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Kil Y, Pichkur EB, Sergeev VR, Zabrodskaya Y, Myasnikov A, Konevega AL, Shtam T, Samygina VR, Rychkov GN. The archaeal highly thermostable GH35 family β-galactosidase DaβGal has a unique seven domain protein fold. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38825733 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The most extensively studied β-d-galactosidases (EC3.2.1.23) belonging to four glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 1, 2, 35, and 42 are widely distributed among Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes. Here, we report a novel GH35 family β-galactosidase from the hyperthermophilic Thermoprotei archaeon Desulfurococcus amylolyticus (DaβGal). Unlike fungal monomeric six-domain β-galactosidases, the DaβGal enzyme is a dimer; it has an extra jelly roll domain D7 and three composite domains (D4, D5, and D6) that are formed by the distantly located polypeptide chain regions. The enzyme possesses a high specificity for β-d-galactopyranosides, and its distinguishing feature is the ability to cleave pNP-β-d-fucopyranoside. DaβGal efficiently catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose at high temperatures, remains stable and active at 65 °С, and retains activity at 95 °С with a half-life time value equal to 73 min. These properties make archaeal DaβGal a more attractive candidate for biotechnology than the widely used fungal β-galactosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Kil
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
| | - Evgeny B Pichkur
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Structural Biology Department, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of X-ray Analysis and Synchrotron Radiation, Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir R Sergeev
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
| | - Yana Zabrodskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology of Viruses, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Myasnikov
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
| | - Andrey L Konevega
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Structural Biology Department, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
| | - Tatiana Shtam
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Structural Biology Department, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriya R Samygina
- Structural Biology Department, Kurchatov Complex of NBICS Nature-Like Technologies, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of X-ray Analysis and Synchrotron Radiation, Federal Scientific Research Center "Crystallography and Photonics" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy N Rychkov
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Biophysics, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P.Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia
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Ten Kate GA, Sanders P, Dijkhuizen L, van Leeuwen SS. Kinetics and products of Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase with lactose and cellobiose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:349. [PMID: 38809317 PMCID: PMC11136819 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic compounds that are mainly used in infant formula to mimic bifidogenic effects of mother's milk. They are synthesized by β-galactosidase enzymes in a trans-glycosylation reaction with lactose. Many β-galactosidase enzymes from different sources have been studied, resulting in varying GOS product compositions and yields. The in vivo role of these enzymes is in lactose hydrolysis. Therefore, the best GOS yields were achieved at high lactose concentrations up to 60%wt, which require a relatively high temperature to dissolve. Some thermostable β-glucosidase enzymes from thermophilic bacteria are also capable of using lactose or para nitrophenyl-galactose as a substrate. Here, we describe the use of the β-glucosidase BglA from Thermotoga maritima for synthesis of oligosaccharides derived from lactose and cellobiose and their detailed structural characterization. Also, the BglA enzyme kinetics and yields were determined, showing highest productivity at higher lactose and cellobiose concentrations. The BglA trans-glycosylation/hydrolysis ratio was higher with 57%wt lactose than with a nearly saturated cellobiose (20%wt) solution. The yield of GOS was very high, reaching 72.1%wt GOS from lactose. Structural elucidation of the products showed mainly β(1 → 3) and β(1 → 6) elongating activity, but also some β(1 → 4) elongation was observed. The β-glucosidase BglA from T. maritima was shown to be a very versatile enzyme, producing high yields of oligosaccharides, particularly GOS from lactose. KEY POINTS: • β-Glucosidase of Thermotoga maritima synthesizes GOS from lactose at very high yield. • Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase has high activity and high thermostability. • Thermotoga maritima β-glucosidase GOS contains mainly (β1-3) and (β1-6) linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert A Ten Kate
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Royal FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Sanders
- Eurofins Expertise Centre for Complex Carbohydrates and Chemistry, PO Box 766, 8440 AT, Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
