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Shrestha S, Orsel K, Droscha C, Mijar S, van der Meer F. Removing bovine leukemia virus infected animals with high proviral load leads to lowering within-herd prevalence and new case reduction. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00633-7. [PMID: 38554820 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bovine leukosis is prevalent in the North American dairy industry and its effect on animal health and production is widely documented. However, not all bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infected animals transmit the virus equally. Animals with high BLV proviral loads (HPL) are associated with higher transmission risks and therefore, their removal may reduce transmission and eventually within-herd prevalence. We aimed to evaluate the impact of selectively removing HPL cows on the within-herd BLV prevalence and incidence rate of BLV infection in 10 dairy herds. Annual blood and/or milk samples were collected from adult cows over 3 years. Positivity with BLV were determined by ELISA tests and proviral loads in blood of BLV-positive animals were estimated with BLV SS1 quantitative PCR assays. Herd managers were encouraged to consider the proviral load when making culling decisions and implement BLV control practices. High proviral load cows had the highest relative risk of removal indicating the farmers prioritized HPL cows for culling. The within-herd BLV prevalence decreased significantly in 4 herds whereas BLV incidence rate decreased in 9 herds. Over the 3 years, the proviral load demonstrated a relatively stable level, suggesting a single proviral load test in an adult cow may suffice to make culling decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Shrestha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Casey Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, Inc., East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sanjaya Mijar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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2
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Iwamoto J, Koreeda T, Iino M, Eitoku R, Shibata S. Estimation of the proviral load in Japanese Black cattle infected with bovine leukemia virus by statistical modeling. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:135-140. [PMID: 38123328 PMCID: PMC10898988 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is B-cell lymphoma in cattle caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. The incidence of EBL has been increasing since 1998 in Japan, resulting in significant economic losses for farms. The BLV genome integrates with the host genome as provirus, leading to sustainably infection. Although most of the BLV-infected cattle are aleukemic, some cattle cause persistent lymphocytosis (PL) and subsequently develop EBL. Recent reports suggest the association between the risk for the transmission of BLV and the developing EBL and the proviral load (PVL) in BLV-infected cattle, which cannot measure readily in the field. This study aims to build a statistical model for predicting PVL of BLV-infected asymptomatic or PL cattle based on data accessible in the field. Five negative binomial regression models with different linear predictors were built and compared for the predictability of PVL. Consequently, the model with two explanatory variables (age in months and logarithm of lymphocyte count) was selected as the best model. The model can be used in the field as a cost-beneficial supporting tool to estimate the risk of transmission of BLV and developing EBL in infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Iwamoto
- Kagoshima Prefectural Aira Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Terunori Koreeda
- Kagoshima Prefectural Hokusatsu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mei Iino
- Kagoshima Prefectural Soo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rikako Eitoku
- Kagoshima Prefectural Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center Oshima Branch Office, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shibata
- Kagoshima Prefectural Aira Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kagoshima, Japan
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3
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Shrestha S, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Martins L, Shrestha S, van der Meer F. Effects of bovine leukemia virus seropositivity and proviral load on milk, fat, and protein production of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:530-539. [PMID: 37709045 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, as determined by BLV seropositivity and proviral load, on 305-d milk, fat, and protein production of dairy cows. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,712 cows from 9 dairy herds in Alberta, Canada. The BLV status was assessed using an antibody ELISA, whereas BLV proviral load in BLV-seropositive cattle was determined with quantitative PCR. Dairy Herd Improvement 305-d milk, fat, and protein production data were obtained for all enrolled cattle. Differences in these milk end points were assessed in 2 ways: first, by categorizing cows based on BLV serostatus (i.e., BLV positive or negative), and second, by categorizing based on BLV proviral load (i.e., BLV negative, low proviral load [LPL] BLV positive, and high proviral load [HPL] BLV positive). A mixed-effect multivariable linear regression model was used to assess differences in milk parameters. We found that BLV positivity, adjusted for parity and natural log-transformed somatic cell count (SCC), was not associated with reduction in 305-d milk, fat, or protein production. However, significant reductions in 305-d milk, fat, and protein yield occurred in HPL cows, but not in LPL cows, compared with BLV-negative cows, when adjusted for parity number and natural log-transformed SCC. In summary, BLV proviral load may predict effects of BLV infection on milk, fat, and protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Shrestha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Karin Orsel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Larissa Martins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Samita Shrestha
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
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4
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Hamada R, Metwally S, Matsuura R, Borjigin L, Lo CW, Ali AO, Mohamed AEA, Wada S, Aida Y. BoLA-DRB3 Polymorphism Associated with Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection and Proviral Load in Holstein Cattle in Egypt. Pathogens 2023; 12:1451. [PMID: 38133334 PMCID: PMC10746042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, the most prevalent neoplastic disease of cattle worldwide. The immune response to BLV and disease susceptibility and resistance in cattle are strongly correlated with the bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 allelic polymorphism. BLV infection continues to spread in Egypt, in part because the relationships between BLV infection, proviral load in Egypt, and BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism are unknown. Here, we identified 18 previously reported alleles in 121 Holstein cows using a polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing method. Furthermore, BoLA-DRB3 gene polymorphisms in these animals were investigated for their influence on viral infection. BoLA-DRB3*015:01 and BoLA-DRB3*010:01 were identified as susceptible and resistant alleles, respectively, for BLV infection in the tested Holsteins. In addition, BoLA-DRB3*012:01 was associated with low PVL in previous reports but high PVL in Holstein cattle in Egypt. This study is the first to demonstrate that the BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism confers resistance and susceptibility to PVL and infections of BLV in Holstein cattle in Egypt. Our results can be useful for the disease control and eradication of BLV through genetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamada
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour City 22511, Egypt
| | - Samy Metwally
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour City 22511, Egypt
| | - Ryosuke Matsuura
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Liushiqi Borjigin
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Alsagher O. Ali
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City 83523, Egypt; (A.O.A.); (A.E.A.M.)
| | - Adel E. A. Mohamed
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City 83523, Egypt; (A.O.A.); (A.E.A.M.)
| | - Satoshi Wada
- Photonics Control Technology Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (R.H.); (S.M.); (R.M.); (L.B.); (C.-W.L.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Kemeter LM, Birzer A, Heym S, Thoma-Kress AK. Milk Transmission of Mammalian Retroviruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1777. [PMID: 37512949 PMCID: PMC10386362 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of viruses from one host to another typically occurs through horizontal or vertical pathways. The horizontal pathways include transmission amongst individuals, usually through bodily fluids or excretions, while vertical transmission transpires from mother to their offspring, either during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. While there are more than 200 human pathogenic viruses to date, only a small number of them are known to be transmitted via breast milk, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the latter two belonging to the family Retroviridae. Breast milk transmission is a common characteristic among mammalian retroviruses, but there is a lack of reports summarizing our knowledge regarding this route of transmission of mammalian retroviruses. Here, we provide an overview of the transmission of mammalian exogenous retroviruses with a focus on Orthoretrovirinae, and we highlight whether they have been described or suspected to be transmitted through breast milk, covering various species. We also elaborate on the production and composition of breast milk and discuss potential entry sites of exogenous mammalian retroviruses during oral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Kemeter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Birzer
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heym
