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Mondal S, Mondal K, Halder SK, Thakur N, Mondal KC. Microbial Amylase: Old but still at the forefront of all major industrial enzymes. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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2
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Dong Z, Yang S, Dong X, Yang Y, Yan X, Su J, Tang C, Yao L, Kan Y. Characteristics, Protein Engineering, Heterologous Production, and Industrial Applications of Microbial Isoamylases. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Dong
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- College of Physical Education Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dong
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
| | - Yongna Yang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
| | - Xueting Yan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
| | - Jiejie Su
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
| | - Cunduo Tang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
- China‐UK‐NYNU‐RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain Nanyang Normal University Nanyang Henan 473061 China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Region of Mid‐line of South‐to‐North Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor College of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering Nanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 China
- China‐UK‐NYNU‐RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain Nanyang Normal University Nanyang Henan 473061 China
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Engineering of Thermal Stability in a Cold-Active Oligo-1,6-Glucosidase from Exiguobacterium sibiricum with Unusual Amino Acid Content. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081229. [PMID: 34439895 PMCID: PMC8392543 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene coding for a novel putative amylase, oligo-1,6-glucosidase from a psychrotrophic bacterium Exiguobacterium sibiricum from Siberian permafrost soil was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence of the predicted protein EsOgl and its 3D model displayed several features characteristic for the cold-active enzymes while possessing an unusually high number of proline residues in the loops—a typical feature of thermophilic enzymes. The activity of the purified recombinant protein was tested with p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate. The enzyme displayed a plateau-shaped temperature-activity profile with the optimum at 25 °C and a pronounced activity at low temperatures (50% of maximum activity at 5 °C). To improve the thermal stability at temperatures above 40 °C, we have introduced proline residues into four positions of EsOgl by site-directed mutagenesis according to “the proline rule”. Two of the mutants, S130P and A109P demonstrated a three- and two-fold increased half-life at 45 °C. Moreover, S130P mutation led to a 60% increase in the catalytic rate constant. Combining the mutations resulted in a further increase in stability transforming the temperature-activity profile to a typical mesophilic pattern. In the most thermostable variant A109P/S130P/E176P, the half-life at 45 °C was increased from 11 min (wild-type) to 129 min.
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Garcia CA, Gardner JG. Bacterial α-diglucoside metabolism: perspectives and potential for biotechnology and biomedicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4033-4052. [PMID: 33961116 PMCID: PMC8237927 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In a competitive microbial environment, nutrient acquisition is a major contributor to the survival of any individual bacterial species, and the ability to access uncommon energy sources can provide a fitness advantage. One set of soluble carbohydrates that have attracted increased attention for use in biotechnology and biomedicine is the α-diglucosides. Maltose is the most well-studied member of this class; however, the remaining four less common α-diglucosides (trehalose, kojibiose, nigerose, and isomaltose) are increasingly used in processed food and fermented beverages. The consumption of trehalose has recently been shown to be a contributing factor in gut microbiome disease as certain pathogens are using α-diglucosides to outcompete native gut flora. Kojibiose and nigerose have also been examined as potential prebiotics and alternative sweeteners for a variety of foods. Compared to the study of maltose metabolism, our understanding of the synthesis and degradation of uncommon α-diglucosides is lacking, and several fundamental questions remain unanswered, particularly with regard to the regulation of bacterial metabolism for α-diglucosides. Therefore, this minireview attempts to provide a focused analysis of uncommon α-diglucoside metabolism in bacteria and suggests some future directions for this research area that could potentially accelerate biotechnology and biomedicine developments. KEY POINTS: • α-diglucosides are increasingly important but understudied bacterial metabolites. • Kinetically superior α-diglucoside enzymes require few amino acid substitutions. • In vivo studies are required to realize the biotechnology potential of α-diglucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia A Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Gardner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Dong Z, Tang C, Lu Y, Yao L, Kan Y. Microbial Oligo‐α‐1,6‐Glucosidase: Current Developments and Future Perspectives. STARCH-STARKE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201900172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Dong