- CarbExplore Research BV, Zernikelaan 8, 9747 AA, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, EA30, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, Agora 1, P.O. box 1528, 8901 BV, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Bella K, Pilli S, Venkateswara Rao P, Tyagi RD. Bio-conversion of whey lactose using enzymatic hydrolysis with β-galactosidase: an experimental and kinetic study. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:1234-1247. [PMID: 36282727 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2139639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactose in cheese whey is increasingly challenging to metabolise under normal conditions. The hydrolysis of whey lactose into glucose and galactose using enzymatic methods has been acclaimed to confer benefits like enhanced substrate availability for better degradation in anaerobic digestion. In the present study, whey lactose was subjected to hydrolysis using the enzyme β-galactosidase derived from Aspergillus oryzae fungus to reduce the difficulty of lipid and fat transformation in anaerobic digestion. The individual and combined effects of hydrolysis parameters, pH, enzyme load, reaction time and temperature were studied using Response Surface Methodology by Central Composite Design. The optimum conditions were determined based on variance analyses and surface plots; pH 4.63, temperature 40.47°C, reaction time 25.96 min and enzyme load 0.49%. Results showed a maximum lactose hydrolysis value of 86.21%, while the predicted value was 87.44%. Indeed, enzyme hydrolysis induced a change of soluble chemical oxygen demand around 24.6% and 75.8% reduction in volatile fatty acid concentration. Upon anaerobic digestion, the pre-hydrolysed whey revealed a 3.6-fold higher bio-methane production than that of raw hey, and a visible decrease in volatile fatty acid concentrations. The resultant data agreed with the Gompertz model, and lag phase times were significantly reduced for hydrolysed whey.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bella
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India
| | - Sridhar Pilli
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India
| | - P Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India
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Cyclic Production of Galacto-Oligosaccharides through Ultrafiltration-Assisted Enzyme Recovery. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11010225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotics manufactured enzymatically from lactose as substrate. The growing GOS market facilitates the valorization of dairy by-products which represent cheap and abundant sources of lactose. Large-scale GOS production typically employs soluble enzymes in batch reactors that are commonly associated with low enzyme usability and, therefore, high operational expenditures. In this study, we investigate the possibility of recovering enzymes by ultrafiltration (UF) and reusing them in repeated reaction steps. The proposed process scheme included 24 h batch reaction steps with Biolacta N5, a commercial enzyme preparation of Bacillus circulans origin. The reaction steps were followed by UF steps to separate the carbohydrate products from the enzymes by applying a volume concentration factor of 8.6. Then, the collected biocatalysts were reused for repeated cycles by adding fresh lactose. Enzyme losses were quantified with a direct method by analyzing the underlying relationship between reaction rates and enzyme dosage obtained from additional experiments conducted with known enzyme loads. Within five cycles, the enzyme activity declined gradually from 923 to 8307 U·kg−1, and the half-life was estimated as ca. 15.3 h. The outcomes of this study may serve as a basis for further optimization of the reported process scheme with enhanced enzyme usability.
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Moroz OV, Blagova E, Lebedev AA, Sánchez Rodríguez F, Rigden DJ, Tams JW, Wilting R, Vester JK, Longhin E, Hansen GH, Krogh KBRM, Pache RA, Davies GJ, Wilson KS. Multitasking in the gut: the X-ray structure of the multidomain BbgIII from Bifidobacterium bifidum offers possible explanations for its alternative functions. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1564-1578. [PMID: 34866612 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321010949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidases catalyse the hydrolysis of lactose into galactose and glucose; as an alternative reaction, some β-galactosidases also catalyse the formation of galactooligosaccharides by transglycosylation. Both reactions have industrial importance: lactose hydrolysis is used to produce lactose-free milk, while galactooligosaccharides have been shown to act as prebiotics. For some multi-domain β-galactosidases, the hydrolysis/transglycosylation ratio can be modified by the truncation of carbohydrate-binding modules. Here, an analysis of BbgIII, a multidomain β-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum, is presented. The X-ray structure has been determined of an intact protein corresponding to a gene construct of eight domains. The use of evolutionary covariance-based predictions made sequence docking in low-resolution areas of the model spectacularly easy, confirming the relevance of this rapidly developing deep-learning-based technique for model building. The structure revealed two alternative orientations of the CBM32 carbohydrate-binding module relative to the GH2 catalytic domain in the six crystallographically independent chains. In one orientation the CBM32 domain covers the entrance to the active site of the enzyme, while in the other orientation the active site is open, suggesting a possible mechanism for switching between the two activities of the enzyme, namely lactose hydrolysis and transgalactosylation. The location of the carbohydrate-binding site of the CBM32 domain on the opposite site of the module to where it comes into contact with the catalytic GH2 domain is consistent with its involvement in adherence to host cells. The role of the CBM32 domain in switching between hydrolysis and transglycosylation modes offers protein-engineering opportunities for selective β-galactosidase modification for industrial purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Moroz
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Blagova
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrey A Lebedev
- CCP4, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Filomeno Sánchez Rodríguez
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Rigden
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Elena Longhin
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - Roland A Pache
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gideon J Davies
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Keith S Wilson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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6
