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Glover F, Mehta A, Richardson M, Muncey W, Del Giudice F, Belladelli F, Seranio N, Eisenberg ML. Investigating the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among men exposed to organophosphate insecticides. J Endocrinol Invest 2024; 47:389-399. [PMID: 37574529 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) poses a significant disease morbidity and contributor to male infertility, where an estimated 20-40% of men are affected annually. While several risk factors have been identified in the etiology of ED (e.g., aging, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity), the complete pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Over the last few decades, the contribution of environmental exposures to the pathogenesis of ED has gained some attention, though population studies are limited and results are mixed. Among environmental contaminants, organophosphate (OP) insecticides represent one of the largest chemical classes, and chlorpyrifos is the most commonly used OP in the U.S. OP exposure has been implicated in driving biological processes, including inflammation, reactive oxygen species production, and endocrine and metabolism disruption, which have been demonstrated to adversely affect the hypothalamus and testes and may contribute to ED. Currently, studies evaluating the association between OPs and ED within the U.S. general population are sparse. METHODS Data were leveraged from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which is an annually conducted, population-based cross-sectional study. Urinary levels of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific metabolite of the most pervasive OP insecticide chlorpyrifos, were quantified as measures of OP exposure. ED was defined by responses to questionnaire data, where individuals who replied "sometimes able" or "never able" to achieve an erection were classified as ED. Chi-square, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multivariable, weighted linear and logistic regression analyses were used to compare sociodemographic variables between quartiles of TCPy exposure, identify risk factors for TCPy exposure and ED, and to analyze the relationship between TCPy and ED. RESULTS A total of 671 adult men were included in final analyses, representing 28,949,379 adults after survey weighting. Approximately 37% of our cohort had ED. Smoking, diabetes, aging, Mexican-American self-identification, and physical inactivity were associated with higher ED prevalence. Analysis of TCPy modeled as a continuous variable revealed nonsignificant associations with ED (OR = 1.02 95% CI [0.95, 1.09]). Stratification of total TCPy into quartiles revealed increased odds of ED among adults in the second and fourth quartiles, using the first quartile as the reference (OR = 2.04 95% CI [1.11, 3.72], OR = 1.51 95% CI [0.58, 3.93], OR = 2.62 95% CI [1.18, 5.79], for quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study suggest a potential role for chlorpyrifos and other OPs the pathogenesis of ED. Future studies are warranted to validate these findings, determine clinical significance, and to investigate potential mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Glover
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - A Mehta
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - M Richardson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - W Muncey
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - F Del Giudice
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - F Belladelli
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - N Seranio
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - M L Eisenberg
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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Alves RDC, D Assunção CG, Alves ÉR, de Albuquerque YML, de Melo IMF, Amaro da Silva Junior V, Wanderley-Teixeira V, Teixeira AAC. Bacillus thuringiensis affects reproductive capacity of adult rat offspring. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:112-125. [PMID: 36106457 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2022.2121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of B. thuringiensis-based biological insecticides, XenTari and Dipel, and deltamethrin on the reproductive development of pups of pregnant rats. Twenty 90-day-old pregnant rats were divided randomly onto four equal groups: control group (GC) administered only water; XenTari group (GX) administered 1 mg XenTari (containing Cry1Ac toxin of B. thuringiensis)/100 g body weight; Dipel group (GDi) administered 1 mg Dipel (containing Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac toxins of B. thuringiensis)/100 g body weight; and a deltamethrin group (GDe) administered 2 mg deltamethrin (0.08 ml Keshet 25EC)/kg body weight as a positive control. Insecticides were administered by gavage at doses of 1 mg/100 g/day (GX and GDi), and 2 mg/kg/day (GDe) during pregnancy and lactation. Treatment with both biologic and synthetic insecticides reduced the weight gain of the mothers. The biological insecticides reduced the number, weight and length, and increased malformation and mortality of the offspring. In female offspring for all three groups administered insecticides, opening of the vagina was delayed, metestrus was increased and estrogen and progesterone levels were reduced compared to proestrus, estrus and metestrus of the cycle. The ovaries of female offspring of all three groups administered insecticides contained numerous tertiary and atretic follicles, few corpora lutea, primary and secondary follicles, and reduced estrogen receptors compared to controls. In male offspring, all three groups exposed to insecticides exhibited reduced testosterone levels. Histopathological changes in the testes including vacuolation and desquamation of the seminiferous epithelium were observed only in the GX and GDi groups. The number of androgen receptors was reduced significantly in the testes and testicular morphometry revealed reduced tubule diameter, height of the seminiferous epithelium and total tubule length compared to the control. The biological insecticides, XenTari and Dipel, administered in sublethal doses to pregnant rats, caused reproductive changes in the offspring similar to those of the insecticide, deltamethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeka da Costa Alves
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Érique Ricardo Alves
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Yusoff NA, Taib IS, Budin SB, Mohamed M. Paternal Fenitrothion Exposures in Rats Causes Sperm DNA Fragmentation in F0 and Histomorphometric Changes in Selected Organs of F1 Generation. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9070159. [PMID: 34357902 PMCID: PMC8309826 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9070159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The adverse effects of maternal pesticides exposure on the progeny is very well established. However, the impact of paternal exposure to pesticides such as Fenitrothion (FNT) on the histomorphometry of progeny’s organs in unexposed mothers are much less well studied. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of paternal FNT exposure on the sperm quality of the parent rat and its effects on the histomorphometry of the progeny’s organs. Randomly, male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 24) categorized as F0 were distributed equally into three groups namely Control, FNT-10, and FNT-20. Control received 1 mL/kg corn oil while FNT-10 and FNT-20 received 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of FNT, respectively, via oral force feeding for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the study, male rats were mated with unexposed female rats and the male rats were sacrificed to obtain sperm for sperm characterization and DNA damage evaluation. Meanwhile, the rats’ progeny (F1) namely pControl, pFNT-10, and pFNT-20 were left to grow until postnatal day 70 before being sacrificed to obtain the matured organs for histology and morphometric analysis. Our results showed that both doses of FNT reduced sperm quality and caused DNA fragmentation in F0 rats compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The number of Leydig cells as well as the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and glomerulus of the pFNT-20 group had significantly decreased (p < 0.05) compared with the pControl group. The Bowman’s space of the pFNT-20 group had significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared with the pFNT-10 and pControl groups. Therefore, paternal exposure to FNT reduced the sperm quality and increased sperm DNA fragmentation in F0 male Sprague Dawley rats and altered the histology and morphometry of the selected organs in the F1 progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Afizah Yusoff
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre of Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.A.Y.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Izatus Shima Taib
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre of Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.A.Y.); (S.B.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-392-897-608
| | - Siti Balkis Budin
- Biomedical Science Programme, Centre of Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia; (N.A.Y.); (S.B.B.)
