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Lee BN, Wang J, Hall MA, Kim D, Stites SD, Shen L. Sex modifies effects of imaging and CSF biomarkers on cognitive and functional outcomes: a study of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 133:67-77. [PMID: 37913627 PMCID: PMC10841593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory and functional impairments. Two of 3 patients with AD are biologically female; therefore, the biological underpinnings of this diagnosis disparity may inform interventions slowing the AD progression. To bridge this gap, we conducted analyses of 1078 male and female participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative to examine associations between levels of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)/neuroimaging biomarkers and cognitive/functional outcomes. The Chow test was used to quantify sex differences by determining if biological sex affects relationships between the studied biomarkers and outcomes. Multiple magnetic resonance imaging (whole brain, entorhinal cortex, middle temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, hippocampus), position emission tomography (AV45), and CSF (P-TAU, TAU) biomarkers were differentially associated with cognitive and functional outcomes. Post-hoc bootstrapped and association analyses confirmed these differential effects and emphasized the necessity of using separate, sex-stratified models. The studied imaging/CSF biomarkers may account for some of the sex-based variation in AD pathophysiology. The identified sex-varying relationships between CSF/imaging biomarkers and cognitive/functional outcomes warrant future biological investigation in independent cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian N Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junwen Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Molly A Hall
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shana D Stites
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of fused hybrids with acetylcholinesterase inhibiting and Nrf2 activating functions for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Chen Q, Chen X, Xu L, Zhang R, Li Z, Yue X, Qiao D. Traumatic axonal injury: neuropathological features, postmortem diagnostic methods, and strategies. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2022; 18:530-544. [PMID: 36117238 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has high morbidity and poor prognosis and imposes a serious socioeconomic burden. Traumatic axonal injury (TAI), which is one of the common pathological changes in the primary injury of TBI, is often caused by the external force to the head that causes the white matter bundles to generate shear stress and tension; resulting in tissue damage and leading to the cytoskeletal disorder. At present, the forensic pathological diagnosis of TAI-caused death is still a difficult problem. Most of the TAI biomarkers studied are used for the prediction, evaluation, and prognosis of TAI in the living state. The research subjects are mainly humans in the living state or model animals, which are not suitable for the postmortem diagnosis of TAI. In addition, there is still a lack of recognized indicators for the autopsy pathological diagnosis of TAI. Different diagnostic methods and markers have their limitations, and there is a lack of systematic research and summary of autopsy diagnostic markers of TAI. Therefore, this study mainly summarizes the pathological mechanism, common methods, techniques of postmortem diagnosis, and corresponding biomarkers of TAI, and puts forward the strategies for postmortem diagnosis of TAI for forensic cases with different survival times, which is of great significance to forensic pathological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuebing Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Luyao Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute & Key Laboratory of Forensic Pathology, Ministry of Public Security, Guangzhou, 510442, China.
| | - Xia Yue
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dongfang Qiao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, South Shaitai Road #1023, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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Santarelli MF, Scipioni M, Genovesi D, Giorgetti A, Marzullo P, Landini L. Imaging Techniques as an Aid in the Early Detection of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1878-1889. [PMID: 32787756 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200813133557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea that performing a proper succession of imaging tests and techniques allows an accurate and early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis, avoiding the need to perform the myocardial biopsy, is becoming increasingly popular. Furthermore, being imaging techniques non-invasive, it is possible to perform the follow-up of the pathology through repeated image acquisitions. In the present review, the various innovative imaging methodologies are presented, and it is discussed how they have been applied for early diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), also to distinguish the two most frequent subtypes in CA: immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) and transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR); this allows to perform the therapy in a targeted and rapid manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Scipioni
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Genovesi
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Pisa, Italy
| | - A Giorgetti
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Pisa, Italy
| | - P Marzullo
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Pisa, Italy
| | - L Landini
- Fondazione Toscana "G. Monasterio", Pisa, Italy