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Hovorková M, Kulik N, Konvalinková D, Petrásková L, Křen V, Bojarová P. Mutagenesis of Catalytic Nucleophile of β‐Galactosidase Retains Residual Hydrolytic Activity and Affords a Transgalactosidase. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hovorková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology Faculty of Science Charles University Viničná 5 CZ-12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Zámek 136 CZ-37333 Nové Hrady Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Konvalinková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 CZ-14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
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7
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Choi JY, Hong H, Seo H, Pan JG, Kim EJ, Maeng PJ, Yang TH, Kim KJ. High Galacto-Oligosaccharide Production and a Structural Model for Transgalactosylation of β-Galactosidase II from Bacillus circulans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13806-13814. [PMID: 33169609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transgalactosylase activity of β-galactosidase produces galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) with prebiotic effects similar to those of major oligosaccharides in human milk. β-Galactosidases from Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382 are important enzymes in industrial-scale GOS production. Here, we show the high GOS yield of β-galactosidase II from B. circulans (β-Gal-II, Lactazyme-B), compared to other commercial enzymes. We also determine the crystal structure of the five conserved domains of β-Gal-II in an apo-form and complexed with galactose and an acceptor sugar, showing the heterogeneous mode of transgalactosylation by the enzyme. Truncation studies of the five conserved domains reveal that all five domains are essential for enzyme catalysis, while some truncated constructs were still expressed as soluble proteins. Structural comparison of β-Gal-II with other β-galactosidase homologues suggests that the GOS linkage preference of the enzyme might be quite different from other enzymes. The structural information on β-Gal-II might provide molecular insights into the transgalactosylation process of the β-galactosidases in GOS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youl Choi
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwaseok Hong
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyun Seo
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gu Pan
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Joong Kim
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Jae Maeng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Ho Yang
- R&D Center, GenoFocus Inc., 65 Techno 1-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Kim
- School of Life Sciences, KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- KNU Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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8
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Improvement in the yield and selectivity of lactulose synthesis with Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Ospina V, Bernal C, Mesa M. Thermal Hyperactivation and Stabilization of β-Galactosidase from Bacillus circulans through a Silica Sol–Gel Process Mediated by Chitosan–Metal Chelates. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3380-3392. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ospina
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 no. 52-21, Medellín 1226, Colombia
| | - Claudia Bernal
- Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en Ciencia y Tecnología, Tecnología Enzimática para Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería de Alimentos, Universidad de La Serena, Raul Bitran, La Serena 1305,Chile
| | - Monica Mesa
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 no. 52-21, Medellín 1226, Colombia
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10
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Pázmándi M, Maráz A, Ladányi M, Kovács Z. The impact of membrane pretreatment on the enzymatic production of whey-derived galacto-oligosaccharides. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Pázmándi
- Department of Food Engineering; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Anna Maráz
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Márta Ladányi
- Department of Biometrics and Agricultural Informatics; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Department of Food Engineering; Szent István University; Budapest Hungary
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11
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Synthesis and characterization of novel astragalin galactosides using β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 103:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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12
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Biochemical characterization of a novel β-galactosidase from Paenibacillus barengoltzii suitable for lactose hydrolysis and galactooligosaccharides synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 104:1055-1063. [PMID: 28652150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A β-galactosidase gene (PbBGal2A) was cloned from Paenibacillus barengoltzii and expressed in Escherichia coli. The in silico analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that PbBGal2A shared the highest identity of 40% with the characterized glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 2 β-galactosidase from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The recombinant β-galactosidase (PbBGal2A) was purified with a molecular mass of 124.2kDa on SDS-PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature of PbBGal2A were determined to be pH 7.5 and 45°C, respectively. PbBGal2A was stable within pH 6.0-8.0 and up to 45°C. It completely hydrolyzed the lactose in milk and whey powder solution. In addition, PbBGal2A exhibited high transglycosylation activity and a maximum yield of 47.9% (w/w) for galactooligosaccharides (GOS) production was obtained in 8h at a lactose concentration of 350g/L. These properties make PbBGal2A an ideal candidate for commercial use in the production of lactose-free milk and GOS.