| | - Mahaneem Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
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Faria M, Prats E, Rosas Ramírez JR, Bellot M, Bedrossiantz J, Pagano M, Valls A, Gomez-Canela C, Porta JM, Mestres J, Garcia-Reyero N, Faggio C, Gómez Oliván LM, Raldua D. Androgenic activation, impairment of the monoaminergic system and altered behavior in zebrafish larvae exposed to environmental concentrations of fenitrothion. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145671. [PMID: 33621872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fenitrothion is an organophosphorus insecticide usually found in aquatic ecosystems at concentrations in the range of low ng/L. In this manuscript we show that 24 h exposure to environmental concentrations of fenitrothion, from ng/L to low μg/L, altered basal locomotor activity, visual-motor response and acoustic/vibrational escape response of zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, fenitrothion and expression of gap43a, gfap, atp2b1a, and mbp exhibited a significant non-monotonic concentration-response relationship. Once determined that environmental concentrations of fenitrothion were neurotoxic for zebrafish larvae, a computational analysis identified potential protein targets of this compound. Some of the predictions, including interactions with acetylcholinesterase, monoamine-oxidases and androgen receptor (AR), were experimentally validated. Binding to AR was the most suitable candidate for molecular initiating event, as indicated by both the up-regulation of cyp19a1b and sult2st3 and the non-monotonic relationship found between fenitrothion and the observed responses. Finally, when the integrity of the monoaminergic system was evaluated, altered levels of L-DOPA, DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA were found, as well as a significant up-regulation of slc18a2 expression at the lowest concentrations of fenitrothion. These data strongly suggest that concentrations of fenitrothion commonly found in aquatic ecosystems present a significant environmental risk for fish communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Faria
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Prats
- Research and Development Center (CID-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan Ricardo Rosas Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marina Bellot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied (Chromatography section), School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliette Bedrossiantz
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Pagano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - Arnau Valls
- Institut de Robòtica i Informàtica Industrial, CSIC-UPC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristian Gomez-Canela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied (Chromatography section), School of Engineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià-Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Porta
- Institut de Robòtica i Informàtica Industrial, CSIC-UPC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Mestres
- Systems Pharmacology, Research Group on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica, Chemotargets SL, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS, USA
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Agata-Messina, Italy
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Demetrio Raldua
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Lu SY, Lin P, Tsai WR, Weng CY. The Pragmatic Strategy to Detect Endocrine-Disrupting Activity of Xenobiotics in Food. Med Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tsiaoussis J, Hatzidaki E, Docea AO, Nikolouzakis TK, Petrakis D, Burykina T, Mamoulakis C, Makrigiannakis A, Tsatsakis A. Molecular and clinical aspects of embryotoxicity induced by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Toxicology 2018; 409:137-143. [PMID: 30055296 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are widely used for a variety of medical, agricultural and public health purposes. Consequently, exposure is highly possible during lifetime. However, their systematic use raises concerns for the potential impact on the fetus and newborn since these substances may affect angiogenesis, the neonatal and maternal intensive care, neuroimmune function and response, mammary growth/lactation via cholinergic/non-cholinergic central and peripheral neuroendocrine pathways. New methodologies, neuroscientific technologies and research studies are needed to harness existing knowledge along with the proper management, availability for new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, with stable pharmacodynamics and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - E Hatzidaki
- Department of Neonatology, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A O Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Craiova, 200349, Romania.