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van Oostveen WM, de Lange ECM. Imaging Techniques in Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Applications in Early Diagnosis and Longitudinal Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042110. [PMID: 33672696 PMCID: PMC7924338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting many individuals worldwide with no effective treatment to date. AD is characterized by the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, followed by neurodegeneration, which leads to cognitive decline and eventually death. INTRODUCTION In AD, pathological changes occur many years before disease onset. Since disease-modifying therapies may be the most beneficial in the early stages of AD, biomarkers for the early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of disease progression are essential. Multiple imaging techniques with associated biomarkers are used to identify and monitor AD. AIM In this review, we discuss the contemporary early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of AD with imaging techniques regarding their diagnostic utility, benefits and limitations. Additionally, novel techniques, applications and biomarkers for AD research are assessed. FINDINGS Reduced hippocampal volume is a biomarker for neurodegeneration, but atrophy is not an AD-specific measure. Hypometabolism in temporoparietal regions is seen as a biomarker for AD. However, glucose uptake reflects astrocyte function rather than neuronal function. Amyloid-β (Aβ) is the earliest hallmark of AD and can be measured with positron emission tomography (PET), but Aβ accumulation stagnates as disease progresses. Therefore, Aβ may not be a suitable biomarker for monitoring disease progression. The measurement of tau accumulation with PET radiotracers exhibited promising results in both early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring, but large-scale validation of these radiotracers is required. The implementation of new processing techniques, applications of other imaging techniques and novel biomarkers can contribute to understanding AD and finding a cure. CONCLUSIONS Several biomarkers are proposed for the early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of AD with imaging techniques, but all these biomarkers have their limitations regarding specificity, reliability and sensitivity. Future perspectives. Future research should focus on expanding the employment of imaging techniques and identifying novel biomarkers that reflect AD pathology in the earliest stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke M. van Oostveen
- Faculty of Science, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Elizabeth C. M. de Lange
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre of Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-71-527-6330
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Tubulin modifying enzymes as target for the treatment oftau-related diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 218:107681. [PMID: 32961263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the number and length of microtubules (MTs) are significantly and selectively reduced. MTs are involved in a wide range of cellular functions, and defects of the microtubular system have emerged as a unifying hypothesis for the heterogeneous and variable clinical presentations of AD. MTs orchestrate their numerous functions through the spatiotemporal regulation of the binding of specialised microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and molecular motors. Covalent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on the tubulin C-termini that protrude at the surface of MTs regulate the binding of these effectors. In neurons, MAP tau is highly abundant and its abnormal dissociation from MTs in the axon, cellular mislocalization and hyperphosphorylation, are primary events leading to neuronal death. Consequently, compounds targeting tau phosphorylation or aggregation are currently evaluated but their clinical significance has not been demonstrated yet. In this review, we discuss the emerging link between tubulin PTMs and tau dysfunction. In neurons, high levels of glutamylation and detyrosination profoundly impact the physicochemical properties at the surface of MTs. Moreover, in patients with early-onset progressive neurodegeneration, deleterious mutations in enzymes involved in modifying MTs at the surface have recently been identified, underscoring the importance of this enzymatic machinery in neurology. We postulate that pharmacologically targeting the tubulin-modifying enzymes holds promise as therapeutic approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Yu H, Yuan B, Chu Q, Wang C, Bi H. Protective roles of isoastilbin against Alzheimer's disease via Nrf2‑mediated antioxidation and anti‑apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1406-1416. [PMID: 30664148 PMCID: PMC6365075 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By analyzing the L‑glutamic acid (L‑Glu)‑induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and an AlCl3 combined with D‑galactose (D‑gal)‑developed Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model, the protective effects of isoastilbin (IAB) against AD were systematically investigated in the present study. Pre‑incubation with IAB for 3 h prior to treatment with 25 mM L‑Glu decreased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis, suppressed the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 cells induced by L‑Glu. In mice with AD, the reduced escape latency time in the water maze test, suppressed chronic movement in the center area of an open field test and enhanced ability to seek hidden food in a Y maze test indicated that abnormal behaviors had improved after 28 days of treatment with IAB. Furthermore, IAB reduced the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) and the expression of phosphorylated‑Tau in the mouse brain and enhanced the serum levels of Aβ. IAB ameliorated the oxidative stress via modulating the levels of associated enzymes and improved the functioning of the central cholinergic system, as indicated by an increase in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase concentrations. The expression levels of acetylcholine esterase were reduced in the mouse brain in response to IAB pre‑treatment. In cells and brain tissue, IAB regulated the expression levels of pro‑ and anti‑apoptotic proteins and enhanced the nuclear levels of NF‑E2p45‑related factor 2 (Nrf2); subsequently, IAB further enhanced the expression of superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and heme oxygenase‑1 and ‑2. The findings of the present study indicated that the protection of IAB against AD is at least partially associated with its antioxidation and anti‑apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Departments of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiubo Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chunyue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hui Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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