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13
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Yin H, Pijning T, Meng X, Dijkhuizen L, van Leeuwen SS. Biochemical Characterization of the Functional Roles of Residues in the Active Site of the β-Galactosidase from Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3109-3118. [PMID: 28538097 PMCID: PMC5481816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The β-galactosidase enzyme from Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382 BgaD is widely used in the food industry to produce prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS). Recently, the crystal structure of a C-terminally truncated version of the enzyme (BgaD-D) has been elucidated. The roles of active site amino acid residues in β-galactosidase enzyme reaction and product specificity have remained unknown. On the basis of a structural alignment of the β-galactosidase enzymes BgaD-D from B. circulans and BgaA from Streptococcus pneumoniae, and the complex of BgaA with LacNAc, we identified eight active site amino acid residues (Arg185, Asp481, Lys487, Tyr511, Trp570, Trp593, Glu601, and Phe616) in BgaD-D. This study reports an investigation of the functional roles of these residues, using site-directed mutagenesis, and a detailed biochemical characterization and product profile analysis of the mutants obtained. The data show that these residues are involved in binding and positioning of the substrate and thus determine the BgaD-D activity and product linkage specificity. This study provides detailed insights into the structure-function relationships of the B. circulans BgaD-D enzyme, especially regarding GOS product linkage specificity, allowing the rational mutation of β-galactosidase enzymes to produce specific mixtures of GOS structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yin
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Biophysical
Chemistry, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Microbial
Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute
(GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Reaction kinetics and galactooligosaccharide product profiles of the β-galactosidases from Bacillus circulans, Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae. Food Chem 2017; 225:230-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Duarte LS, Schöffer JDN, Lorenzoni ASG, Rodrigues RC, Rodrigues E, Hertz PF. A new bioprocess for the production of prebiotic lactosucrose by an immobilized β-galactosidase. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Yin H, Pijning T, Meng X, Dijkhuizen L, van Leeuwen SS. Engineering of the Bacillus circulans β-Galactosidase Product Specificity. Biochemistry 2017; 56:704-711. [PMID: 28092444 PMCID: PMC5330655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial β-galactosidase enzymes are widely used as biocatalysts in industry to produce prebiotic galactooligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. GOS mixtures are used as beneficial additives in infant formula to mimic the prebiotic effects of human milk oligosaccharides (hMOS). The structural variety in GOS mixtures is significantly lower than in hMOS. Since this structural complexity is considered as the basis for the multiple biological functions of hMOS, it is important to broaden the variety of GOS structures. In this study, residue R484 near +1 subsite of the C-terminally truncated β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans (BgaD-D) was subjected to site saturation mutagenesis. Especially the R484S and R484H mutant enzymes displayed significantly altered enzyme specificity, leading to a new type of GOS mixture with altered structures and linkage types. The GOS mixtures produced by these mutant enzymes contained 14 structures that were not present in the wild-type enzyme GOS mixture; 10 of these are completely new structures. The GOS produced by these mutant enzymes contained a combination of (β1 → 3) and (β1 → 4) linkages, while the wild-type enzyme has a clear preference toward (β1 → 4) linkages. The yield of the trisaccharide β-d-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-d-Glcp produced by mutants R484S and R484H increased 50 times compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. These results indicate that residue R484 is crucial for the linkage specificity of BgaD-D. This is the first study showing that β-galactosidase enzyme engineering results in an altered GOS linkage specificity and product mixture. The more diverse GOS mixtures produced by these engineered enzymes may find industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Yin
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tjaard Pijning
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lubbert Dijkhuizen
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander S. van Leeuwen
- Microbial Physiology and Biophysical Chemistry, Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University
of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Duan X, Hu S, Qi X, Gu Z, Wu J. Optimal extracellular production of recombinant Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Thermostable β-galactosidases for the synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:355-60. [PMID: 26802542 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) designate a unique family of bioactive lactose-based molecules present in human breast milk. Using lactose as a cheap donor, some β-galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) can catalyze transgalactosylation to form the human milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT; Gal-β(1,4)-GlcNAc-β(1,3)-Gal-β(1,4)-Glc). In order to reduce reaction times and be able to work at temperatures, which are less welcoming to microbial growth, the current study investigates the possibility of using thermostable β-galactosidases for synthesis of LNnT and N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc; Gal-β(1,4)-GlcNAc), the latter being a core structure in HMOs. Two hyperthermostable GH 1 β-galactosidases, Ttβ-gly from Thermus thermophilus HB27 and CelB from Pyrococcus furiosus, were codon-optimized for expression in Escherichia coli along with BgaD-D, a truncated version of the GH 42 β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans showing high transgalactosylation activity at low substrate concentrations. The three β-galactosidases were compared in the current study in terms of their transgalactosylation activity in the formation of LacNAc and LNnT. In all cases, BgaD-D was the most potent transgalactosidase, but both thermostable GH 1 β-galactosidases could catalyze formation of LNnT and LacNAc, with Ttβ-gly giving higher yields than CelB. The thermal stability of the three β-galactosidases was elucidated and the results were used to optimize the reaction efficiency in the formation of LacNAc, resulting in 5-6 times higher reaction yields and significantly shorter reaction times.