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Region of Mid‐line of South‐to‐NorthNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 P. R. China
| | - Cunduo Tang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Region of Mid‐line of South‐to‐NorthNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 P. R. China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Region of Mid‐line of South‐to‐NorthNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 P. R. China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insect Bio‐reactor and Henan Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Region of Mid‐line of South‐to‐NorthNanyang Normal University Nanyang 473061 P. R. China
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Dong Z, Hao X, Pokhrel DS, Chen X, Liu X, Mchunu NP, Permaul K, Singh S, Niu D, Wang Z. Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of two novel oligo-1,6-glucosidases fromBacillus mycoidesandThermomyces lanuginosus. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Hao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Daman S. Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
| | - Nokuthula P. Mchunu
- Faculty of Applied Sciences; Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology; Durban University of Technology; Durban South Africa
| | - Kugenthiren Permaul
- Faculty of Applied Sciences; Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology; Durban University of Technology; Durban South Africa
| | - Suren Singh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences; Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology; Durban University of Technology; Durban South Africa
| | - Dandan Niu
- College of Biological Science and Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou P.R. China
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology; Ministry of Education; College of Biotechnology; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Tianjin University of Science & Technology; Tianjin P.R. China
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Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides as potential prebiotics on performance, immune function and gut microbiota in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Enzymes Required for Maltodextrin Catabolism in Enterococcus faecalis Exhibit Novel Activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00038-17. [PMID: 28455338 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00038-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Maltose and maltodextrins are formed during the degradation of starch or glycogen. Maltodextrins are composed of a mixture of maltooligosaccharides formed by α-1,4- but also some α-1,6-linked glucosyl residues. The α-1,6-linked glucosyl residues are derived from branching points in the polysaccharides. In Enterococcus faecalis, maltotriose is mainly transported and phosphorylated by a phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system. The formed maltotriose-6″-phosphate is intracellularly dephosphorylated by a specific phosphatase, MapP. In contrast, maltotetraose and longer maltooligosaccharides up to maltoheptaose are taken up without phosphorylation via the ATP binding cassette transporter MdxEFG-MsmX. We show that the maltose-producing maltodextrin hydrolase MmdH (GenBank accession no. EFT41964) in strain JH2-2 catalyzes the first catabolic step of α-1,4-linked maltooligosaccharides. The purified enzyme converts even-numbered α-1,4-linked maltooligosaccharides (maltotetraose, etc.) into maltose and odd-numbered (maltotriose, etc.) into maltose and glucose. Inactivation of mmdH therefore prevents the growth of E. faecalis on maltooligosaccharides ranging from maltotriose to maltoheptaose. Surprisingly, MmdH also functions as a maltogenic α-1,6-glucosidase, because it converts the maltotriose isomer isopanose into maltose and glucose. In addition, E. faecalis contains a glucose-producing α-1,6-specific maltodextrin hydrolase (GenBank accession no. EFT41963, renamed GmdH). This enzyme converts panose, another maltotriose isomer, into glucose and maltose. A gmdH mutant had therefore lost the capacity to grow on panose. The genes mmdH and gmdH are organized in an operon together with GenBank accession no. EFT41962 (renamed mmgT). Purified MmgT transfers glucosyl residues from one α-1,4-linked maltooligosaccharide molecule to another. For example, it catalyzes the disproportionation of maltotriose by transferring a glucosyl residue to another maltotriose molecule, thereby forming maltotetraose and maltose together with a small amount of maltopentaose.IMPORTANCE The utilization of maltodextrins by Enterococcus faecalis has been shown to increase the virulence of this nosocomial pathogen. However, little is known about how this organism catabolizes maltodextrins. We identified two enzymes involved in the metabolism of various α-1,4- and α-1,6-linked maltooligosaccharides. We found that one of them functions as a maltose-producing α-glucosidase with relaxed linkage specificity (α-1,4 and α-1,6) and exo- and endoglucosidase activities. A third enzyme, which resembles amylomaltase, exclusively transfers glucosyl residues from one maltooligosaccharide molecule to another. Similar enzymes are present in numerous other Firmicutes, such as streptococci and lactobacilli, suggesting that these organisms follow the same maltose degradation pathway as E. faecalis.