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Kanno T, Ishihara R, Mori H, Tomiyasu T, Okazaki K. Impact of amino acid 233 in Tax on bovine leukemia virus infection in Japanese Black cattle. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:102-107. [PMID: 36571887 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an economically important pathogen that both causes fatal enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) and reduces lifetime milk production, reproductive efficiency, carcass weight, and longevity in dairy cows. The virus can be divided into two categories based on the amino acid at position 233 in Tax protein, which activates viral transcription and probably plays crucial roles in leukemogenesis. We recently reported that early-onset EBL in Japanese Black (JB) cattle was frequently caused by L233-Tax-carrying virus. This study examined the impact of BLV infection, the proviral load (PVL), and amino acid 233 in Tax on the outcomes of JB cattle. We measured PVL in cattle enrolled between February 2016 and December 2018, determined the Tax type of the isolates, and performed follow-up until March 2022. The results demonstrated that BLV infection increased the risk of involuntary culling and mortality in JB cattle in a PVL-dependent manner. Infection with L233-Tax-carrying virus increased the likelihood of mortality by 1.6-fold compared with the effects of P233-Tax-carrying virus infection. Intrauterine and perinatal infections were frequently caused by L233-Tax-carrying virus, and these infections were likely to influence the early onset of EBL in JB cattle. Conversely, breeding cows infected with P233-Tax-carrying virus were often eliminated by involuntary culling. These findings indicate that amino acid 233 in Tax has importance in terms of preventing economic loss attributable to EBL in JB cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanno
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - R Ishihara
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - H Mori
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - T Tomiyasu
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Okazaki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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7
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Hagiwara A, Nishimori A, Hatama S, Mikami O, Ishikawa Y, Kadota K. Bovine leukemia virus-associated B cell lymphoma with severe pleomorphism in a steer. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1272-1276. [PMID: 35908937 PMCID: PMC9523288 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined a 26-month-old steer with neoplastic lesions in the spleen, lymph nodes, heart and kidneys, characterized by pleomorphic lymphoid cells that were immunohistochemically positive
for CD20. The presence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) at >200,000 copies per 100,000 cells by quantitative RT-PCR was considered to be due to random integration of the provirus into the
neoplastic cells´ genomes. Inverse PCR identified the presence of one, two, two and three different malignant clones in the heart, spleen, mesenteric node and blood, respectively. Because
BLV can rapidly induce lymphoma and a high proviral load facilitates B-cell carcinogenesis, multiclonal tumor development was suspected in the present case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asami Nishimori
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Osamu Mikami
- Sapporo Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Yoshiharu Ishikawa
- Sapporo Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
| | - Koichi Kadota
- Sapporo Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
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Assessment of Natural Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus in Dairies from Southern Chile. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131734. [PMID: 35804632 PMCID: PMC9264828 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A longitudinal study was conducted to describe the frequency and epidemiological association of risk management practices related to new cases of BLV in cattle on dairy farms in Southern Chile. Animal information was obtained from the records of each farm, as well as blood and milk samples that, tested by commercial blocking ELISA to assess the infection status of animals. A higher number of new cases was found in adult animals that were related to practices, such as rectal palpation, artificial insemination, and injections. However, it is important to carry out other studies that establish the role of management practices in the spreading of BLV to improve the control of disease. Abstract Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that affects cattle worldwide. A longitudinal study was conducted with the aim to (a) estimate the incidence rate of the BLV infection of dairy farms in the regions of Los Ríos and Los Lagos (Chile), and (b) describe the frequency and epidemiological association of risk management practices related to new cases in cattle on dairy farms in Southern Chile. Infection status was based on commercial blocking ELISA results, on serum and milk. Individual information on animals and management practices was extracted from farm records, and then the most likely date of infection for new cases was estimated. The number of new infections was used to calculate the within-herd incidence rate. Adult animals had an incidence rate of 1.16 (95% CI 0.96; 1.20) cases per 100 cow-months at risk, while for young animals it was 0.64 (95% CI 0.44; 1.00) cases per 100 animal-months at risk. Rectal palpation, artificial insemination, and injections were the most common practices related to infection. Further studies are needed to determine if these are the only practices that facilitate spreading or if there are other practices that can be handled better in order to reduce the spread of BLV.