| | - T K Nikolouzakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - D Petrakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - T Burykina
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - C Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A Makrigiannakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - A Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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Chedik L, Bruyere A, Fardel O. Interactions of organophosphorus pesticides with solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:363-374. [PMID: 29448871 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1442030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are known to interact with human ATP-binding cassette drug efflux pumps. The present study was designed to determine whether they can also target activities of human solute carrier (SLC) drug transporters. 2. The interactions of 13 OPs with SLC transporters involved in drug disposition, such as organic cation transporters (OCTs), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs), were mainly investigated using transporter-overexpressing cell clones and fluorescent or radiolabeled reference substrates. 3. With a cut-off value of at least 50% modulation of transporter activity by 100 µM OPs, OAT1 and MATE2-K were not impacted, whereas OATP1B1 and MATE1 were inhibited by two and three OPs, respectively. OAT3 activity was similarly blocked by three OPs, and was additionally stimulated by one OP. Five OPs cis-stimulated OATP2B1 activity. Both OCT1 and OCT2 were inhibited by the same eight OPs, including fenamiphos and phosmet, with IC50 values however in the 3-30 µM range, likely not relevant to environmental exposure. 4. These data demonstrated that various OPs inhibit SLC drug transporter activities, especially those of OCT1 and OCT2, but only when used at high concentrations not expected to occur in environmentally-exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Chedik
- a Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET) , UMR INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1 , Rennes , France
| | - Arnaud Bruyere
- a Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET) , UMR INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1 , Rennes , France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- a Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET) , UMR INSERM U1085, Université de Rennes 1 , Rennes , France.,b Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire , Rennes , France
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Amizadeh M, Safari-Kamalabadi M, Askari-Saryazdi G, Amizadeh M, Reihani-Kermani H. Pesticide Exposure and Head and Neck Cancers: A Case-Control Study in an Agricultural Region. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY 2017; 29:275-285. [PMID: 28955675 PMCID: PMC5610376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Causes of head and neck cancers (HNCs) are multifactorial, and few studies have investigated the association between chemical exposure and HNCs. The objective of this study was to investigate associations between HNCs, agricultural occupations, and pesticide exposure. The potential for the accumulation of pesticides in the adipose tissue of patients was also investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on demographics, occupation, and exposure to pesticides in a hospital-based case-control study. Pesticide residue in the adipose tissue of the neck in both cases and controls was also monitored via gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Thirty-one HNC cases were included in this study as well as 32 gender-, age-, and smoking-matched controls. An agricultural occupation was associated with HNC (odds ratio [OR], 3.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-9.43) after controlling for age, sex, and smoking. Pesticide exposure was associated with total HNC cases (OR, 7.45; 95% CI, 1.78-3.07) and larynx cancer (OR, 9.33; 95% CI, 1.65-52.68). A dose-response pattern was observed for HNC cases (P=0.06) and larynx cancer (P=0.01). In tracing the pesticide residue, five chlorinated pesticides, namely dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodipheny-ldichloroethane (DDD), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dieldrin, and lindane, were identified in the adipose tissue. Chlorinated pesticide detection was significantly associated with HNC (OR, 3.91; 95% CI 0.9-0.16.9). CONCLUSION HNCs were found to be associated with pesticide exposure after controlling for confounders. A high education level was identified as a modifying factor decreasing the risk of HNCs. Further studies with larger number of subjects are recommended to assess these relationships in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amizadeh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Ghasem Askari-Saryazdi
- Plant Protection Research Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Amizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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Garg UK, Pal AK, Jha GJ, Jadhao SB. Pathophysiological Effects of Chronic Toxicity with Synthetic Pyrethroid, Organophosphate and Chlorinated Pesticides on Bone Health of Broiler Chicks. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:364-9. [PMID: 15204980 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490431745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment evaluated effects following chronic toxicity with 20 ppm fenvalerate (synthetic pyrethroid), 2 ppm monocrotophos (organophosphate) and 2 ppm endosulfan (chlorinated hydrocarbon) on bone health of broiler chicks. A total of 120 chicks were divided equally into 4 groups and were fed poultry mash without (control) or mixed with different pesticides for 8 weeks. Body mass, serum calcium and phosphorus levels were unaffected due to pesticides treatment. However, an increase ( p < 0 .01) in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was noted and serum total protein decreased ( p < 0 .01) in all treated groups. Roentogenography revealed destructive changes in the upper part of the femur in the monocrotophos group. Endosulfan intoxicated chicks had increased numbers of trabeculae in the medullary cavity. Microscopic alterations of the costochondral junction in intoxicated chicks were similar. The zones of proliferating, maturing and degenerating, and calcifying cartilage cells were reduced in width and the metaphysis in treated birds showed a reduced number of cartilage cells and thinner trabeculae. Due to toxicity, the capillary scaffolding of the degenerating cartilage cells was reduced and a larger number of transverse trabeculae could be seen in the metaphysis. Appositional bone growth studied by the tetracyclicline labeling technique indicated decreased active osteons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh K Garg
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi 834007, India
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Pickford DB, Jones A, Velez-Pelez A, Orton F, Iguchi T, Mitsui N, Tooi O. Screening breeding sites of the common toad (Bufo bufo) in England and Wales for evidence of endocrine disrupting activity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 117:7-19. [PMID: 25817886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anuran amphibians are often present in agricultural landscapes and may therefore be exposed to chemicals in surface waters used for breeding. We used passive accumulation devices (SPMD and POCIS) to sample contaminants from nine breeding sites of the Common toad (Bufo bufo) across England and Wales, measuring endocrine activity of the extracts in a recombinant yeast androgen screen (YAS) and yeast estrogen screen (YES) and an in vitro vitellogenin induction screen in primary culture of Xenopus laevis hepatocytes. We also assessed hatching, growth, survival, and development in caged larvae in situ, and sampled metamorphs for gonadal histopathology. None of the SPMD extracts exhibited estrogen receptor or androgen receptor agonist activity, while POCIS extracts from two sites in west-central England exhibited concentration-dependent androgenic activity in the YAS. Three sites exhibited significant estrogenic activity in both the YES and the Xenopus hepatocyte. Hatching rates varied widely among sites, but there was no consistent correlation between hatching rate and intensity of agricultural activity, predicted concentrations of agrochemicals, or endocrine activity measured in YES/YAS assays. While a small number of intersex individuals were observed, their incidence could not be associated with predicted pesticide exposure or endocrine activitity measured in the in vitro screens. There were no significant differences in sex ratio, as determined by gonadal histomorphology among the study sites, and no significant correlation was observed between proportion of males and predicted exposure to agrochemicals. However, a negative correlation did become apparent in later sampling periods between proportion of males and estrogenic activity of the POCIS sample, as measured in the YES. Our results suggest that larval and adult amphibians may be exposed to endocrine disrupting chemicals in breeding ponds, albeit at low concentrations, and that chemical contaminants other than plant protection products may contribute to endocrine activity of surface waters in the agricultural landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Pickford
