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Skalny AV, Korobeinikova TV, Sotnikova TI, Tazina SI, Morozova GD, Guo X, Zhang F, Nekhoroshev SV, Ning Y, Tinkov AA. Estimation of Hair Toxic and Essential Trace Element and Mineral Profiles of Patients with Chronic Gout. Biol Trace Elem Res 2025; 203:1351-1361. [PMID: 38907829 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04273-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate hair levels of toxic and essential trace elements and minerals in male and female patients with chronic gout. A total of 223 examinees aged from 27 to 82 years old including 116 healthy controls (64 women and 52 men) and 107 patients with gout (56 women and 51 men) were enrolled in the current cross-sectional study. Analysis of hair toxic and essential trace element and mineral content was performed using inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. The obtained data demonstrate that hair B, Fe, I, and Mo levels in gout patients were 67%, 8%, 46%, and 21% higher in comparison to the respective control values. Hair Cr and V content in patients was more than twofold higher than in the controls. Hair Mg and Zn levels were found to be 34% and 11% lower when compared to the respective control values. Hair toxic metal and metalloid content was also significantly affected in gout patients. Specifically, hair Al, As, and Pb levels were 24%, 43%, and 33% higher in gout patients than in healthy controls, respectively. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that sex also had a significant influence on hair trace element and mineral levels in gout patients. Specifically, gout-associated overaccumulation of hair trace elements including was more profound in male than in female patients. It is assumed that trace element dysregulation may contribute to gout development and progression, especially in men. However, further studies are required to elucidate this association and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Skalny
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Korobeinikova
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Sotnikova
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia
- City Clinical Hospital N. a. S.P. Botkin of the Moscow City Health Department, 125284, Moscow, Russia
| | - Serafima Ia Tazina
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Galina D Morozova
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Xiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | | | - Yujie Ning
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, and Department of Therapy of the Institute of Postgraduate Education, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., 2-4, Moscow, 119146, Russia
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Sovetskaya Str. 14, Yaroslavl, 150000, Russia
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Rajpoot A, Aggarwal T, Sharma V. Unraveling the enigma of cardiac damage caused by lead: Understanding the intricate relationship between oxidative stress and other multifactorial mechanisms. Toxicology 2024; 509:153984. [PMID: 39481524 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Revised: 10/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) exposure remains a pressing concern in the realm of public health, with a mounting body of evidence underscoring its adverse impact on cardiovascular well-being. The exposure to Lead instigates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to consequential cellular and physiological damage and a perturbation in redox equilibrium. The resultant oxidative stress, induced by ROS, disrupts endothelial functionality, propagates inflammatory processes, and initiates vascular remodeling, collectively contributing to the advancement of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The objective of this current review is to comprehensively expound upon the intricate mechanisms through which Lead induced toxicity affects cardiac cells. Additionally, it briefly addresses the ramifications of Lead exposure on the development of three interconnected cardiovascular conditions: atherosclerosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, the discourse delves into the specific repercussions of Lead exposure on lipid metabolism, blood pressure regulation, and cardiac performance, culminating in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation, elevated blood pressure, and an augmented risk of myocardial infarction. By understanding these intricate mechanisms, targeted interventions may be devised to counteract the deleterious effects of Lead on cardiovascular health. Thus, this review offers novel avenues for preventive and therapeutic strategies, ultimately serving to alleviate the burden of cardiovascular diseases associated with Lead toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Rajpoot
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan 304022, India.
| | - Tanya Aggarwal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan 304022, India.
| | - Veena Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan 304022, India.
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Xu J, You Y, Yuan Y, Wang H, Wu T, Long P. Associations of circulating multiple metals with the risk of incident hyperuricemia and the average annual change in uric acid levels. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115312. [PMID: 37544067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperuricemia has been linked to exposure to certain metals in cross-sectional studies. However, prospective studies evaluating the associations of multiple metal exposures with incident hyperuricemia are scarce. OBJECTIVES To prospectively investigate the associations of multiple metal/metalloid concentrations with incident hyperuricemia as well as average annual change in uric acid levels in a longitudinal cohort. METHODS A longitudinal cohort study included 3957 subjects who were free of cardiovascular disease with certain risk factors for cardiovascular disease at baseline. Incident hyperuricemia was ascertained if serum uric acid level was ≥ 420 μmol/L for men and ≥ 360 μmol/L for women during the follow-up visit in 2013. The relationships between 17 single plasma metals/metalloids and incident hyperuricemia were assessed using unconditional logistic regression models. For metals/metalloids significantly related to incident hyperuricemia, we further utilized generalized linear regression models to evaluate their associations with the average annual change in uric acid levels. Finally, we applied the weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to investigate the joint effects of metals/metalloids on hyperuricemia risk and uric acid changes, and to identify the most significant metals. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, plasma aluminum, arsenic, barium, lead, strontium, vanadium, and zinc concentrations were positively associated with incident hyperuricemia in both main analyses and sensitivity analyzes. Compared to the lowest quartiles, participants in the highest quartiles had 63 %-125 % higher risks of incident hyperuricemia (all FDR < 0.05). Furthermore, the positive associations of these seven metals with an average annual uric acid increase reinforced the findings. Finally, the WQS analyses showed that plasma metals mixtures were positively associated with the risk of incident hyperuricemia (OR: 1.47; 95 % CI: 1.23, 1.76) and the average annual change in uric acid levels (β: 3.17; 95 % CI: 2.42, 3.93), and strontium and vanadium were the most heavily weighted metals, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings identify aluminum, arsenic, barium, lead, strontium, vanadium, and zinc exposures as independent risk factors for hyperuricemia and provide new insights into the prevention of hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yutong You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pinpin Long
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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4
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Gao W, Tong L, Zhao S, Sun M, Fang J, Xu Y, Ma Y, Jin L. Exposure to Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, and Arsenic and Uric Acid Levels: Results from NHANES 2007-2016. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:1659-1669. [PMID: 35809185 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying abnormal uric acid (UA) levels from exposure to toxic metals/metalloids have not been not fully elucidated, especially in the context of mixtures. The aim was to identify major toxic metals/metalloids that affected UA levels with a mixture exposure concept in the association model. From 2007-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 4794 adults were involved. Serum UA (SUA) and SUA to serum creatinine ratio (SUA/SCr) were used to estimate the UA levels, and cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) in the blood and/or urine were evaluated in the study. We assessed the associations between toxic metals and UA levels using linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). The median [P25, P75] SUA/SCr and SUA level were 6.22 [5.27, 7.32] and 0.83 [0.72, 0.98], respectively. There was no difference for SUA/SCr by gender (men, 6.25 [5.39, 7.29]; women, 6.17 [5.17, 7.36], P = 0.162), but men had higher SUA than women (men, 0.95 [0.85, 1.05]; women, 0.72 [0.64, 0.82], P < 0.001). Blood Pb (βmen = 0.651 and βwomen = 1.014) and urinary Cd (βmen = 0.252 and βwomen = 0.613) were positively associated with SUA/SCr, and urinary Pb (βmen = - 0.462 and βwomen = - 0.838) was inversely associated with SUA/SCr in multivariate linear regression analysis. However, urinary As (βmen = 0.351) was positively associated with SUA/SCr only in men. BKMR showed that higher concentrations of exposure to a mixture of toxic metals were positively associated with higher UA levels, where Cd, Pb, and urinary As contributed most to the overall mixture effect in men, while Pb and urinary Cd in women. Our study provided the first evidence that mixtures of metals are associated with the UA levels. Increased concentrations of metals, mainly blood Pb, urinary Cd, and As (only in men) may increase the level of UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Saisai Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Mengzi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Lina Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, No.1163 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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5