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Yoneyama S, Kobayashi S, Matsunaga T, Tonosaki K, Leng D, Sakai Y, Yamada S, Kimura A, Ichijo T, Hikono H, Murakami K. Comparative Evaluation of Three Commercial Quantitative Real-Time PCRs Used in Japan for Bovine Leukemia Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061182. [PMID: 35746654 PMCID: PMC9230052 DOI: 10.3390/v14061182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic virus belonging to the genus Deltaretrovirus and is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. Proviral load (PVL) determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is now widely used as an indicator of not only BLV infection, but also BLV disease progression. To interpret PVLs determined by different qPCRs used in Japan, we compared a chimeric cycling probe-based qPCR, CY415, targeting the BLV tax region; a TaqMan probe-based qPCR, RC202, targeting the BLV pol region; and a TaqMan probe-based qPCR, CoCoMo, targeting the BLV long terminal repeat (LTR) region. Whole-blood samples collected from 317 naturally BLV-infected cattle (165 Holstein–Friesian and 152 Japanese Black) and tumor tissue samples collected from 32 cattle at a meat inspection center were used. The PVLs determined by each qPCR were strongly correlated. However, the PVL and the proportion of BLV-infected cells determined by RC202 or CoCoMo were significantly higher than those determined by CY415. Genetic analysis of three tumor tissue samples revealed that LTR region mutations or a deletion affected the PVL determined by CoCoMo. These results suggest that the TaqMan-based RC202 or CoCoMo qPCR is better than CY415 for BLV PVL analysis. However, qPCR target region mutations were not rare in tumors and could hamper PVL analysis by using qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuji Yoneyama
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sota Kobayashi
- Division of Zoonosis Research, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan;
| | - Towa Matsunaga
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Kaoru Tonosaki
- Department of Plant Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan;
| | - Dongze Leng
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Toshihiro Ichijo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
| | - Hirokazu Hikono
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan;
| | - Kenji Murakami
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (S.Y.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (S.Y.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan; (T.M.); (A.K.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence:
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Estradiol-induced immune suppression via prostaglandin E2 during parturition in bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263660. [PMID: 35263339 PMCID: PMC8906636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression during pregnancy and parturition is considered a risk factor that is related to the progression of bovine chronic diseases, such as bovine leukosis, which is caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Our previous studies have demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) suppresses BLV-specific Th1 responses and contributes to the disease progression during BLV infection. Although PGE2 reportedly plays important roles in the induction of parturition, PGE2 involvement in immune suppression during parturition is unknown. To investigate its involvement, we analyzed PGE2 kinetics and Th1 responses in BLV-infected pregnant cattle. PGE2 concentrations in sera were increased, whereas IFN-γ responses were decreased before delivery. PGE2 is known to suppress Th1 immune responses in cattle. Thus, these data suggest that PGE2 upregulation inhibits Th1 responses during parturition. We also found that estradiol was important for PGE2 induction in pregnant cattle. In vitro analyses indicated that estradiol suppressed IFN-γ production, at least in part, via PGE2/EP4 signaling. In vivo analyses showed that estradiol administration significantly influenced the induction of PGE2 production and impaired Th1 responses. Our data suggest that estradiol-induced PGE2 is involved in the suppression of Th1 responses during pregnancy and parturition in cattle, which could contribute to the progression of BLV infection.
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11
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Righi C, Iscaro C, Petrini S, Lomolino R, Feliziani F. Enzootic Bovine Leukosis in Italy: Epidemiological Issues after Free Status Recognition and Measures Applied to Tackle the Last Persistent Clusters. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111475. [PMID: 34832629 PMCID: PMC8621218 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL), caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), has been eradicated in over 20 countries, most of which are in Western Europe. The European Commission, in 2017, declared Italy to be an officially EBL-free country by means of Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1910, despite the presence of some infection clusters located in four regions of Central-Southern Italy. As a consequence of persisting infection, the Italian Ministry of Health established specific eradication measures in these areas. In collaboration with the National Reference Laboratory for the Study of Ruminant Retroviral Infectious Diseases, the Ministry of Health employed data from the veterinary information system digital platform, combined with a gap analysis exercise, to monitor and verify the progress of control activities within infection clusters during the period 2018–2021. Our aim was to identify any remaining gaps and, consequently, specific measures to eliminate the factors favouring EBL persistence, on the basis of a description and analysis of the current data regarding epidemiological trends in Italian clusters. The final goal is to achieve the implementation of a less expensive surveillance plan in these areas, as well. The results of comprehensive analysis showed that the eradication activities had been effectively implemented by official local veterinary services, resulting in a drastic reduction of EBL outbreaks in most territories during the period 2018–2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Righi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-3433071
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
| | - Roberto Lomolino
- Ministero della Salute, Viale Giorgio Ribotta, 5, 00144 Roma, Italy;
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via Gaetano Salvemini, 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (C.R.); (S.P.); (F.F.)