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexandra Jones
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Velez-Pelez
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Taisen Iguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Naoko Mitsui
- Environmental Risk Research Center, Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., 1334-5 Riemon, Yaizu, Shizuoka 421-0212, Japan
| | - Osamu Tooi
- Environmental Risk Research Center, Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., 1334-5 Riemon, Yaizu, Shizuoka 421-0212, Japan
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Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes the effects of more than 15 mostly used pesticides on male reproductive physiology, as recent experimental and epidemiological research have indicated their alarming impact on overall human health. Mechanisms have described that pesticide exposure damages spermatozoa, alter Sertoli or Leydig cell function, both in vitro and in vivo and thus affects semen quality. But, the literature suggests a need for more intricate research in those pesticides that are defined as mutagens or carcinogens and directly affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. This literature review also proposes specific solutions to overcome these health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Vidyasagar College for Women, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajdeb Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Karami S, Andreotti G, Koutros S, Barry KH, Moore LE, Han S, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Lubin JH, Burdette LA, Yuenger J, Yeager M, Freeman LEB, Blair A, Alavanja MCR. Pesticide exposure and inherited variants in vitamin d pathway genes in relation to prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1557-66. [PMID: 23833127 PMCID: PMC3773544 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D and its metabolites are believed to impede carcinogenesis by stimulating cell differentiation, inhibiting cell proliferation, and inducing apoptosis. Certain pesticides have been shown to deregulate vitamin D's anticarcinogenic properties. We hypothesize that certain pesticides may be linked to prostate cancer via an interaction with vitamin D genetic variants. METHODS We evaluated interactions between 41 pesticides and 152 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in nine vitamin D pathway genes among 776 prostate cancer cases and 1,444 male controls in a nested case-control study of Caucasian pesticide applicators within the Agricultural Health Study. We assessed Pinteraction values using likelihood ratio tests from unconditional logistic regression and a false discovery rate (FDR) to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS Five significant interactions (P < 0.01) displayed a monotonic increase in prostate cancer risk with individual pesticide use in one genotype and no association in the other. These interactions involved parathion and terbufos use and three vitamin D genes (VDR, RXRB, and GC). The exposure-response pattern among participants with increasing parathion use with the homozygous CC genotype for GC rs7041 compared with unexposed participants was noteworthy [low vs. no exposure: OR, 2.58, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-6.25; high vs. no exposure: OR, 3.09, 95% CI, 1.10-8.68; Pinteraction = 3.8 × 10(-3)]. CONCLUSIONS In this study, genetic variations in vitamin D pathway genes, particularly GC rs7041, an SNP previously linked to lower circulating vitamin D levels, modified pesticide associations with prostate cancer risk. IMPACT Because our study is the first to examine this relationship, additional studies are needed to rule out chance findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Karami
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Tamura H, Yoshioka M, Hasegawa M, Hosoda A, Matsugi M, Akamatsu M. The systematic structure–activity relationship to predict how flavones bind to human androgen receptor for their antagonistic activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:2968-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sharma AK, Tiwari RK, Gaur MS. Three dimensional structure prediction and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of toxic pesticides in human blood plasma. J Biomed Res 2013; 26:170-84. [PMID: 23554747 PMCID: PMC3596067 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.26.20110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assignments of hydrolyzed products extracted from human blood plasma. The correlations between chemical, functional and structural properties of highly toxic pesticides were investigated using the PreADME analysis. We observed that toxic pesticides possessed higher molecular weight and, more hydrogen bond donors and acceptors when compared with less toxic pesticides. The occurrence of functional groups and structural properties was analyzed using 1H-NMR. The 1H-NMR spectra of the phosphomethoxy class of pesticides were characterized by methyl resonances at 3.7-3.9 ppm (δ) with the coupling constants of 11-16 Hz (JP-CH3). In phosphoethoxy pesticides, the methyl resonance was about 1.4 ppm (δ) with the coupling constant of 10 Hz (JP-CH2) and the methylene resonances was 4.2-4.4 ppm (δ) with the coupling constant of 0.8 Hz (JP-CH3), respectively. Our study shows that the values of four parameters such as chemical shift, coupling constant, integration and relaxation time correlated with the concentration of toxic pesticides, and can be used to characterise the proton groups in the molecular structures of toxic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Sharma
- Pesticides Research and Sensors Laboratory, Department of Physics, Hindustan College of Science and Technology, Farah, Mathura-281122 (U.P.), India
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Okamura A, Saito I, Ueyama J, Ito Y, Nakajima T, Kamijima M. New analytical method for sensitive quantification of urinary 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol to assess fenitrothion exposure in general population and occupational sprayers. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:220-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Mnif W, Hassine AIH, Bouaziz A, Bartegi A, Thomas O, Roig B. Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:2265-303. [PMID: 21776230 PMCID: PMC3138025 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8062265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are compounds that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system of both wildlife and humans. A huge number of chemicals have been identified as endocrine disruptors, among them several pesticides. Pesticides are used to kill unwanted organisms in crops, public areas, homes and gardens, and parasites in medicine. Human are exposed to pesticides due to their occupations or through dietary and environmental exposure (water, soil, air). For several years, there have been enquiries about the impact of environmental factors on the occurrence of human pathologies. This paper reviews the current knowledge of the potential impacts of endocrine disruptor pesticides on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Mnif
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité de Recherche 02/UR/09-01, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, de Monastir, BP 74, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; E-Mails: (W.M.); (A.I.H.H); (A.B.)