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Zou X, Zhao Z, Huang W, Chen Y, Zhang W, Luo J, Zhao T, Wu L, Ma X, Guo X. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol modifies the association between blood lead and uric acid: results from NHANES 2005-2016. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2022; 96:497-506. [PMID: 36550371 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between blood lead (PbB) and uric acid (SUA) remains unclear in US adults without a high level of lead exposure. Additionally, the effects of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) modifying this association are still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of modification of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol on the association between PbB and SUA. METHOD This research analyzed National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005 to 2016. Through several screenings, 18,578 participants over the age of 20 were eligible for the analysis. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate the association between PbB and SUA. By having stratified participants based on the HDL-C intake category (low HDL-C intake < 50 mg/dl; high HDL-C intake ≥ 50 mg/dl), effect modification by HDL-C was assessed through a likelihood ratio test between PbB and SUA. RESULT Multivariable linear regression indicated that PbB positively affects SUA (β = 0.19, 95% CI 0.16-0.22). The relationship between PbB and SUA was different in the low and high HDL-C intake group (β 0.12 95% Cl 0.08-0.16 vs. β 0.26 95% Cl 0.22 ~ - 0.30). Furthermore, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly modified the relationship between PbB and SUA in all models which indicates that the interaction of lead exposure and HDL-C is more dangerous than the sum of the individual effects. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood lead have an interactive effect on increasing uric acid, which may have great importance for clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zifan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Nanshan College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, China
| | - Weichao Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Tianyi Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Luying Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xiaoman Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xuguang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Boskabady M, Ghorani V, Beigoli S, Boskabady MH. The effects of environmental lead on teeth and bone status and the mechanisms of these effects, animal and human evidence, a review. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2026398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Boskabady
- Dental Materials Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ghorani
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sima Beigoli
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Mazidi M, Kirwan R, Davies IG. Genetically determined blood lead is associated with reduced renal function amongst individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: insight from Mendelian Randomisation. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:125-134. [PMID: 34661687 PMCID: PMC8724171 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some observational studies indicate a link between blood lead and kidney function although results remain controversial. In this study, Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis was applied to obtain unconfounded estimates of the casual association of genetically determined blood lead with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Data from the largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on blood lead, eGFR and CKD, from predominantly ethnically European populations, were analysed in total, as well as separately in individuals with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median (WM)-based method, MR-Egger, MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (PRESSO) as well as the leave-one-out method were applied. In a general population, lifetime blood lead levels had no significant effect on risk of CKD (IVW: p = 0.652) and eGFR (IVW: p = 0.668). After grouping by type 2 diabetes status (no diabetes vs. diabetes), genetically higher levels of blood lead had a significant negative impact among subjects with type 2 diabetes (IVW = Beta: -0.03416, p = 0.0132) but not in subjects without (IVW: p = 0.823), with low likelihood of heterogeneity for any estimates (IVW p > 0.158). MR-PRESSO did not highlight any outliers. Pleiotropy test, with very negligible intercept and insignificant p-value, indicated a low likelihood of pleiotropy for all estimations. The leave-one-out method demonstrated that links were not driven by a single SNP. Our results show, for the first time, that among subjects with type 2 diabetes, higher blood lead levels are potentially related to less favourable renal function. Further studies are needed to confirm our results. KEY MESSAGES: What is already known about this subject? Chronic kidney disease is associated with unfavourable lifestyle behaviours and conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Observational studies have reported an association between blood lead and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate, but the relationship between lead exposure and renal function remains controversial. What is the key question? Using Mendelian randomisation with data from 5433 individuals from the UK and Australian populations, does genetically determined blood lead have a potentially causal effect on estimated glomerular filtration rate and the risk of chronic kidney disease? What are the new findings? Blood lead levels have a potentially causal effect on reduced renal function in individuals with type 2 diabetes. In subjects without diabetes, no such causal relationship was identified. How might this impact on clinical practice in the foreseeable future? This highlights the risk of elevated blood lead, for example, due to environmental exposure, amongst those with type 2 diabetes, which may predispose them to impaired renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Kirwan
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Ian G Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Kuraeiad S, Kotepui M. Blood Lead Level and Renal Impairment among Adults: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4174. [PMID: 33920861 PMCID: PMC8071292 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: The adult population in lead-related occupations or environmentally exposed to lead may be at risk for renal impairment and lead nephropathy. This meta-analysis aims to determine the impact of blood lead level (BLL) on renal function among middle-aged participants. Methods: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, or cohort studies that reported BLL and renal function tests among adult participants were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. Relevant studies were included and assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The pooled mean BLL of participants with a high BLL (≥30 µg/dL), moderate BLL (20-30 µg/dL), and low BLL (<20 µg/dL) was estimated using the random effects model. The pooled mean differences in BLL, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and creatinine clearance between the exposed and non-exposed participants were estimated using the random effects model. Meta-regression was performed to demonstrate the association between the effect size (ES) of the pooled mean BLL and renal function. Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q and I2 statistics. Cochrane Q with a p value less than 0.05 and I2 more than 50% demonstrated substantial heterogeneity among the studies included. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot between the effect size and standard error of the effect size. Results: Out of 1657 articles, 43 were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the pooled mean BLL in the participants with a high BLL, moderate BLL, and low BLL was 42.41 µg/dL (95% confidence interval (CI): 42.14-42.67, I2: 99.1%), 22.18 µg/dL (95% CI: 21.68-22.68, I2: 60.4%), and 2.9 µg/dL (95% CI: 2.9-2.9, I2: 100%), respectively. The mean BLL of the exposed participants was higher than that of the non-exposed participants (weighted mean difference (WMD): 25.5, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 18.59-32.45, I2: 99.8%, 17 studies). The mean BUN (WMD: 1.66, p < 0.0001, 95% CI: 0.76-2.55, I2: 76%, 10 studies) and mean creatinine (WMD: 0.05, p = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.01-0.08, I2: 76.8%, 15 studies) in the exposed participants were higher than those in the non-exposed participants. The mean creatinine clearance in the exposed participants was lower than that in the non-exposed participants (standard mean difference (SMD): -0.544, p = 0.03, 95% CI: -1.035-(-0.054), I2: 96.2%). The meta-regression demonstrated a significant positive effect of BLL on BUN (p = 0.022, coefficient: 0.75, constant: -3.7, 10 studies). Conclusions: BLL was observed to be associated with abnormal renal function test parameters, including high BUN, high creatinine, and low creatinine clearance. Moreover, BUN seemed to be the most valuable prognostic marker for lead-induced renal impairment. Therefore, regular checks for renal function among lead-exposed workers should be a priority and publicly promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manas Kotepui
- Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand;
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9
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de Araújo ML, Gomes BC, Devóz PP, Duarte NDAA, Ribeiro DL, de Araújo AL, Batista BL, Antunes LMG, Barbosa F, Rodrigues AS, Rueff J, Barcelos GRM. Association Between miR-148a and DNA Methylation Profile in Individuals Exposed to Lead (Pb). Front Genet 2021; 12:620744. [PMID: 33679885 PMCID: PMC7928366 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.620744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiologic studies have shown that lead (Pb) is able to induce epigenetic modifications, such as changes in DNA methylation profiles, in chromatin remodeling, as well as the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, very little is known about the interactions between microRNAs (miRNAs) expression and DNA methylation status in individuals exposed to the metal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of hsa-miR-148a expression on DNA methylation status, in 85 workers exposed to Pb. Blood and plasma lead levels (BLL and PLL, respectively) were determined by ICP-MS; expression of the miRNA-148a was quantified by RT-qPCR (TaqMan assay) and assessment of the global DNA methylation profile (by measurement of 5-methylcytosine; % 5-mC) was performed by ELISA. An inverse association was seen between miR-148a and % 5-mC DNA, as a function of BLL and PLL (β = −3.7; p = 0.071 and β = −4.1; p = 0.049, respectively) adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Taken together, our study provides further evidence concerning the interactions between DNA methylation profile and miR-148a, in individuals exposed to Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Ladeira de Araújo
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Bruno Costa Gomes