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A new GH13 α-glucosidase from alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus 703 with both exo-α-l, 4-glucosidase and oligo-l, 6-glucosidase activities toward amylopectin. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:973-982. [PMID: 28366860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Debranching of (1, 6)-α-linkages in starch is of great significance as it is widely used in different industries. In recent years, identifying a single potential enzyme that could debranch (1, 6)-α-linkages and cleave (1, 4)-α-linkages brought great interest as amylopectin possessed both (1, 4)-α- and (1, 6)-α-linkages. In the present study, a 64\,kDa exo-α-l, 4-glucosidase from Bacillus pseudofirmus 703, annotated as Amy112, was cloned and characterized. Biochemical analysis indicated that heterologous Amy112 expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited a high activity against amylopectin, with the optimal temperature and pH of 40°C and pH 7.0, respectively. Addition of K+ ions improved the amy112 activity by 12%, but Li+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions showed no significant effect. Amy112 sequence homology revealed that it belonged to glycoside hydrolase family 13, showing 65% identity with α-glucosidase GSJ from Geobacillus sp. HTA-462. This is the first report indicating that Amy112 from B. pseudofirmus 703 belongs to GH13 enzyme family, having both exo-α-1, 4-glucosidase and oligo-l, 6-glucosidase activities. However, no transglycosylation activity was detected in LC-MS analysis. Amy112 would be of great significance of being utilized to debranch starch in different industries in a cost effective manner.
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Kelly ED, Bottacini F, O'Callaghan J, Motherway MO, O'Connell KJ, Stanton C, van Sinderen D. Glycoside hydrolase family 13 α-glucosidases encoded by Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003; A comparative analysis of function, structure and phylogeny. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 224:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Molecular cloning, characterization, and application of a novel thermostable α-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum strain IM2. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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12
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Ramli ANM, Azhar MA, Shamsir MS, Rabu A, Murad AMA, Mahadi NM, Illias RM. Sequence and structural investigation of a novel psychrophilic α-amylase from Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 for cold-adaptation analysis. J Mol Model 2013; 19:3369-83. [PMID: 23686283 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-013-1861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel α-amylase was isolated successfully from Glaciozyma antarctica PI12 using DNA walking and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. The structure of this psychrophilic α-amylase (AmyPI12) from G. antarctica PI12 has yet to be studied in detail. A 3D model of AmyPI12 was built using a homology modelling approach to search for a suitable template and to generate an optimum target-template alignment, followed by model building using MODELLER9.9. Analysis of the AmyPI12 model revealed the presence of binding sites for a conserved calcium ion (CaI), non-conserved calcium ions (CaII and CaIII) and a sodium ion (Na). Compared with its template-the thermostable α-amylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (BSTA)-the binding of CaII, CaIII and Na ions in AmyPI12 was observed to be looser, which suggests that the low stability of AmyPI12 allows the protein to work at different temperature scales. The AmyPI12 amino acid sequence and model were compared with thermophilic α-amylases from Bacillus species that provided the highest structural similarities with AmyPI12. These comparative studies will enable identification of possible determinants of cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizi Nor Mazila Ramli
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Abou Hachem M, S. Møller M, M. Andersen J, Fredslund F, Majumder A, Nakai H, Lo Leggio L, Goh YJ, Barrangou R, R. Klaenhammer T, Svensson B. A Snapshot into the Metabolism of Isomalto-oligosaccharides in Probiotic Bacteria. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Enzymology and structure of the GH13_31 glucan 1,6-α-glucosidase that confers isomaltooligosaccharide utilization in the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:4249-59. [PMID: 22685275 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00622-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) have been suggested as promising prebiotics that stimulate the growth of probiotic bacteria. Genomes of probiotic lactobacilli from the acidophilus group, as represented by Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, encode α-1,6 glucosidases of the family GH13_31 (glycoside hydrolase family 13 subfamily 31) that confer degradation of IMO. These genes reside frequently within maltooligosaccharide utilization operons, which include an ATP-binding cassette transporter and α-glucan active enzymes, e.g., maltogenic amylases and maltose phosphorylases, and they also occur separated from any carbohydrate transport or catabolism genes on the genomes of some acidophilus complex members, as in L. acidophilus NCFM. Besides the isolated locus encoding a GH13_31 enzyme, the ABC transporter and another GH13 in the maltooligosaccharide operon were induced in response to IMO or maltotetraose, as determined by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) transcriptional analysis, suggesting coregulation of α-1,6- and α-1,4-glucooligosaccharide utilization loci in L. acidophilus NCFM. The L. acidophilus NCFM GH13_31 (LaGH13_31) was produced recombinantly and shown to be a glucan 1,6-α-glucosidase active on IMO and dextran and product-inhibited by glucose. The catalytic efficiency of LaGH13_31 on dextran and the dextran/panose (trisaccharide) efficiency ratio were the highest reported for this class of enzymes, suggesting higher affinity at distal substrate binding sites. The crystal structure of LaGH13_31 was determined to a resolution of 2.05 Å and revealed additional substrate contacts at the +2 subsite in LaGH13_31 compared to the GH13_31 from Streptococcus mutans (SmGH13_31), providing a possible structural rationale to the relatively high affinity for dextran. A comprehensive phylogenetic and activity motif analysis mapped IMO utilization enzymes from gut microbiota to rationalize preferential utilization of IMO by gut residents.