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Pole Technologie Sidi Thabet, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Aziza Ibn Hadj Hassine
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité de Recherche 02/UR/09-01, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, de Monastir, BP 74, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; E-Mails: (W.M.); (A.I.H.H); (A.B.)
| | - Aicha Bouaziz
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Unité de Recherche 02/UR/09-01, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, de Monastir, BP 74, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia; E-Mails: (W.M.); (A.I.H.H); (A.B.)
| | - Aghleb Bartegi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 1759, 31982, Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
| | - Olivier Thomas
- Environment and Health Research laboratory (LERES), Advanced School of Public Health (EHESP), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard - CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; E-Mail: (O.T.)
| | - Benoit Roig
- Environment and Health Research laboratory (LERES), Advanced School of Public Health (EHESP), Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard - CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France; E-Mail: (O.T.)
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Todorov M, Mombelli E, Ait-Aissa S, Mekenyan O. Androgen receptor binding affinity: a QSAR evaluation. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 22:265-291. [PMID: 21598194 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2011.569508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The multiparameter formulation of the COmmon REactivity PAttern (COREPA) approach has been used to describe the structural requirements for eliciting rat androgen receptor (AR) binding affinity, accounting for molecular flexibility. Chemical affinity for AR binding was related to the distances between nucleophilic sites and structural features describing electronic and hydrophobic interactions between the receptor and ligands. Categorical models were derived for each binding affinity range in terms of specific distances, local (maximal donor delocalizability associated with the oxygen atom of the A ring), global nucleophilicity (partial positive surface areas and energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital) and hydrophobicity (log Kow) of the molecules. An integral screening tool for predicting binding affinity to AR was constructed as a battery of models, each associated with different activity bins. The quality of the screening battery of models was assessed using a high value (0.9) of the Pearson contingency coefficient. The predictability of the model was assessed by testing the model performance on external validation sets. A recently developed technique for selection of potential androgenically active chemicals was used to test the performance of the model in its applicability domain. Some of the selected chemicals were tested for AR transcriptional activation. The experimental results confirmed the theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Todorov
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, Bourgas As. Zlatarov University, Bourgas, Bulgaria
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18
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Ismail M, Al-Taher AY. Effect of propetamphos on the male rats reproductive system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 31:333-338. [PMID: 21787702 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at defining the testicular toxicity of propetamphos. Mature male albino rats (5-6 months old) were treated with propetamphos orally at doses of 0, 0.18, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5 and 3mg/kg/day for 60 consecutive days. Propetamphos at a dose of 0.38 mg/kg/day significantly reduced the sperm motility only. At 0.75 mg/kg/day sperm count, sperm motility, plasma testosterone level and activity of sorbiol dehydrogenase (SDH) were significantly reduced and sperm morphological abnormalities were significantly increased. At 1.5mg/kg/day weight of testes, seminal vesicle and epididymis were reduced dose dependently whereas, at 3mg/kg/day, weight of prostate gland and activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and glucose-6-P-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were decreased significantly. On histopathological examination indicated toxicity of propetamphos on testes depending on dose and observed at doses higher than 0.38 mg/kg/day. These results indicate testicular toxicity of propetamphos at dose of 0.38 mg/kg/day or higher in male albino rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ismail
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources King Faisal University, Postal Code 1757, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia. m
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19
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In vivo alternative assessment of the chemicals that interfere with anterior pituitary POMC expression and interrenal steroidogenesis in POMC: EGFP transgenic zebrafish. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 248:217-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Liu L, Hu JX, Wang H, Chen BJ, He Z, Xu LC. Effects of beta-cypermethrin on male rat reproductive system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:251-256. [PMID: 21787657 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To study adverse effects and underlying mechanisms of beta-cypermethrin (β-cyp) on male reproductive system, the 15-day intact male adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats assay was used as an in vivo test. Male adult SD rats were treated by oral gavage with 0, 15 and 30mgβ-cyp/kgBW for 15 days. After 15-day treatments, the testes, epididymis and seminal vesicles were excised and weighed, respectively. One testis was used for testicular sperm head counts, and the other was for immunohistochemistry test to characterize the expression of androgen receptors (ARs). There were substantial decreases of both sperm head counts and daily sperm production after β-cyp exposure. The expression of AR decreased significantly in rats treated with 15 and 30mgβ-cyp/kgBW, and the gray scale pixel values in the three groups (0, 15 and 30mgβ-cyp/kgBW) were 113.79±13.58, 96.09±5.95 and 77.27±5.44, respectively. These findings suggested β-cyp has significant adverse effects on the reproductive system. Reducing the expression of AR is a potential mechanism of decreased sperm production caused by β-cyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- The School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
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21
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Aït-Aïssa S, Laskowski S, Laville N, Porcher JM, Brion F. Anti-androgenic activities of environmental pesticides in the MDA-kb2 reporter cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1979-85. [PMID: 20736058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides have been suspected to act as endocrine disruptive compounds (EDCs) through several mechanisms of action, however data are still needed for a number of currently used pesticides. In the present study, 30 environmental pesticides selected from different chemical classes (azole, carbamate, dicarboximide, organochlorine, organophosphorus, oxadiazole, phenylureas, pyrazole, pyrimidine, pyrethroid and sulfonylureas) were tested for their ability to alter in vitro the transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor in the MDA-kb2 reporter cell line. The responsiveness of the system was checked by using a panel of reference ligands of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors. When tested alone at concentrations up to 10 μM, none of the studied pesticides were able to induce the reporter gene after a 18 h exposure. Conversely, co-exposure experiments with 0.1 nM dihydrotestosterone (DHT) allowed identifying 15 active pesticides with IC(50) ranging from 0.2 μM for vinclozolin to 12 μM for fenarimol. Fipronil and bupirimate were here newly described for their AR antagonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aït-Aïssa