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Pícoli Devóz
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Luis Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lemos Batista
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - António Sebastião Rodrigues
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Rueff
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Analysis of Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead Concentrations in Erythrocytes of Renal Transplant Recipients from Northwestern Poland. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010062. [PMID: 33467071 PMCID: PMC7829764 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study is to determine the blood erythrocyte concentrations of toxic metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg) in renal transplant recipients. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of selected biological and environmental factors, including the intake of various immunosuppressive drug regimens and smoking, on these xenobiotic concentrations. In summary, our data suggest that, smoking is associated with Pb and Cd concentrations, and gender, age change depending on Pb concentration in erythrocytes of renal transplant recipients. Additionally, this is the first research that suggests that immunosuppressive regimen, depending on type of immunosuppressive drugs combination affects Pb concentration in erythrocytes of the mentioned group of patients. It seems to be crucial information for patients who use immunosuppressive drugs. Abstract Cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) exhibit highly nephrotoxic properties, and their high concentrations can lead to renal failure. Much research has been conducted on the concentrations of heavy metals, microelements, and macroelements in the blood, but little is known about the concentration of Cd, Pb, and Hg in erythrocytes of renal recipients. The aim of this study is to determine the blood erythrocyte concentrations of toxic metals (Cd, Pb, and Hg) in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Additionally, we analyzed the effect of selected biological and environmental factors, including the intake of various immunosuppressive drug regimens and smoking, on these xenobiotic concentrations. The material consisted of erythrocyte samples from 115 patients of the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine at Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, in northwestern Poland. Cd, Hg, and Pb levels in the erythrocytes were quantified by inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Equal concentrations of Cd were found in erythrocytes of both female and male transplant recipients. The highest level of Hg was seen in women, and women overall had statistically higher concentrations of Pb than men. Comparison of metal concentrations between those over 50 years and those under it showed that Pb concentration was also significantly higher in renal transplant recipients over 50. Pb concentration was almost twice as high in RTRs who used tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil than in RTRs who used cyclosporine A with mycophenolate mofetil. The highest level of Cd was seen in smokers, who had 3.25 µg/L. This value was significantly higher than in ex-smokers (p = 0.001) and with RTRs who had never smoked. There were significantly higher levels of Pb in the erythrocytes of RTRs who were ex-smokers than in those who had never smoked. A statistically significant correlation was found between Cd and Pb concentrations. Additionally, we have noticed significant positive correlation between Pb and age (R = 0.37), gender (R = 0.24) and significant negative correlation of Pb with GFR (R = −0.33). We have also found significant positive correlation between Hg and age (R = 0.21). In summary, our data suggest that, smoking is associated with Pb and Cd concentrations, and gender, age change depending on Pb concentration in erythrocytes of RTRs. Additionally, this is the first research that suggests that immunosuppressive regimen, depending on type of immunosuppressive drugs combination affects Pb concentration in erythrocytes of RTRs. It seems to be crucial information for patients who use immunosuppressive drugs.
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Hu G, Jia G, Tang S, Zheng P, Hu L. Association of low-level blood lead with serum uric acid in U.S. adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 2019; 18:86. [PMID: 31619249 PMCID: PMC6794798 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-019-0524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncertainty remains regarding the association between blood lead levels (BLL) and serum uric acid (SUA) with relatively low BLL exposure because of limited data in the adolescent population. We examined the association between BLL and SUA in U.S. adolescents. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 8303 adolescents aged 12-19 years from NHANES 1999-2006 were analyzed. BLL was Ln-transformed for analysis for the skewed distribution. Elevated SUA was defined as ≥5.5 mg/dL. Multivariate linear and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of BLL with SUA and elevated SUA. Moreover, a generalized additive model (GAM) and a fitted smoothing curve (penalized spline method) were conducted. RESULTS The overall mean BLL was 1.3 μg/dL. Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that LnBLL was independently and positively correlated with SUA level (β = 0.13, 95%CI: 0.09-0.17). Multiple logistic analyses showed that LnBLL was associated with a 24% increased prevalence of elevated SUA (OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.11-1.38). Analyses using restricted cubic spline confirmed that the associations of LnBLL with SUA and elevated SUA were linear. Subgroup analyses showed that stronger associations between LnBLL and SUA were detected in adolescents with lower levels of education and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (all P for interaction < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BLL was independently and positively correlated with SUA level and elevated SUA among U.S. adolescents, particularly with lower levels of education and eGFR. The data suggest that there is no "safe" threshold level of exposure to lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Hu
- School of Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083 China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Guang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Shichuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing, 100054 China
| | - Pai Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006 Jiangxi China
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Doodkanloy Milan F, Torabi M, Mirzaee M. The relationship between blood lead level and the severity of abdominal pain in opioid-addicted patients during a hospital outbreak. J Addict Dis 2019; 37:211-216. [PMID: 31580206 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2019.1663088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the incidence of abdominal pain in opioid abusers over a period of time increased the suspicion of lead poisoning. The severity of abdominal pain and its relationship with blood lead level (BLL) were investigated during a hospital outbreak. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study on opioid-addicted patients presenting with abdominal pain. Pain severity was measured based on the numerical rating scale (NRS). Blood lead and serum uric acid levels were determined. The presence of basophilic stippling was sought in the peripheral blood smear. Also, the X-ray was performed to assess abdominal cavity. Of 239 patients, 160 opioid addicts presenting with abdominal pain participated in the study. There were significant associations between the severity of abdominal pain and the type of opioid, the route and, duration of opioid consumption, the presence of basophilic stippling in peripheral blood smear and radio-opaque opioids in abdominal X-ray, as well as BLL and serum uric acid level (P < 0.0001). Opium abuse is a common cause of lead poisoning in Iran. The patients with lead poisoning may present with abdominal pain. The severity of abdominal pain significantly correlated with BLL. Continuous screening of BLL is recommended in opioid abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Doodkanloy Milan
- Specialist in Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Torabi
- Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moghaddameh Mirzaee
- Associate professor Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Nakhaee S, Amirabadizadeh A, Nakhaee S, Zardast M, Schimmel J, Ahmadian-Moghadam J, Akbari A, Mohammadian Darmian H, Mohammadi M, Mehrpour O. Blood lead level risk factors and reference value derivation in a cross-sectional study of potentially lead-exposed workers in Iran. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023867. [PMID: 31270112 PMCID: PMC6609121 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This exploratory investigation aimed to measure blood lead levels and associated risk factors in exposed workers in Iran, and to derive appropriate reference values for blood lead in this population as a means of epidemiological comparison. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Manufacturing plants with potential lead exposure in Southern Khorasan Province, Iran. PARTICIPANTS The study included 630 workers, selected through stratified random sampling. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary measures in this exploratory investigation were venous blood lead concentration (BLC) and associated risk factors of age, gender, work experience, cigarette smoking and history of opium use. The secondary measures were symptoms associated with lead toxicity. Data analyses were conducted using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation coefficient and regression analysis. RESULTS Mean and median BLCs were 6.5±8.1 μg/dL and 3.9 μg/dL (IQR: 2.9-5.8), respectively. Of the subjects, 85 (13.5%) had BLC ≥10 μg/dL. The derived reference BLC value in this study was 30 μg/dL for men and 14 μg/dL for women. Increasing work experience and age were associated with BLC >10 μg/dL. Radiator manufacturers were up to 12.9 times (95% CI 4.6 to 35, p<0.005) more likely than painters to have BLC >10 μg/dL. Most subjects reported multiple symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The mean BLC was above the maximum recommended concentration. There was a significant relationship between higher BLC and age or working in a printing factory or radiator manufacturing. These findings can direct efforts towards reducing occupational lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Alireza Amirabadizadeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahmood Zardast
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Jonathan Schimmel
- Denver Health, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Ayob Akbari