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Tanaka SI, Takahashi T, Koide A, Ishihara S, Koikeda S, Koide S. Monobody-mediated alteration of enzyme specificity. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:762-4. [PMID: 26322825 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for engineering enzymes modify enzymes themselves and require a detailed mechanistic understanding or a high-throughput assay. Here, we describe a new approach where catalytic properties are modulated with synthetic binding proteins, termed monobodies, directed to an unmodified enzyme. Using the example of a β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans, we efficiently identified monobodies that restricted its substrates for its transgalactosylation reaction and selectively enhanced the production of small oligosaccharide prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ichi Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Satoru Ishihara
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koikeda
- Frontier Research Department, Gifu R&D Center, Amano Enzyme, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Ishikawa K, Kataoka M, Yanamoto T, Nakabayashi M, Watanabe M, Ishihara S, Yamaguchi S. Crystal structure of β-galactosidase fromBacillus circulansATCC 31382 (BgaD) and the construction of the thermophilic mutants. FEBS J 2015; 282:2540-52. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishikawa
- Biomass Refinery Research Center; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Higashi-hiroshima Japan
| | - Misumi Kataoka
- Biomass Refinery Research Center; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Higashi-hiroshima Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yanamoto
- Biomass Refinery Research Center; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Higashi-hiroshima Japan
| | - Makoto Nakabayashi
- Biomass Refinery Research Center; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Higashi-hiroshima Japan
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Biomass Refinery Research Center; National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST); Higashi-hiroshima Japan
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22
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van Leeuwen SS, Kuipers BJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP. 1 H NMR analysis of the lactose/β-galactosidase-derived galacto-oligosaccharide components of Vivinal® GOS up to DP5. Carbohydr Res 2014; 400:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Biochemical characterization of mutants in the active site residues of the β-galactosidase enzyme of Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:1015-20. [PMID: 25473598 PMCID: PMC4250540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Active site characteristics of the β-galactosidase enzyme of Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382. Residues essential for catalysis were identified by structure-based alignments. Mutational analysis identified two catalytic glutamate amino acid residues.
The Bacillus circulans ATCC 31382 β-galactosidase (BgaD) is a retaining-type glycosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 2 (GH2). Its commercial enzyme preparation, Biolacta N5, is used for commercial-scale production of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). The BgaD active site and catalytic amino acid residues have not been studied. Using bioinformatic routines we identified two putative catalytic glutamates and two highly conserved active site histidines. The site-directed mutants E447N, E532Q, and H345F, H379F had lost (almost) all catalytic activity. This confirmed their essential role in catalysis, as general acid/base catalyst (E447) and nucleophile (E532), and as transition state stabilizers (H345, H379), respectively.
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24
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Urrutia P, Bernal C, Wilson L, Illanes A. Improvement of chitosan derivatization for the immobilization of bacillus circulans β-galactosidase and its further application in galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:10126-10135. [PMID: 25188813 DOI: 10.1021/jf500351j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan was derivatized by two methodologies to design a robust biocatalyst of immobilized Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase from a low-cost support for its further application in the synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). In the first one, chitosan was derivatized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde and activated with epichlorohydrin; in the second one, cross-linking and activation were done with epichlorohydrin in a two-step process, favoring first support cross-linking and then support functionalization (C-EPI-EPI). Epoxy groups were hydrolyzed and oxidized, obtaining two supports activated with different aldehyde concentrations (100-250 μmol/g). The expressed activity and stability of the immobilized biocatalysts varied according to the derivatization methodology, showing that both the cross-linking agent and the activation degree are key parameters in the final biocatalyst performance. The best compromise between expressed activity and thermal stability was obtained using C-EPI-EPI with 200 μmol of aldehyde groups per gram of support. The immobilization conditions were optimized, obtaining a biocatalyst with 280 IU/g, immobilization yields in terms of activity and protein of 17.3 ± 0.4 and 61.5 ± 3.9%, respectively, and a high thermal stability, with a half-life of 449 times the value of the soluble enzyme. The biocatalyst was applied to the synthesis of GOS in repeated batch operation without affecting the product composition. Four successive batches were required for obtaining a cumulative specific productivity higher than the one obtained with the soluble enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Urrutia