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12
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Avoidance of Natural Suckling from Dams with Bovine Leukemia Virus Is a Low Priority Countermeasure against Postnatal Transmission. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110255. [PMID: 34822628 PMCID: PMC8618698 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although natural suckling from dams with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has not been recommended in Japan, the frequency of BLV transmission through natural suckling under natural conditions is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the risk of BLV transmission through natural suckling. Dams with BLV were classified into three groups (high, middle, low) based on the proviral loads (PVLs). PCR positivity of their colostrum and the correlations between the ratios of calves with BLV and types of feeding milk were analyzed. In dams with low PVLs, no colostrum or calves were confirmed to have BLV. In dams with middle and high PVLs, 17 out of 25 (68.0%) colostrum were PCR positive, and 10 out of 23 (43.4%) and 13 out of 29 (44.8%) calves with natural suckling and artificial rearing were infected with BLV, respectively. No difference was confirmed between the infection rates of natural-suckled and artificially reared calves. Thus, we concluded that the avoidance of natural suckling from dams with BLV and the introduction of artificial rearing were low priority countermeasures against BLV transmission.
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13
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Pavliscak LA, Nirmala J, Singh VK, Sporer KRB, Taxis TM, Kumar P, Goyal SM, Mor SK, Schroeder DC, Wells SJ, Droscha CJ. Tracing Viral Transmission and Evolution of Bovine Leukemia Virus through Long Read Oxford Nanopore Sequencing of the Proviral Genome. Pathogens 2021; 10:1191. [PMID: 34578223 PMCID: PMC8470207 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL), a persistent life-long disease resulting in immune dysfunction and shortened lifespan in infected cattle, severely impacting the profitability of the US dairy industry. Our group has found that 94% of dairy farms in the United States are infected with BLV with an average in-herd prevalence of 46%. This is partly due to the lack of clinical presentation during the early stages of primary infection and the elusive nature of BLV transmission. This study sought to validate a near-complete genomic sequencing approach for reliability and accuracy before determining its efficacy in characterizing the sequence identity of BLV proviral genomes collected from a pilot study made up of 14 animals from one commercial dairy herd. These BLV-infected animals were comprised of seven adult dam/daughter pairs that tested positive by ELISA and qPCR. The results demonstrate sequence identity or divergence of the BLV genome from the same samples tested in two independent laboratories, suggesting both vertical and horizontal transmission in this dairy herd. This study supports the use of Oxford Nanopore sequencing for the identification of viral SNPs that can be used for retrospective genetic contact tracing of BLV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayaveeramuthu Nirmala
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Vikash K. Singh
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
| | | | - Tasia M. Taxis
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Sunil Kumar Mor
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (J.N.); (V.K.S.); (S.M.G.); (S.K.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Scott J. Wells
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; (P.K.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Casey J. Droscha
- CentralStar Cooperative, Lansing, MI 48910, USA; (L.A.P.); (K.R.B.S.)
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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14
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Maezawa M, Watanabe KI, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi Y, Ogawa H, Inokuma H. Analysis of the bone morphogenetic protein 6 gene promoter region in young beef cattle affected by enzootic bovine leukosis. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:898-904. [PMID: 33840719 PMCID: PMC8267195 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is typically observed in cattle over 3 years old. However,
some cases of EBL onset in young beef cattle have been reported in Japan. The mechanism
for early EBL onset is unclear. In Japan, beef cattle are given large amounts of
concentrated feed with low vitamin A. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are regulators of
cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, and thought to represent one of the
key players in tumor malignancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences
in BMP-6 methylation status between EBL beef cattle under 3 years old and other cattle. We
investigated the methylation status of the BMP-6 promoter region in 32 EBL beef cattle
under 3 years old. We also compared the methylation status of EBL dairy cattle to that of
healthy cattle. Median methylation rate of the BMP-6 promoter region in EBL beef cattle
under 3 years old was 8.9%, which was significantly higher than that of other groups.