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Denver Health, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Jung W, Kim Y, Lihm H, Kang J. Associations between blood lead, cadmium, and mercury levels with hyperuricemia in the Korean general population: A retrospective analysis of population-based nationally representative data. Int J Rheum Dis 2019; 22:1435-1444. [DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonkil Jung
- Department of Family Medicine; Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine; Busan Korea
| | - Yunkyung Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine; Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine; Busan Korea
| | - Hoseob Lihm
- Department of Family Medicine; Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine; Busan Korea
| | - Jihun Kang
- Department of Family Medicine; Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine; Busan Korea
- Central Institute for Medical Research; Kosin University Gospel Hospital; Busan Korea
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Vašková J, Krempaská K, Žatko D, Mudroň P, Glinská G, Vaško L. Effects of Humic Acids in Chronic Lead Poisoning. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:230-242. [PMID: 29748928 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to lead causes disruption to energy production mechanisms and tissue damage, in particular through its binding to thiol groups and competition for zinc binding sites. We investigated the possibility of preventing the consequences of chronic lead poisoning by administration of three different doses of humic acids (HAs) into feed with the aim of establishing an effective HA dose. During the 10-week experiment, a sub-lethal dose of lead acetate was given to rats during the first 5 weeks, with continuous administration of HA over 10 weeks. Measurements were taken to determine the content of the metals Pb, Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn; the metalloid Se; and selected antioxidant markers in the heart, liver, kidney and plasma after the first, fifth and tenth weeks of experiment. The administration of lead and HAs clearly affects the redistribution of the elements and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. This fact was particularly highlighted in the lead-only group as, within the experiment, significantly higher Pb concentrations were found only in the plasma of this group. However, in the group with 1% HA administered with lead, we observed a rise in Zn concentrations in the organs and the deposition of Fe into the liver. Decreased glutathione reductase activity in the plasma and balanced reduced glutathione concentrations indicated sufficient efficiency of redox reactions. SOD activities were among those affected most strongly, with only the 1% HA group showing no effect on heavy metal redistribution as a result of HA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Vašková
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic.
| | - Klára Krempaská
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniel Žatko
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Mudroň
- Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriela Glinská
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Vaško
- Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Tr. SNP 1, 040 66, Košice, Slovak Republic
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Evaluation of Novel Synthesized Magnetic Bacterial Bio-composite Material for Lead Bioremediation. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.10.4.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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17
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Zhang XZ, Yang Y, Jiang YM, Shi H, Chang L, Li J, Yang H. Surveillance of childhood blood lead levels in Chengdu, China in 2010-2011. Singapore Med J 2016; 56:407-11. [PMID: 25532517 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2014196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lead poisoning has been receiving great attention around the world. The Child Hygiene Cooperation Center of the World Health Organization in China has been conducting investigations to monitor blood lead levels (BLLs) from as early as 2004. However, only several lead poisoning studies have been conducted in China since August 2009. The aim of the present study was to investigate the BLLs in children aged < 7 years and to analyse the risk factors of high BLLs in Chengdu, China. METHODS Questionnaires were distributed to children in Chengdu from 2010 to 2011. A total of 2,271 children were included in this study - 1,157 received BLL tests in 2010 and the remaining received the tests in 2011. BLL was measured using a tungsten atomiser absorption spectrophotometer. RESULTS The mean BLL of the 2,271 children was 6.2 µg/dL and 2.03% of the children had BLLs ≥ 10 µg/dL. Mean BLL seemed to increase with age. Unhygienic habits (e.g. not washing hands frequently, biting of toys and pencils), history of pica, use of coal and residence in an industrial zone were found to be the main risk factors contributing to high BLL (p < 0.05). Children with high BLLs have a higher risk of manifesting anorexia and/or abdominal pain as compared to those with low BLLs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The mean BLL of children in Chengdu (i.e. 6.2 µg/dL) was found to be higher than that of children in developed countries. Childhood lead poisoning remains a public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong, China ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Mei Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Geraldes V, Carvalho M, Goncalves-Rosa N, Tavares C, Laranjo S, Rocha I. Lead toxicity promotes autonomic dysfunction with increased chemoreceptor sensitivity. Neurotoxicology 2016; 54:170-177. [PMID: 27133440 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mortality and morbidity by toxic metals is an important issue of occupational health. Lead is an ubiquitous heavy metal in our environment despite having no physiological role in biological systems. Being an homeostatic controller is expected that the autonomic nervous system would show a degree of impairment in lead toxicity. In fact, sympathoexcitation associated to high blood pressure and tachypnea has been described together with baroreflex dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying the autonomic dysfunction and the interplay between baro- and chemoreflex are not yet fully clarified. The angiotensinogenic PVN-NTS axis (paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus - nucleus tractus solitarius axis) is a particularly important neuronal pathway that could be responsible for the autonomic dysfunction and the cardiorespiratory impairment in lead toxicity. Within the current work, we addressed in vivo, baro- and chemoreceptor reflex behaviour, before and after central angiotensin inhibition, in order to better understand the cardiorespiratory autonomic mechanisms underlying the toxic effects of long-term lead exposure. For that, arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, sympathetic and parasympathetic activity and baro- and chemoreceptor reflex profiles of anaesthetized young adult rats exposed to lead, from foetal period to adulthood, were evaluated. Results showed increased chemosensitivity together with baroreceptor reflex impairment, sympathetic over-excitation, hypertension and tachypnea. Chemosensitivity and sympathetic overexcitation were reversed towards normality values by NTS treatment with A-779, an angiotensin (1-7) antagonist. No parasympathetic changes were observed before and after A-799 treatment. In conclusion, angiotensin (1-7) at NTS level is involved in the autonomic dysfunction observed in lead toxicity. The increased sensitivity of chemoreceptor reflex expresses the clear impairment of autonomic outflow to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems induced by putative persistent, long duration, alert reaction evoked by the long term exposure to lead toxic effects. The present study brings new insights on the central mechanisms implicated in the autonomic dysfunction induced by lead exposure which are relevant for the development of additional therapeutic options to tackle lead toxicity symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Geraldes
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Carvalho
- Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nataniel Goncalves-Rosa
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Tavares
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Laranjo
- Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Cardiovascular Centre of the University of Lisbon, Av. Prof Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.
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Extraction d’or dans une entreprise en Mauritanie : une activité à risque potentiel de saturnisme professionnel. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The Effects of Lead Exposure on Serum Uric Acid and Hyperuricemia in Young Adult Workers: A Cross-sectional Controlled Study. Arch Rheumatol 2016; 31:71-75. [PMID: 29900972 DOI: 10.5606/archrheumatol.2016.5955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to evaluate the relationship between serum uric acid levels and renal functions in asymptomatic subjects who had occupational lead exposure, particularly for shorter durations whereby saturnine gout has also been discussed. Patients and methods In this retrospective study, files of 100 males (mean age 34.5±5.9 years; range, 21 to 47 years) with occupational risk for lead exposure and 100 healthy male controls (mean age 34.47±5.8 years; range 21 to 47 years) were reviewed. Demographic characteristics of the subjects and laboratory test results were recorded from the files. Creatinine clearance and 24-hour urinary creatinine were measured in the lead-exposed group. Results In the lead-exposed group, mean serum uric acid level was higher than those of the control group (p<0.001). Lead exposure time was negatively correlated with 24-hour urinary creatinine levels (r= -0.373, p<0.001). In addition, serum uric acid levels were positively correlated with serum creatinine levels (r=0.412, p<0.001) in the exposed group. Six patients had hyperuricemia (serum uric acid level >6.8 mg/dL) in the lead- exposed group; however, all subjects' serum uric acid level was lower than 6.8 mg/dL in the control group (p=0.029). Although 22 subjects had higher uric acid levels than 6.0 mg/dL in the lead-exposed group, only one control had higher uric acid level than 6.0 mg/dL (p<0.001). Conclusion In light of our results, we may conclude that workers with lead exposure have higher frequency of hyperuricemia and higher serum uric acid levels than those of the control group. Therefore, we may imply that higher serum uric acid levels may be associated with renal impairment in lead-exposed subjects even in the earlier stages of exposure.