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Avenida Brasil, 2147 Valparaı́so, Chile
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Assessment of repetitive batch-wise synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose slurry using immobilised β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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26
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Warmerdam A, Benjamins E, de Leeuw TF, Broekhuis TA, Boom RM, Janssen AE. Galacto-oligosaccharide production with immobilized β-galactosidase in a packed-bed reactor vs. free β-galactosidase in a batch reactor. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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The Discoidin Domain ofBacillus circulansβ-Galactosidase Plays an Essential Role in Repressing Galactooligosaccharide Production. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:73-9. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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28
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Cloning and Expression of a β-Galactosidase Gene ofBacillus circulans. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:1194-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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29
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Warmerdam A, Zisopoulos FK, Boom RM, Janssen AEM. Kinetic characterization of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) synthesis by three commercially important β-galactosidases. Biotechnol Prog 2013; 30:38-47. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Warmerdam
- Food Process Engineering Group; Wageningen University; Bomenweg 2 6703 HD Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Filippos K. Zisopoulos
- Food Process Engineering Group; Wageningen University; Bomenweg 2 6703 HD Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Remko M. Boom
- Food Process Engineering Group; Wageningen University; Bomenweg 2 6703 HD Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Anja E. M. Janssen
- Food Process Engineering Group; Wageningen University; Bomenweg 2 6703 HD Wageningen The Netherlands
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30
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Warmerdam A, Boom RM, Janssen AE. β-galactosidase stability at high substrate concentrations. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:402. [PMID: 24024090 PMCID: PMC3765595 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides is usually performed at high initial substrate concentrations since higher yields are obtained. We report here on the stability of β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans at 25, 40, and 60°C in buffer, and in systems with initially 5.0 and 30% (w/w) lactose. In buffer, the half-life time was 220 h and 13 h at 25 and 40°C, respectively, whereas the enzyme was completely inactivated after two hours at 60°C. In systems with 5.0 and 30% (w/w) lactose, a mechanistic model was used to correct the oNPG converting activity for the presence of lactose, glucose, galactose, and oligosaccharides in the activity assay. Without correction, the stability at 5.0% (w/w) lactose was overestimated, while the stability at 30% (w/w) lactose was underestimated. The inactivation constant k d was strongly dependent on temperature in buffer, whereas only a slight increase in k d was found with temperature at high substrate concentrations. The enzyme stability was found to increase strongly with the initial substrate concentrations. The inactivation energy E a appeared to be lower at high initial substrate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Warmerdam
- Food Process Engineering Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, Wageningen, EV 6700 The Netherlands
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Kinetic study of the colloidal and enzymatic stability of β-galactosidase, for designing its encapsulation route through sol–gel route assisted by Triton X-100 surfactant. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Warmerdam A, Paudel E, Jia W, Boom RM, Janssen AEM. Characterization of β-Galactosidase Isoforms from Bacillus circulans and Their Contribution to GOS Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:340-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rodriguez-Colinas B, Poveda A, Jimenez-Barbero J, Ballesteros AO, Plou FJ. Galacto-oligosaccharide synthesis from lactose solution or skim milk using the β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6391-6398. [PMID: 22676418 DOI: 10.1021/jf301156v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) catalyzed by a novel commercial preparation of β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans (Biolactase) was studied, and the products were characterized by MS and NMR. Using 400 g/L lactose and 1.5 enzyme units per milliliter, the maximum GOS yield, measured by HPAEC-PAD analysis, was 165 g/L (41% w/w of total carbohydrates in the mixture). The major transgalactosylation products were the trisaccharide Gal-β(1→4)-Gal-β(1→4)-Glc and the tetrasaccharide Gal-β(1→4)-Gal-β(1→4)-Gal-β(1→4)-Glc. The GOS yield increased to 198 g/L (49.4% w/w of total carbohydrates) using a higher enzyme concentration (15 U/mL), which minimized the enzyme inactivation under reaction conditions. Using skim milk (with a lactose concentration of 46 g/L), the enzyme also displayed transgalactosylation activity: maximum GOS yield accounted for 15.4% (7.1 g/L), which was obtained at 50% lactose conversion.
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Bridiau N, Maugard T. Bacillus circulans β-galactosidase catalyses the synthesis of N-acetyl-lactosamine in a hydro-organic medium via a steady-state ordered Bi Bi reaction mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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