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Cloning and Characterization of a Sucrose Isomerase from Erwinia rhapontici NX-5 for Isomaltulose Hyperproduction. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 163:52-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-9015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cihan AC, Ozcan B, Cokmus C. Characterization of thermostable α-glucosidases from newly isolated Geobacillus sp. A333 and thermophilic bacterium A343. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Coleri A, Cokmus C, Ozcan B, Akkoc N, Akcelik M. Isolations of α-glucosidase-producing thermophilic bacilli from hot springs of Turkey. Microbiology (Reading) 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261709010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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18
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Lin LL, Chen PJ, Liu JS, Wang WC, Lo HF. Identification of Glutamate Residues Important for Catalytic Activity or Thermostability of a Truncated Bacillus sp. Strain TS-23 α-amylase by Site-directed Mutagenesis. Protein J 2006; 25:232-9. [PMID: 16703471 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-006-9006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of 17 glutamate residues of a truncated Bacillus sp. strain TS-23 alpha-amylase (BACdeltaNC) was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. The Ala- and Asp-substituted variants were overexpressed in the recombinant E. coli cells and the 54-kDa proteins were purified to nearly homologous by nickel-chelate chromatography. Glu-295, which locates in the conserved region III of amylolytic enzymes, mutations resulted in a complete loss of enzyme activity. The specific activity for E151A was decreased by more than 30%, while other variants showed activity comparable to that of BACdeltaNC. A decreased half-life at 70 degrees C was observed for Glu-219 variants with respective to the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that replacement of Glu-219 by either Ala or Asp might have a significant destabilizing effect on the protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Liu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, 60083 Chiayi, Taiwan
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Hung VS, Hatada Y, Goda S, Lu J, Hidaka Y, Li Z, Akita M, Ohta Y, Watanabe K, Matsui H, Ito S, Horikoshi K. alpha-Glucosidase from a strain of deep-sea Geobacillus: a potential enzyme for the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 68:757-65. [PMID: 15940457 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An alpha-glucosidase from Geobacillus sp. strain HTA-462, one of the deepest sea bacteria isolated from the sediment of the Mariana Trench, was purified to homogeneity and estimated to be a 65-kDa protein by SDS-PAGE. At low ion strength, the enzyme exists in the homodimeric form (130 kDa). It is a thermo- and alkaline-stable enzyme with a half-life of 13.4 h and a maximum hydrolytic activity at 60 degrees C and pH 9.0 in 15 mM glycine-NaOH buffer. The enzyme exclusively hydrolyzed alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkages of oligosaccharides in an exo-type manner. The enzyme had an overwhelming transglycosylation activity and glycosylated various non-sugar molecules when maltose was used as a sugar donor. It converted maltose to isomaltose. The gene encoding the enzyme was cloned and sequenced. The recombinant enzyme could be extracellularly overproduced by Bacillus subtilis harboring its gene and preserved the primary properties of the native enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that Asp98 is essential for the enzyme activity in addition to Asp199, Asp326, and Glu256.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Si Hung
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 237-0061, Japan.