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Graphitic carbon nitrides modified hollow fiber solid phase microextraction for extraction and determination of uric acid in urine and serum coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dai H, Huang Z, Deng Q, Li Y, Xiao T, Ning X, Lu Y, Yuan H. The Effects of Lead Exposure on Serum Uric Acid and Hyperuricemia in Chinese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:9672-82. [PMID: 26295243 PMCID: PMC4555305 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120809672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between blood lead levels and both serum uric acid and hyperuricemia in adult residents living within an area of China with lead pollution. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2120 subjects (1180 of whom were male) between the ages of 20 and 75 years who had undergone health examinations at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in a lead-polluted area of China between January 2013 and August 2014. Blood lead was positively correlated with serum uric acid in both males (r = 0.095, p = 0.001) and females (r = 0.134, p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that for males, blood lead (p = 0.006), age (p = 0.001), current smoking (p = 0.012), education (p = 0.001), triglycerides (TG) (p < 0.001), and serum creatinine (p < 0.001) were independently associated with serum uric acid. For females, blood lead (p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.009), and TG (p < 0.001) were independently associated with serum uric acid. After multiple adjustments, blood lead was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of hyperuricemia when female subjects were categorized into quartiles (for the highest quartile vs. the lowest quartile, odds ratio (OR) = 2.190; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.106–4.338; p = 0.025); however, no such association was observed for male subjects. Continuous lead exposure has an independent impact on serum uric acid for both males and females, although this impact is more pronounced for females than for males. Lead exposure is significantly associated with hyperuricemia for females but not for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiang Dai
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Zhijun Huang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Qihong Deng
- Institute of Environment and Health, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Ying Li
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Ting Xiao
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Xingping Ning
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zixing 423400, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
| | - Hong Yuan
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
- Institute of Environment and Health, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Wron´ska‐Nofer T, Pisarska A, Trzcinka‐Ochocka M, Hałatek T, Stetkiewicz J, Braziewicz J, Nofer J, Waąsowicz W. Scintigraphic assessment of renal function in steel plant workers occupationally exposed to lead. J Occup Health 2015; 57:91-9. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0115-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Wron´ska‐Nofer
- Department of Toxicology and CarcinogenesisNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
| | - Anna Pisarska
- Department of Toxicology and CarcinogenesisNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
- Department of Nuclear MedicineHolycross Cancer CenterPoland
| | | | - Tadeusz Hałatek
- Department of Toxicology and CarcinogenesisNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
| | - Jan Stetkiewicz
- Department of PathologyNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
| | - Janusz Braziewicz
- Department of Nuclear MedicineHolycross Cancer CenterPoland
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski UniversityPoland
| | - Jerzy‐Roch Nofer
- Center for Laboratory MedicineUniversity Hospital MünsterGermany
| | - Wojciech Waąsowicz
- Department of Toxicology and CarcinogenesisNofer Institute of Occupational MedicinePoland
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Fu Y, Yang H. Leptin and IL-8: Two novel cytokines screened out in childhood lead exposure. Toxicol Lett 2014; 227:172-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
Despite the recognition of lead nephropathy as a consequence of environmental and occupational lead exposure, lead nephropathy still appears to be underrecognized by physicians as a cause and promoter of chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in people with more apparent causative factors such as diabetes and hypertension. This review focuses on the clinical, pathophysiological and epidemiological perspectives of lead nephropathy with the objective of promoting the awareness of this important but overlooked cause of CKD among physicians. Literature was reviewed using available medical journals and online literature search through Google, Pubmed, Medline, Medscape and HINARI databases. The key words employed were: Lead Nephropathy, Environmental and Occupational lead exposure and chronic kidney disease. Lead nephropathy which is a tubulointerstitial nephritis, may present acutely or chronically in association with hypertension. The clinical diagnosis of lead nephropathy is complex, because the symptoms are varied and non-specific especially with subclinical nephrotoxicity. The recognition of lead nephropathy can be enhanced if physicians have a high index of suspicion in the assessment of patients with renal disease. It is recommended that the evaluation of environmental and occupational nephrotoxins like lead be incorporated into programs for the prevention of CKD, especially in developing countries where lead exposure and toxicity still remain largely unchecked and the prevalence and burden of CKD is increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Datonye Dennis Alasia
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Lee D, Choi WJ, Oh JS, Yi MK, Han SW, Yun JW, Han SH. The relevance of hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome and the effect of blood lead level on uric Acid concentration in steelmaking workers. Ann Occup Environ Med 2013; 25:27. [PMID: 24472219 PMCID: PMC3923343 DOI: 10.1186/2052-4374-25-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Uric acid concentration is known to increase the prevalence of metabolic syndrome by affecting its components, resulting in increased risk of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases, and long-term lead exposure is known to affect this serum uric acid level. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between the causes of hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome, and to determine whether an increased blood lead level affects hyperuricemia. Method Anthropometric measurements, surveys, and blood tests were conducted between May and June 2012 in 759 men working in the steelmaking process at a domestic steel company. Workers were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of hyperuricemia, and an analysis was performed to examine its association with metabolic syndrome. In addition, the workers were divided into 3 groups according to the blood lead level to analyze the association between blood lead and hyperuricemia. Results The geometric mean (standard deviation) of the blood lead levels in the hyperuricemia group was significantly higher than that of the healthy group (3.8 [1.8] vs. 3.3 [1.8] μg/dL). The adjusted odds ratio for metabolic syndrome of the hyperuricemia group increased significantly to 1.787 (1.125–2.839) compared with the healthy group. In addition, the adjusted odds ratios for the occurrence of hyperuricemia in the tertile 2 (2.61–4.50 μg/dL) and tertile 3 groups (>4.50 μg/dL) according to blood lead level significantly increased to 1.763 (1.116–2.784) and 1.982 (1.254–3.132), respectively, compared with the tertile 1 group (< 2.61 μg/dL). Conclusion Hyperuricemia is believed to function as an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome, while lead seems to increase the serum uric acid level even at a considerably low blood level. Therefore, attention should be given to patients with hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome who are prone to lead exposure, and a prospective study should be conducted to identify their causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang-Hwan Han
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea.
