely treatment initiation, thus improving patient outcomes by ameliorating disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
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Gowda P, Patrick S, Joshi SD, Kumawat RK, Sen E. Repurposing Methotrexate in Dampening SARS-CoV2-S1-Mediated IL6 Expression: Lessons Learnt from Lung Cancer. Inflammation 2021; 45:172-179. [PMID: 34480250 PMCID: PMC8415921 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (COVID-19) is associated with uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Loss of pulmonary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) function has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aberrant signalling and dysregulated inflammation characteristic of lung cancer have marked similarities with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Spearman's correlation analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets indicated an inverse correlation between ACE2 and IL6 in lung adenocarcinoma. qRT-PCR analysis revealed CoV-2-SRBD-mediated diminished ACE2 expression in lung cancer cells that was concomitant with increased IL6 expression. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis suggested that treatment with methotrexate (MTx) dampened CoV-2-SRBD-mediated increase in JAK1/STAT3 phosphorylation, gp130, IL6, and folate-binding protein (FBP) expressions. MTx also rescued the diminished expression of ACE2 in CoV-2-SRBD transfected cells. As lung tissue injury in severely affected COVID-19 patients is characterised by aberrant inflammatory response, repurposing MTx as an effective therapy against critical regulators of inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection warrants investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi Gowda
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 052, India
| | - Shruti Patrick
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 052, India
| | - Shanker Datt Joshi
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 052, India
| | | | - Ellora Sen
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 052, India. .,National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122 052, India.
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Gowda P, Patrick S, Joshi SD, Kumawat RK, Sen E. Glycyrrhizin prevents SARS-CoV-2 S1 and Orf3a induced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release and inhibits viral replication. Cytokine 2021; 142:155496. [PMID: 33773396 PMCID: PMC7953444 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to understand host factors critical for COVID-19 pathogenesis have identified high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) to be crucial for regulating susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 disease severity is correlated with heightened inflammatory responses, and HMGB1 is an important extracellular mediator in inflammation processes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of HMGB1 inhibitor Glycyrrhizin on the cellular perturbations in lung cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Pyroptosis in lung cells transfected with SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD and Orf3a, was accompanied by elevation of IL-1β and extracellular HMGB1 levels. Glycyrrhizin mitigated viral proteins-induced lung cell pyroptosis and activation of macrophages. Heightened release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as ferritin from macrophages cultured in conditioned media from lung cells expressing SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD and Orf3a was attenuated by glycyrrhizin. Importantly, Glycyrrhizin inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells without exhibiting cytotoxicity at high doses. The dual ability of Glycyrrhizin to concomitantly halt virus replication and dampen proinflammatory mediators might constitute a viable therapeutic option in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi Gowda
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana 122 052, India
| | - Shruti Patrick
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana 122 052, India
| | - Shanker Datt Joshi
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana 122 052, India
| | | | - Ellora Sen
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana 122 052, India.
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Baptista MC, Burton WN, Pawlecki B, Pransky G. A Physician's Guide for Workers' Return to Work During COVID-19 Pandemic. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:199-220. [PMID: 33350662 PMCID: PMC7934326 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher probability of developing severe COVID-19 has been associated with health risk factors and medical conditions which are common among workers globally. For at risk workers, return to work may require additional protective policies and procedures. METHODS A review of the medical literature was conducted on health risk factors and medical conditions associated with increased COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, standardized measures for community COVID transmission, and occupation-specific risk. RESULTS The relative risk of acquiring and the severity of COVID-19 for workers is associated with three pillars: individual risk, workplace risk, and community risk. Matrices were developed to determine a worker's individual risk based on these three pillars. CONCLUSIONS A practical decision tool is proposed for physicians evaluating and managing individual worker COVID-19 risk in the context of returning to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C Baptista
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Baptista); Environmental and Occupational Sciences, University of Illinois School of Public Health, Chicago, IL (Dr Burton); The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Akron, OH (Dr Pawlecki); Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA (Dr Pransky)
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Villapol S. Gastrointestinal symptoms associated with COVID-19: impact on the gut microbiome. Transl Res 2020; 226:57-69. [PMID: 32827705 PMCID: PMC7438210 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the greatest worldwide pandemic since the 1918 flu. The consequences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are devastating and represent the current major public health issue across the globe. At the onset, SARS-CoV-2 primarily attacks the respiratory system as it represents the main point of entry in the host, but it also can affect multiple organs. Although most of the patients do not present symptoms or are mildly symptomatic, some people infected with SARS-CoV-2 that experience more severe multiorgan dysfunction. The severity of COVID-19 is typically combined with a set of comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and/or advanced age that seriously exacerbates the consequences of the infection. Also, SARS-CoV-2 can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain during the early phases of the disease. Intestinal dysfunction induces changes in intestinal microbes, and an increase in inflammatory cytokines. Thus, diagnosing gastrointestinal symptoms that precede respiratory problems during COVID-19 may be necessary for improved early detection and treatment. Uncovering the composition of the microbiota and its metabolic products in the context of COVID-19 can help determine novel biomarkers of the disease and help identify new therapeutic targets. Elucidating changes to the microbiome as reliable biomarkers in the context of COVID-19 represent an overlooked piece of the disease puzzle and requires further investigation.
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Key Words
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme ii
- cns, central nervous system
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- cpr, c-reactive protein
- h1n1, influenza a virus
- il, interleukin
- mers, middle east respiratory syndrome
- prs, proteomic risk score
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- scfa, short-chain fatty acids
- ras, renin-angiotensin system
- ros, reactive oxygen species
- rt-pcr, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- tmprss2, transmembrane serine protease 2
- tnfα, tumor necrosis factor alpha
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villapol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas; Department of Neuroscience in Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York.
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