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Faridmoayer A, Scaman CH. Binding residues and catalytic domain of soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae processing alpha-glucosidase I. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1341-8. [PMID: 16014748 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-glucosidase I initiates the trimming of newly assembled N-linked glycoproteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Site-specific chemical modification of the soluble alpha-glucosidase I from yeast using diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) and tetranitromethane (TNM) revealed that histidine and tyrosine are involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme, as these residues could be protected from modification using the inhibitor deoxynojirimycin. Deoxynojirimycin could not prevent inactivation of enzyme treated with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) used to modify tryptophan residues. Therefore, the binding mechanism of yeast enzyme contains different amino acid residues compared to its mammalian counterpart. Catalytically active polypeptides were isolated from endogenous proteolysis and controlled trypsin hydrolysis of the enzyme. A 37-kDa nonglycosylated polypeptide was isolated as the smallest active fragment from both digests, using affinity chromatography with inhibitor-based resins (N-methyl-N-59-carboxypentyl- and N-59-carboxypentyl-deoxynojirimycin). N-terminal sequencing confirmed that the catalytic domain of the enzyme is located at the C-terminus. The hydrolysis sites were between Arg(521) and Thr(522) for endogenous proteolysis and residues Lys(524) and Phe(525) for the trypsin-generated peptide. This 37-kDa polypeptide is 1.9 times more active than the 98-kDa protein when assayed with the synthetic trisaccharide, alpha-D-Glc1,2alpha-D-Glc1,3alpha-D-Glc-O(CH2)(8)COOCH(3), and is not glycosylated. Identification of this relatively small fragment with catalytic activity will allow mechanistic studies to focus on this critical region and raises interesting questions about the relationship between the catalytic region and the remaining polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Faridmoayer
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Finnegan PM, Brumbley SM, O'Shea MG, Nevalainen H, Bergquist PL. Diverse dextranase genes from Paenibacillus species. Arch Microbiol 2005; 183:140-7. [PMID: 15645216 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-004-0756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genes encoding dextranolytic enzymes were isolated from Paenibacillus strains Dex40-8 and Dex50-2. Single, similar but non-identical dex1 genes were isolated from each strain, and a more divergent dex2 gene was isolated from strain Dex50-2. The protein deduced from the Dex40-8 dex1 gene sequence had 716 amino acids, with a predicted M(r) of 80.8 kDa. The proteins deduced from the Dex50-2 dex1 and dex2 gene sequences had 905 and 596 amino acids, with predicted M(r) of 100.1 kDa and 68.3 kDa, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of all three dextranolytic proteins had similarity to family 66 glycosyl hydrolases and were predicted to possess cleavable N-terminal signal peptides. Homology searches suggest that the Dex40-8 and Dex50-2 Dex1 proteins have one and two copies, respectively, of a carbohydrate-binding module similar to CBM_4_9 (pfam02018.11). The Dex50-2 Dex2 deduced amino acid sequence had highest sequence similarity to thermotolerant dextranases from thermophilic Paenibacillus strains, while the Dex40-8 and Dex50-2 Dex1 deduced protein sequences formed a distinct sequence clade among the family 66 proteins. Examination of seven Paenibacillus strains, using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay, indicated that multiple family 66 genes are common within this genus. The three recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli possessed dextranolytic activity and were able to convert ethanol-insoluble blue dextran into an ethanol-soluble product, indicating they are endodextranases (EC 3.2.1.11). The reaction catalysed by each enzyme had a distinct temperature and pH dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Finnegan
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Ogawa M, Nishio T, Hakamata W, Matsuishi Y, Hoshino S, Kondo A, Kitagawa M, Kawachi R, Oku T. Substrate Hydroxyl Groups Are Involved in the Ionization of Catalytic Carboxyl Groups of Aspergillus niger .ALPHA.-Glucosidase. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2004. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.51.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Yamaguchi K, Morimoto N, Wang Y, Watanabe K, Unno T, Ito H, Matsui H. Cloning and Expression of an Oligo-1,6-glucosidase Gene from Arthrobacter globiformis I42 and Biochemical Characterization of the Recombinant Enzyme. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2004. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.51.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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