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Shumake KL, Sacks JD, Lee JS, Johns DO. Susceptibility of older adults to health effects induced by ambient air pollutants regulated by the European Union and the United States. Aging Clin Exp Res 2013; 25:3-8. [PMID: 23740627 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-013-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a health concern for the general population, but a few subpopulations (e.g., children, individuals with preexisting cardiovascular or respiratory diseases, etc.) are considered more susceptible to the adverse health effects attributed to air pollution. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that older adults (≥65 years old) are more susceptible to air pollution-induced health effects compared to younger adults due to decreased physiological, metabolic and compensatory processes, and a greater incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory disease. This review examines health effects induced by exposures to common ambient air pollutants regulated by the European Union and the United States. Studies were evaluated that examined the potential susceptibility of older adults to air pollutant-induced health effects. This review focuses on epidemiologic studies that directly compared the health effects of older adults to younger adults and/or the general population in order to compare populations within the same study design. Supplementary information is used from controlled human exposure studies, which examined only older adults, and animal toxicological studies, which utilized animal models of senescence, to provide coherence and biological plausibility for the health effects observed in epidemiologic studies. Overall, evidence from available published studies demonstrates that older adults may be more susceptible to air pollution-induced health effects than younger adults and/or the general population. Clinicians and other health professionals should consider advising older adults on pollution-avoiding behaviors in order to decrease the risk of adverse air pollution-related health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Shumake
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, at National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Yang CC, Chen HI, Chiu YW, Tsai CH, Chuang HY. Metallothionein 1A polymorphisms may influence urine uric acid and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion in chronic lead-exposed workers. Toxicology 2013; 306:68-73. [PMID: 23429061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a renal toxin, and susceptibility to lead varies between individuals. Metallothionein (MT) is known for its metal scavenging role. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of blood lead levels, urinary uric acid (UA) and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) in chronic occupational lead-exposed workers, and to study whether the association was influenced by MT1A gene polymorphisms. In this cross-sectional study, 412 lead-exposed workers participated. Their annual health examination data and renal function markers were collected after the Institutional Review Broad of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital approved the study and consent letters were obtained. From the blood samples, DNA was extracted and used for real-time PCR typing of 2 MT1A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs11640851 and rs8052394 on exons 2 and 3. Descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regressions were performed. There was a significant inverted relationship of creatinine-adjusted urine UA concentrations and the time-weighted index of cumulative blood lead levels (TWICL) that may be significantly influenced by the AC genotypes of rs11640851 in exon 2 and rs8052394 in exon 3. After controlling for potential confounding factors, the creatinine-adjusted urine NAG concentrations were shown to be influenced by the GG genotype of rs8052394 in exon 3, and were weakly increased with TWICL. Therefore, we concluded that the variations of MT1A SNPs may influence urine UA and NAG excretion in chronic lead-exposed workers, and urine creatinine-adjusted urine UA as a biomarker of lead toxicity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Cheng Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Effect of melatonin administration on DNA damage and repair responses in lymphocytes of rats subchronically exposed to lead. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 742:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
In this mini review, we would like to challenge the well-established 'fact' that lead exposure causes chronic renal failure (CRF). Even though only scarce evidence exists of the relationship between lead and renal failure, a World Health Organization Environmental Health Criteria document summarizes that 'Lead has been a very common cause of acute or chronic renal failure'. It is also written and cited in textbooks and numerous publications that chronic lead nephropathy causes a slowly progressive interstitial nephritis manifested by a reduced glomerular filtration rate, and that there is a growing consensus that lead contributes to hypertension in the general population. We will argue that, when published reports are carefully scrutinized, such statements on lead and CRF are not evidence based but are rather founded on a few narrative reports on lead-exposed individuals and statistical associations between lead and serum creatinine (or urea) in a few population studies. We will, however, not argue that lead is not toxic and that lead does not cause other types of severe health effects where the evidence is unquestionable, but we do not believe that the kidneys are an early victim after lead exposure.
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Karimooy HN, Mood MB, Hosseini M, Shadmanfar S. Effects of occupational lead exposure on renal and nervous system of workers of traditional tile factories in Mashhad (northeast of Iran). Toxicol Ind Health 2010; 26:633-638. [PMID: 20630982 DOI: 10.1177/0748233710377774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Occupational lead poisoning is a health problem in Iran. Renal and neuropsychiatric complications of occupational lead poisoning are the main concerns for the workers and their employers. It was thus aimed to investigate the renal and neurotoxic effects of lead poisoning in the workers of two traditional-tile-factories. Researchers visited the workers in the factories and collected data by taking direct history and physical examinations in summer of 2005. Data were recorded in previously designed forms. Blood and urine lead concentrations were measured by an atomic absorption technique. A neurologist examined all workers and electrophysiological investigations were undertaken as clinically indicated. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and chi-square, student t test and Pearson correlation tests were used accordingly. The numerical data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and p < 0.05 was considered as the significant level. Overall, 108 male subjects aged 37 ± 7.8 years were studied. Duration of lead exposure was 9.8 ± 6 years. Lead concentration in 2005 was 361.5 ± 176.9 μg/L. The main objective clinical findings were lead line (64.8%), peripheral neuropathy of upper limb (37%), suppression of deep tendon reflexes (DTR) in upper limbs (25.7%), tremor (23.3%), peripheral neuropathy of lower limbs (17%) and abdominal tenderness (15.1%). The subjective findings were mainly on the central nervous system, such as loss of memory (57%), moodiness (56.1%), agitation (47.7%), drowsiness (36.4%), and headache (29.9%). There was no significant correlation between blood lead concentration and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). But there were significant correlations between the blood lead concentrations and urine lead concentration (p < 0.001). This study showed that lead had toxic effects on the teeth (bone), central and peripheral nervous system, more than renal function. Prophylactic and treatment measures were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibollah Nemati Karimooy
- Neuroscience Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Evans M, Fored CM, Nise G, Bellocco R, Nyrén O, Elinder CG. Occupational Lead Exposure and Severe CKD: A Population-Based Case-Control and Prospective Observational Cohort Study in Sweden. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 55:497-506. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bouchard MF, Bellinger DC, Weuve J, Matthews-Bellinger J, Gilman SE, Wright RO, Schwartz J, Weisskopf MG. Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults. ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY 2009; 66:1313-9. [PMID: 19996036 PMCID: PMC2917196 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lead is a ubiquitous neurotoxicant, and adverse cognitive and behavioral effects are well-documented in children and occupationally exposed adults but not in adults with low environmental exposure. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of current blood lead levels with 3 common psychiatric disorders-major depression, panic, and generalized anxiety-in young adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. SETTING Nationally representative sample of US adults. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1987 adults aged 20 to 39 years who responded to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Twelve-month DSM-IV criteria-based diagnoses of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS The mean (SD) blood lead level was 1.61 (1.72) microg/dL (range, 0.3-37.3 microg/dL) (to convert to micromoles per liter, multiply by 0.0483). Increasing blood lead levels were associated with higher odds of major depression (P = .05 for trend) and panic disorder (P = .02 for trend) but not generalized anxiety disorder (P = .78 for trend) after adjustment for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education status, and poverty to income ratio. Persons with blood lead levels in the highest quintile had 2.3 times the odds of major depressive disorder (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-4.75) and 4.9 times the odds of panic disorder (1.32-18.48) as those in the lowest quintile. Cigarette smoking was associated with higher blood lead levels and outcome, but models that excluded current smokers also resulted in significantly increased odds of major depression (P = .03 for trend) and panic disorder (P = .01 for trend) with higher blood lead quintiles. CONCLUSIONS In these young adults with low levels of lead exposure, higher blood lead levels were associated with increased odds of major depression and panic disorders. Exposure to lead at levels generally considered safe could result in adverse mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryse F Bouchard