- Unité d'Ecotoxicologie in vitro et in vivo, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), BP 2, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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22
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Blanco-Munoz J, Morales MM, Lacasana M, Aguilar-Garduno C, Bassol S, Cebrian ME. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides and male hormone profile in floriculturist of the state of Morelos, Mexico. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1787-95. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Ogawa Y, Akamatsu M, Hotta Y, Hosoda A, Tamura H. Effect of essential oils, such as raspberry ketone and its derivatives, on antiandrogenic activity based on in vitro reporter gene assay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2111-4. [PMID: 20226658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of essential oils, such as raspberry ketone, on androgen (AR) receptor was investigated using a MDA-kb2 human breast cancer cell line for predicting potential AR activity. Among them, eugenol had the highest AR antagonistic activity with its IC(50) value of 19 microM. Raspberry ketone, which has threefold higher anti-obese activity than that of capsaicin, also had AR antagonist activity with its IC(50) value of 252 microM. Based on these findings, a more precise CoMFA model was proposed as follows: pIC(50) [log (1/IC(50))]=3.77+[CoMFA field terms] (n=39, s=0.249, r(2)=0.834, s(cv)=0.507, q(2)=0.311 (three components).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ogawa
- Department of Environmental Bioscience, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
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24
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Nishizaki Y, Ishimoto Y, Hotta Y, Hosoda A, Yoshikawa H, Akamatsu M, Tamura H. Effect of flavonoids on androgen and glucocorticoid receptors based on in vitro reporter gene assay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4706-10. [PMID: 19592245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of 32 flavonoids on androgen (AR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) was investigated using an MDA-kb2 human breast cancer cell line to predict potential AR and GR activities. Among them, 5-hydroxyflavone (7) had the highest AR antagonistic activity with an IC(50) value of 0.3 microM, whereas 6-methoxyflavone (11) had the highest induced luciferase activity with an EC(150) value of 0.7 microM. Genistein (2) and daizein (1) showed a sufficient increase of luciferase activities as their concentrations increased with EC(150) values of 4.4 and 10.1 microM, respectively. These findings provide evidence of a fundamental property of their structure-activity relationship with AR and/or GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nishizaki
- Department of Environmental Bioscience, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
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25
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Li Y, Wang Y, Ding J, Wang Y, Chang Y, Zhang S. In silico Prediction of Androgenic and Nonandrogenic Compounds Using Random Forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200810100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sebire M, Scott AP, Tyler CR, Cresswell J, Hodgson DJ, Morris S, Sanders MB, Stebbing PD, Katsiadaki I. The organophosphorous pesticide, fenitrothion, acts as an anti-androgen and alters reproductive behavior of the male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:122-133. [PMID: 18807270 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-008-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fenitrothion (FN) is a widely used organophosphorous pesticide that has structural similarities with the clinical anti-androgen flutamide. The potential for FN to act as an anti-androgen (at exposures of 1, 50, and 200 microg FN/l over a 26-day period) was assessed in male three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, by measuring kidney spiggin concentration, nest-building, and courtship behavior. Spiggin is the glue protein that male sticklebacks use to build their nests and is directly controlled by androgens. FN exposure significantly reduced spiggin production as well as nest-building activity. It also adversely affected courtship--especially the 'zigzag dance' and biting behavior of the males. FN thus appears to have anti-androgenic effects on both the physiology and behavior of the male stickleback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Sebire
- Cefas Weymouth Laboratory, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, UK
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27
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Sochaski MA, McManus BM, Struve MF, Wallace DG, Dorman DC. Inhibition and recovery of maternal and foetal cholinesterase enzymes following fenitrothion administration in CD rats. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:19-29. [PMID: 17178631 DOI: 10.1080/00498250600966360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize tissue esterase activity and blood fenitrothion concentrations in the rat dam and foetus following in-utero exposure to the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion. Time-mated, 8-week-old rats were gavaged on gestation day 19 with 0, 5, or 25 mg fenitrothion kg-1. Fenitrothion was absorbed rapidly from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak maternal and foetal blood levels observed 0.5-1.0 h after dosing. Fenitrothion concentrations in maternal and foetal blood were virtually identical and demonstrated a non-linear dose-response relationship. Acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities in maternal liver and blood and in foetal liver and brain decreased within 30-60 min of fenitrothion exposure. Esterase inhibition occurred at a fenitrothion dose (5 mg kg-1) that has not been previously associated with reproductive toxicity, suggesting that esterase inhibition should be considered as the critical effect in risk assessments for this pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sochaski
- CIIT Centers for Health Research, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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28