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Arora M, Weuve J, Weisskopf MG, Sparrow D, Nie H, Garcia RI, Hu H. Cumulative lead exposure and tooth loss in men: the normative aging study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1531-4. [PMID: 20019902 PMCID: PMC2790506 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals previously exposed to lead remain at risk because of endogenous release of lead stored in their skeletal compartments. However, it is not known if long-term cumulative lead exposure is a risk factor for tooth loss. OBJECTIVES We examined the association of bone lead concentrations with loss of natural teeth. METHODS We examined 333 men enrolled in the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. We used a validated K-shell X-ray fluorescence (KXRF) method to measure lead concentrations in the tibial midshaft and patella. A dentist recorded the number of teeth remaining, and tooth loss was categorized as 0, 1-8 or > or = 9 missing teeth. We used proportional odds models to estimate the association of bone lead biomarkers with tooth loss, adjusting for age, smoking, diabetes, and other putative confounders. RESULTS Participants with > or = 9 missing teeth had significantly higher bone lead concentrations than those who had not experienced tooth loss. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, men in the highest tertile of tibia lead (> 23 microg/g) and patella lead (> 36 microg/g) had approximately three times the odds of having experienced an elevated degree of tooth loss (> or = 9 vs. 0-8 missing teeth or > or = 1 vs. 0 missing teeth) as those in the lowest tertile [prevalence odds ratio (OR) = 3.03; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.60-5.76 and OR = 2.41; 95% CI, 1.30-4.49, respectively]. Associations between bone lead biomarkers and tooth loss were similar in magnitude to the increased odds observed in participants who were current smokers. CONCLUSION Long-term cumulative lead exposure is associated with increased odds of tooth loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Arora
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Khan DA, Qayyum S, Saleem S, Khan FA. Lead-induced oxidative stress adversely affects health of the occupational workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 24:611-8. [PMID: 19106128 DOI: 10.1177/0748233708098127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a persistent toxic metal and associated with impairment of various body functions in occupational workers. The main objective was to determine the lead-induced oxidative stress and adverse health effects by biochemical markers in industrial workers. One hundred and forty-eight males consisting of 87 lead-exposed industrial workers and 61 controls were included. Blood lead level (BLL) was determined on a 3010B ESA lead analyzer. Blood complete counts were done on a hematology analyzer. Biochemical markers including serum uric acid, urea, creatinine, phosphate, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured on a Selectra E auto analyzer. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured spectrophotometrically and C-reactive protein (CRP) on Immulite-1000. Results revealed that lead-exposed workers had significantly high BLLs, median (range), 29.1 (9.0-61.1) microg/dL compared with controls, 8.3 (1.0-21.7) microg/dL. Oxidative stress (MDA, GGT) and inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity CRP) were significantly increased (P < or = 0.05). Blood pressure was raised, whereas hemoglobin was decreased in exposed group (P < or = 0.002). Serum urea, uric acid, phosphate, and ALT were significantly raised in lead-exposed workers (P < or = 0.001). Serum albumin, total proteins, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were decreased. Blood lead showed a significant positive correlation with serum GGT (r = 0.63), MDA (r = 0.71), CRP (r = 0.75), urea (r = 0.34), creatinine (r = 0.51), and uric acid (r = 0.29) (P < or = 0.01). It is concluded that lead exposure increases oxidative stress that correlates with adverse changes in hematological, renal, and hepatic function in the occupational workers. Elevated blood lead has positive correlation with oxidative stress, inflammatory and biochemical markers that might be used to detect impairment in the body function in lead exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Khan
- Department of Pathology Army Medical College, National University Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
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Weaver VM, Griswold M, Todd AC, Jaar BG, Ahn KD, Thompson CB, Lee BK. Longitudinal associations between lead dose and renal function in lead workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:101-7. [PMID: 19038382 PMCID: PMC2722941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing research on the lead dose range associated with nephrotoxicity in the occupational setting is inconsistent and primarily cross-sectional in design. OBJECTIVE To determine if lead dose predicts change in renal function in a large population of current and former lead workers. METHODS Three evaluations were performed between 1997 and 2001. Lead dose was assessed with blood and tibia lead. Renal outcomes included blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and calculated creatinine clearance. We used generalized estimating equations to model change in renal function between each evaluation in relation to tibia lead at the beginning of each follow-up period and concurrent change in blood lead, while adjusting for baseline lead dose and other covariates. RESULTS At baseline, mean (SD) age and duration of occupational lead exposure were 42.0 (9.3) and 8.8 (6.3) years, respectively, in 537 current and former lead workers followed over a mean of 2.1 years. Mean (SD) blood and tibia lead were 31.3 (14.4) microg/dl and 35.0 (37.8) microg/g bone mineral, respectively. Women (25.9%) were older and more likely to be former lead workers than men. In males, serum creatinine decreased and calculated creatinine clearance increased over the course of the study. Mean blood lead was not significantly different between evaluations 1 and 3 in either sex, however, tibia lead decreased in women. Blood and tibia lead were significantly associated with change in renal function. In males, serum creatinine decreases and calculated creatinine clearance increases were greatest in participants whose blood lead declined. CONCLUSIONS Both acute and chronic occupational lead dose measures were associated with change in renal function measures prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Room 7041, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, Tchounwou PB. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2009; 24:15-45. [PMID: 19476290 PMCID: PMC2858639 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2009.24.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lead, a systemic toxicant affecting virtually every organ system, primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the developing brain. Consequently, children are at a greater risk than adults of suffering from the neurotoxic effects of lead. To date, no safe lead-exposure threshold has been identified. The ability of lead to pass through the blood-brain barrier is due in large part to its ability to substitute for calcium ions. Within the brain, lead-induced damage in the prefrontal cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum can lead to a variety of neurologic disorders. At the molecular level, lead interferes with the regulatory action of calcium on cell functions and disrupts many intracellular biological activities. Experimental studies have also shown that lead exposure may have genotoxic effects, especially in the brain, bone marrow, liver, and lung cells. Knowledge of the neurotoxicology of lead has advanced in recent decades due to new information on its toxic mechanisms and cellular specificity. This paper presents an overview, updated to January 2009, of the neurotoxic effects of lead with regard to children, adults, and experimental animals at both cellular and molecular levels, and discusses the biomarkers of lead exposure that are useful for risk assessment in the field of environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Sanders
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Yiming Liu
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Paul B. Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI - Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
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Impact of childhood metabolic syndrome components on the risk of elevated uric acid in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Med Sci 2008; 335:332-7. [PMID: 18480647 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e31815574a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies indicate metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for elevated serum uric acid. However, longitudinal data on this association are limited. METHODS Bogalusa Heart Study participants (n = 517) were examined as children, aged 5 to 17 years, and as adults 13 to 21 years later. Childhood metabolic syndrome components included the highest quartile (specific for year of age, race, sex, and study year) of body mass index, insulin resistance, blood pressure, and triglycerides and lowest quartile of HDL cholesterol. Metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of 3 or more of these components and elevated serum uric acid, in adulthood, as values at or above the 90 percentile (specific for race and sex). RESULTS For males, after multivariate adjustment, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of elevated serum uric acid associated with high blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol, high triglycerides, insulin resistance, and high body mass index were 2.61 (1.13, 6.03), 1.47 (0.57, 3.80), 1.30 (0.55, 3.08), 2.87 (1.23, 6.71), and 3.25 (1.36, 7.74), respectively. The analogous odds ratios for females were 2.12 (0.99, 4.54), 0.38 (0.14, 1.04), 1.16 (0.54, 2.46), 1.78 (0.83, 3.79), and 3.55 (1.73, 7.31), respectively. Males and females with the metabolic syndrome in childhood were 2.60 (1.08, 6.27) and 3.01 (1.34, 6.75) times more likely to have elevated serum uric acid as adults, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome and high body mass index in childhood were predictors of elevated uric acid in adulthood.