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McKinlay R, Plant JA, Bell JNB, Voulvoulis N. Endocrine disrupting pesticides: implications for risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:168-83. [PMID: 17881056 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting (ED) chemicals are compounds that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system, potentially causing disease or deformity in organisms and their offspring. Pesticides are used widely to kill unwanted organisms in crops, public areas, homes and gardens and medicinally to kill parasites. Many are proven or suspected to be EDs. Ancient physiological similarities between different vertebrate groups suggest that disorders observed in wildlife may indicate risks to humans. This makes accurate risk assessment and effective legislation difficult. In this paper, the hazardous properties of pesticides which are known to have ED properties are reviewed in order to assess the implications for risk assessment. As well as data on sources of exposure in the United Kingdom (UK) an assessment of the evidence on the health effects of ED pesticides is also included. In total, 127 have been identified from the literature and their effects and modes of action are listed in this paper. Using the UK as a case study, the types and quantities of pesticides used, and their methods of application are assessed, along with their potential pathways to humans. In the UK reliable data are available only for agricultural use, so non-agricultural routes of pesticide exposure have been poorly quantified. The exposure of people resident in or visiting rural areas could also have been grossly under-estimated. Material links between ED pesticide use and specific illnesses or deformities are complicated by the multifactorial nature of disease, which can be affected by factors such as diet. Despite these difficulties, a large body of evidence has accumulated linking specific conditions to ED pesticides in wildlife and humans. A more precautionary approach to the use of ED pesticides, especially for non-essential purposes is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McKinlay
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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29
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Evaluation of androgen receptor transcriptional activities of some pesticides in vitro. Toxicology 2008; 243:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Zaidman BZ, Wasser SP, Nevo E, Mahajna J. Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma lucidum interfere with androgen receptor function in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 35:107-17. [PMID: 17431821 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we screened a total of 201 diethyl ether, ethanol, and ethyl acetate fungal Basidiomycetes extracts for anti-androgenic activity. Based on our screened results in combination with the selective inhibition of prostate cancer LNCaP cells, we selected Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma lucidum for further evaluation. We demonstrated that ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from C. comatus and G. lucidum, respectively, selectively inhibit dihydrotestosterone-induced LNCaP cell viability, suppress levels of secreted prostate-specific antigen in a dose-dependent manner, and cause a G1 phase arrest in LNCaP, but not in DU 145 and PC-3 cells. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrated that C. comatus and G. lucidum decreased androgen and glucocorticoide receptors transcriptional activity in breast cancer MDA-kb2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and suppressed androgen receptor (AR) protein level in LNCaP and MDA-kb2 cells. Our findings suggest that AR and non-AR mediated mechanisms underlie the effects of C. comatus and G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zion Zaidman
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
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31
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Struve MF, Turner KJ, Dorman DC. Preliminary investigation of changes in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the rat medial preoptic area following prenatal exposure to fenitrothion. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:631-6. [PMID: 17582585 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In vitro, the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion is a potent competitive androgen receptor antagonist, whereas in vivo it affects the development of the male rat reproductive system. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether prenatal exposure to fenitrothion affects development of the rat sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area (SDN-POA). Pregnant rats (n = 5-6 litters/group) were orally dosed with corn oil (vehicle) or fenitrothion (20 or 25 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) from gestation day (GD) 12-21. Offspring were euthanized after reaching sexual maturity (females 60-65 days old and males 96-105 days old) and the SDN-POA volumes determined for two rats/sex/litter. Tremors, increased lacrimation and decreased body weight gain were observed in dams from both fenitrothion exposure groups. Reproductive effects in male offspring, including reduced anogenital distance on postnatal day (PND) 1 and increased retention of areolae (PND 13) were observed following fenitrothion exposure at these dose levels. These effects did not persist into adulthood. There was a dose-related increase in the SDN-POA volume in males and a dose-related decrease in SDN-POA volume in females exposed to fenitrothion. These SDN-POA volume changes contrast with those seen with flutamide, another potent anti-androgen, and suggest that fenitrothion may have mixed endocrine effects on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie F Struve
- CIIT Centers for Health Research, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2137, USA.
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Tamura H, Ishimoto Y, Fujikawa T, Aoyama H, Yoshikawa H, Akamatsu M. Structural basis for androgen receptor agonists and antagonists: interaction of SPEED 98-listed chemicals and related compounds with the androgen receptor based on an in vitro reporter gene assay and 3D-QSAR. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7160-74. [PMID: 16876421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 06/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) activity of listed chemicals, so called SPEED 98, by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan, and structurally related chemicals was characterized using MDA-kb2 human breast cancer cells stably expressing an androgen-responsive luciferase reporter gene, MMTV-luc. Since our results suggested that chemicals with diverse chemical structures were capable of disrupting the endocrine systems mediated by AR, a comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model was developed to analyze the structural requirements necessary to disrupt AR function. A significant CoMFA model with r(2)=0.825 and q(2)=0.332 was developed for AR antagonist activity of 35 pure antagonists excluding procymidone. On the other hand, a good CoMFA model with r(2)=0.983 and q(2)=0.555 was obtained for antagonist activity of 13 chemicals with both agonist and antagonist activities. The steric and electrostatic properties were sufficient to describe the structural requirements for AR antagonist activity. In addition, the structural difference of AR agonists and antagonists was explained based on CoMFA results and the AR-LBD crystal structure. As several ERalpha agonists such as diethylstilbestrol (DES) acted as AR antagonists, the surface area of the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) was compared with that of the ERalpha-LBD based on their reported crystal structures to analyze how those ligands interact with LBDs. The surface area of AR-LBD was shown to be smaller than that of ERalpha-LBD and therefore compounds with both estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities can fit well into the ERalpha-LBD but may protrude from the AR-LBD. It is likely that this subtle difference of the surface areas of the LBDs determines whether an ERalpha agonist acts as an AR antagonist or an agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Tamura
- Department of Environmental Bioscience, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
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Araki N, Ohno K, Nakai M, Takeyoshi M, Iida M. Screening for androgen receptor activities in 253 industrial chemicals by in vitro reporter gene assays using AR-EcoScreen cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:831-42. [PMID: 15950433 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been great concern about the potential of industrial chemicals to act as endocrine disrupters. In this report, we conducted a pilot study to validate the use of AR-EcoScreen cells for tier 1 screening of androgen receptor (AR) agonist and antagonist activities. From 253 test compounds, we identified two AR agonists and nine antagonists. The two agonists, 2-tert-butylanthraquinone and benzoanthrone, were relatively weak (10% maximal activation of the positive control, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, at 2.54x10(-7) and 4.46x10(-6) M, respectively). The most potent antagonist was 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride (IC50 = 2.28x10(-7) M). The order of the anti-androgenic activities was 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride>4-diethylaminobenzaldehyde>4,4'-[1-[4-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]phenyl]ethylidene]bis[phenol]>2,4,6-trichlorophenylhydrazine = 4-(phenylpropyl)pyridine>2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone>2,2-bis(4-cyanophenyl)propane>4-methoxy-2-methyldiphenylamine = 2,4-diphenyl-4-methylpentene-1. These results suggest that AR-EcoScreen cell line has the potential to be used as a tool for the large scale tier 1 screening of chemicals for androgen receptor agonist and antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Araki
- EcoScreen R&D Section, Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Analysis Center, Otsuka Life Science Initiative, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 224-18 Ebisuno Hiraishi, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0195, Japan
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Xu LC, Sun H, Chen JF, Bian Q, Song L, Wang XR. Androgen receptor activities of p,p'-DDE, fenvalerate and phoxim detected by androgen receptor reporter gene assay. Toxicol Lett 2005; 160:151-7. [PMID: 16125883 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a transient human androgen receptor (hAR) reporter gene assay using African monkey kidney cell line CV-1. The assay displayed appropriate response to the known androgen receptor (AR) agonist 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and AR antagonist nilutamide. DHT induced AR-mediated transcriptional activity in a concentration-dependent manner with median effective concentration (EC(50)) value of 3.90 x 10(-10) M. Nilutamide exhibited potent antiandrogenic activity with median inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value of 8.90 x 10(-7) M. The transcription could not be activated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist dexamethasone, which suggested that the assay system be highly specific to androgenic compounds without cross-talk to GR agonist. The assay shows acceptable repeatability to DHT with intra coefficient of variability (CV) of 9.3% and inter CV of 10.9%. We applied this assay to evaluate the androgenic and antiandrogenic activities of some pesticides including organochlorine p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), pyrethroid fenvalerate and organophosphorus phoxim. The results showed that p,p'-DDE exhibited potent antiandrogenic activity. Fenvalerate acted as weak AR antagonist and phoxim did not show AR antagonistic activity. We failed to find AR agonistic effects of the three pesticides. The present study provided a promising tool to screen for AR agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
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Okahashi N, Sano M, Miyata K, Tamano S, Higuchi H, Kamita Y, Seki T. Lack of evidence for endocrine disrupting effects in rats exposed to fenitrothion in utero and from weaning to maturation. Toxicology 2005; 206:17-31. [PMID: 15590106 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fenitrothion is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide. Recently, it has been reported to exert androgenic or anti-androgenic activity in in vitro and in vivo screening assays, although the effects appear equivocal in vivo. To provide a conclusive and comprehensive evaluation of fenitrothion, especially regarding its anti-androgenic activity in the reproductive and endocrine systems, we conducted a one-generation reproductive toxicity study at appropriately toxic dose levels with a number of sensitive endpoints for endocrine disruption. Fenitrothion was administered to Crj:CD(SD)IGS parental animals (P) at concentrations of 10, 20, and 60 ppm in the diet for 10 weeks prior to mating, and throughout mating, gestation and lactation. Their offspring (F1) were exposed from weaning until maturation at the age of 10 weeks. In the P generation, brain cholinesterase activity was remarkably reduced in the 60 ppm males and in the 20 and 60 ppm females. Reproductive performance, organ weights, histopathology, and sperm analytical parameters were not affected. In the F1 generation, no general toxicity or effects on anogenital distance, retention of areolae/nipples, onset of puberty, organ weights, histopathological findings, and sperm parameters were observed. In conclusion, fenitrothion had no effects on the reproductive or endocrine systems of the P and F1 generations, even at toxic doses that markedly suppressed brain cholinesterase activity in P animals. The results suggest that fenitrothion at in-use levels in the environment is unlikely to cause disruption of human endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Okahashi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Company Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan.
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Freyberger A, Ahr HJ. Development and standardization of a simple binding assay for the detection of compounds with affinity for the androgen receptor. Toxicology 2004; 195:113-26. [PMID: 14751668 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised whether natural and man-made chemicals might have the potential of interfering with the endocrine system. Especially interactions with sex hormone receptors are considered as a critical issue. Weak anti-androgenicity has been demonstrated for some environmental pollutants such as p,p'-DDE, and androgenic activity was found in feedlot and pulp mill effluents. In order to be able to screen for compounds with affinity for the androgen receptor (AR), we developed an AR binding assay using a recombinant AR as receptor source and the synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (R 1881) as ligand. Experiments were performed on 96-well microtitre plates. Following method optimization, compounds recently recommended for the validation of assays characterizing AR-mediated effects and those being used for the OECD validation of the Hershberger assay were employed amongst others to standardize the method. The assay readily detected and discriminated compounds with strong and weak affinity for the AR such as natural and synthetic androgens, anti-androgens in therapeutic use, and a variety of chemicals with weak anti-androgenic side effects, whereas in line with previous findings, AR binding properties of dibutylphthalate and its metabolites could not be demonstrated. Detergents interfered with receptor binding, but showed characteristic effects different from that of true AR binding compounds. The assay is simple and sensitive, avoids the use of animals as a receptor source, and should be of value when screening for endocrine-modulating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexius Freyberger
- Department Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, Bayer AG, PH PD P Toxicology, Wuppertal D-42096, Germany.
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