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Kim KR, Lee SW, Paik NW, Choi K. Low-level lead exposure among South Korean lead workers, and estimates of associated risk of cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2008; 5:399-416. [PMID: 18428033 DOI: 10.1080/15459620802081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of blood lead (PbB) levels, especially low levels, among Korean lead workers. The authors also estimated the potential effects of PbB on the blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular diseases using models taken from the published meta-analyses. The PbB data from a total of 13,043 lead workers in 1217 companies throughout Korea were used. The geometric mean PbB level was 6.08 microg/dL (geometric standard deviation was 2.53), and 56.6% of the workers showed PbB levels greater than 5 microg/dL. Females accounted for 31.3% of all Korean lead workers in 2003. Considering two factors, such as PbB levels and the number of lead workers, the relatively important industry subclasses were identified as Manufacture of Accumulators; Manufacture of Other Electronic Valves, Tubes, Electronic Components n.e.c.; and Manufacture of Other Parts and Accessories for Motor Vehicles. The industrial processes of relative importance included battery assembly, acid treatment, and other soldering. Although uncertainties exist in the prediction model and associated model parameters, the authors attempted to estimate potential adverse health effects related to the lead exposure. It was estimated that 7383 South Korean lead workers might have increased blood pressure and the health risks due to the lead exposures in 2003. The highest estimated risk of BP increases due to lead exposures was expected in workers of industrial subclasses and processes, such as Other Basic Nonferrous Metal Industries and Maintenance. If the models in this study were applied to the South Korean population, the impact fractions for cardiac disease among lead workers would be estimated at 4.9-12.8 times those of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ran Kim
- 3M Korea, Technical Department, Hwa-Sung Gyeonggi, South Korea
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Theppeang K, Glass TA, Bandeen-Roche K, Todd AC, Rohde CA, Schwartz BS. Gender and race/ethnicity differences in lead dose biomarkers. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:1248-55. [PMID: 18511728 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.118505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to identify predictors of lead concentrations in the blood, tibias, and patellae of older adults and to describe differences by gender, race/ethnicity, and other factors that can influence lead toxicokinetics and, thus modify health effects. METHODS Participants aged 50 to 70 years (N=1140) were randomly identified from selected neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. We measured lead concentrations by anodic stripping voltammetry (in blood) and (109)Cd-induced K-shell x-ray fluorescence (in bone). We used multiple linear regression to identify predictors of lead concentrations. RESULTS Mean (SD) lead concentrations in blood, tibias, and patellae were 3.5 (2.4) mug/dL, 18.9 (12.5) mug/g, and 6.8 (18.1) mug/g, respectively. Tibia concentrations were 29% higher in African Americans than in Whites (P < .01). We observed effect modification by race/ethnicity on the association of gender and physical activity to blood lead concentrations and by gender on the association of age to tibia lead concentrations. Patella lead concentrations differed by gender; apolipoprotein E genotype modified this relation. CONCLUSIONS African Americans evidenced a prominent disparity in lifetime lead dose. Women may be at higher risk of release of lead from bone and consequent health effects because of increased bone demineralization with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keson Theppeang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St, Room W7041, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Schwartz BS, Hu H. Adult lead exposure: time for change. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:451-4. [PMID: 17431498 PMCID: PMC1849904 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We have assembled this mini-monograph on adult lead exposure to provide guidance to clinicians and public health professionals, to summarize recent thinking on lead biomarkers and their relevance to epidemiologic research, and to review two key lead-related outcomes, namely, cardiovascular and cognitive. The lead standards of the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration are woefully out of date given the growing evidence of the health effects of lead at levels of exposure previously thought to be safe, particularly newly recognized persistent or progressive effects of cumulative dose. The growing body of scientific evidence suggests that occupational standards should limit recent dose to prevent the acute effects of lead and separately limit cumulative dose to prevent the chronic effects of lead. We hope this mini-monograph will motivate renewed discussion of ways to protect lead-exposed adults in the United States and around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Navas-Acien A, Malhotra S, Astor BC, Sharrett AR, Schwartz BS. Confounding of the relation between homocysteine and peripheral arterial disease by lead, cadmium, and renal function. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163:700-8. [PMID: 16484446 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine levels are associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in observational studies. Lead and cadmium are risk factors for PAD that affect thiol metabolism, and they may partly explain the association of homocysteine with PAD. To evaluate the roles of lead and cadmium exposure in confounding the association between homocysteine and PAD, the authors performed a cross-sectional study among 4,447 persons aged > or = 40 years who participated in the 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial blood pressure index less than 0.90 in at least one leg. After adjustment for sociodemographic variables, the odds ratio for PAD in the highest quintile of homocysteine compared with the lowest was 1.92 (p(trend) = 0.004). Adjusting for blood lead and cadmium levels reduced this odds ratio to 1.37 (p(trend) = 0.13), and further adjusting for estimated glomerular filtration rate and smoking reduced it to 0.89 (p(trend) = 0.87). Adjustment for other risk factors did not affect this association. In the general population, the association of homocysteine level with PAD can be completely explained by confounding due to smoking, increased blood lead and cadmium levels, and impaired renal function. The association of lead and cadmium with PAD risk deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kim KR, Lee SW, Paik NW. Cross-sectional analysis of blood lead level of entire Korean lead workers. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2006; 44:318-27. [PMID: 16716011 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.44.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed blood lead (PbB) level from the 2003 health surveillance results of 13,043 lead workers from 1,217 total lead industries to evaluate lead intoxication at low level in Korea. Geometric mean of PbB was 6.08 microg/dl and 56.6% and 7.9% of total lead workers had PbB level over than 5 microg/dl and 25 microg/dl, respectively. Male showed relatively higher PbB level compared to women, but "Manufacture of Other Electronic Valves, Tubes and Electronic Components n.e.c." had more women than male in risk of low level lead exposure. While conventional high-risk industry such as "Manufacture of Accumulators" and "Other Basic Non-ferrous Metal Industries" were remained in high-risk group in lead exposure, there were high risks in other industries such as plastic, chemical and part manufacturing. Non-production tasks such as fork lift truck driving, maintenance, lab testing, and supporting function showed high blood lead level in addition to routine manufacturing processes such as smelting and soldering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ran Kim
- School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Weaver VM, Schwartz BS, Jaar BG, Ahn KD, Todd AC, Lee SS, Kelsey KT, Silbergeld EK, Lustberg ME, Parsons PJ, Wen J, Lee BK. Associations of uric acid with polymorphisms in the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, vitamin D receptor, and nitric oxide synthase genes in Korean lead workers. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1509-15. [PMID: 16263504 PMCID: PMC1310911 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that uric acid may be nephrotoxic at lower levels than previously recognized and that it may be one mechanism for lead-related nephrotoxicity. Therefore, in understanding mechanisms for lead-related nephrotoxicity, it would be of value to determine whether genetic polymorphisms that are associated with renal outcomes in lead workers and/or modify associations between lead dose and renal function are also associated with uric acid and/or modify associations between lead dose and uric acid. We analyzed data on three such genetic polymorphisms: delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Mean (+/- SD) tibia, blood, and dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead levels were 37.2 +/- 40.4 microg/g bone mineral, 32.0+/- 15.0 g/dL, and 0.77+/- 0.86 microg/mg creatinine, respectively, in 798 current and former lead workers. Participants with the eNOSAsp allele had lower mean serum uric acid compared with those with the Glu/Glu genotype. Among older workers (age > or = median of 40.6 years), ALAD genotype modified associations between lead dose and uric acid levels. Higher lead dose was significantly associated with higher uric acid in workers with the ALAD1-1 genotype; associations were in the opposite direction in participants with the variant ALAD1-2 genotype. In contrast, higher tibia lead was associated with higher uric acid in those with the variant VDRB allele; however, modification was dependent on participants with the bb genotype and high tibia lead levels. We conclude that genetic polymorphisms may modify uric acid mediation of lead-related adverse renal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Weaver
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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