Hypermethylation of the BMP-6 promoter region might contribute to early onset of EBL in
beef cattle under 3 years old, and animal feeding management practices specific to beef
cattle may affect the methylation status of the BMP-6 promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Maezawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsumoto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Haruko Ogawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hisashi Inokuma
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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15
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Kuczewski A, Orsel K, Barkema HW, Mason S, Erskine R, van der Meer F. Invited review: Bovine leukemia virus-Transmission, control, and eradication. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6358-6375. [PMID: 33741150 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, endemic in North American dairy herds, has production-limiting effects. A literature review of available papers published since 1995 concerning BLV transmission and its control was conducted. Although confirmed transmission routes were reviewed (blood, natural breeding, in utero, colostrum, and milk), there is still a lack of detailed information on other specific risks for transmission (e.g., contact transmission and hoof-trimming knives). Eradication of BLV has been achieved by combined management, segregation, and culling approaches. In contrast, although sole implementation of best management practices aimed at prevention of BLV transmission has decreased within-herd BLV prevalence, it has not eradicated BLV from a herd. Therefore, control and eradication of BLV by best management practices only should be further investigated. Additionally, the role of proviral load in infected cattle was investigated. Cattle with a high proviral load seem to be more likely to infect others, whereas those with a very low proviral load seem to have low risks of transmitting BLV. Information on proviral load could be taken into account when controlling BLV in high-prevalence herds. In conclusion, there is a need for detailed, large-scale studies investigating roles of specific transmission routes, knowing proviral load of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Kuczewski
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Karin Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Steve Mason
- Agromedia International Inc., Calgary, AB T2L 0T6, Canada
| | - Ron Erskine
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
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16
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Andoh K, Nishimori A, Sakumoto R, Hayashi KG, Hatama S. The chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 produced by bovine endometrial epithelial cells induce migration of bovine B lymphocytes, contributing to transuterine transmission of BLV infection. Vet Microbiol 2020; 242:108598. [PMID: 32122602 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) causes a lymphoproliferative disease in cattle and is transmitted horizontally and vertically via infected lymphocytes. Although transplacental infection is considered the predominant route of vertical transmission of BLV, the molecular mechanisms of this process remain to be elucidated. Notably, how BLV passes through the blood-placental barrier remains unclear, given that BLV is transmitted primarily by cell-to-cell contact. One hypothesis is that B cell migration to the placenta may be induced by certain endometrium-expressed chemokines. To test this hypothesis, we performed an in vitro cell migration assay using bovine B cell lines and endometrial epithelial cells. Cell migration assays showed that two bovine B cell lines, BL2M3 and BL3.1 cells, were attracted to the supernatant of bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEnEpCs). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR showed that expression levels of mRNAs encoding the chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 were higher in BEnEpCs than in MDBK cells. Additionally, an inhibition assay using immune serum against CCL2 and CXCL10 showed suppression of migration of bovine B cell lines. A syncytium assay showed that cells expressing BLV envelope (Env) protein fused with BEnEpCs. Here we found that bovine B cells are attracted by chemokines produced in the endometrium and that cells expressing BLV Env protein fused with endometrium epithelial cells. These results explain part of the molecular mechanism of transplacental transmission during BLV infection, although further analysis will be required. Advances in these areas are expected to contribute to controlling the spread of BLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Andoh
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Asami Nishimori
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Sakumoto
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Ken-Go Hayashi
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan.
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17
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Analysis of bovine leukemia virus integration sites in cattle under 3 years old with enzootic bovine leukosis. Arch Virol 2019; 165:179-183. [PMID: 31624916 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed bovine leukemia virus (BLV) integration sites in under 3 years old with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) cattle and compared these to 30 cattle over 3 years old with EBL. BLV proviruses were integrated near CpG islands and into long interspersed nuclear elements more frequently in EBL cattle under 3 years old than in those over 3 years old. These results suggest that cattle under 3 years old with EBL have different BLV provirus integration sites from those of cattle over 3 years old with EBL, and the BLV provirus integration site may represent one factor contributing to early onset of EBL.
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18
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Sajiki Y, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Nishimori A, Maekawa N, Goto S, Watari K, Minato E, Kobayashi A, Kohara J, Yamada S, Kaneko MK, Kato Y, Takahashi H, Terasaki N, Takeda A, Yamamoto K, Toda M, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Prostaglandin E 2-Induced Immune Exhaustion and Enhancement of Antiviral Effects by Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Combined with COX-2 Inhibitor in Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1313-1324. [PMID: 31366713 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is a chronic viral infection of cattle and endemic in many countries, including Japan. Our previous study demonstrated that PGE2, a product of cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, suppresses Th1 responses in cattle and contributes to the progression of Johne disease, a chronic bacterial infection in cattle. However, little information is available on the association of PGE2 with chronic viral infection. Thus, we analyzed the changes in plasma PGE2 concentration during BLV infection and its effects on proviral load, viral gene transcription, Th1 responses, and disease progression. Both COX2 expression by PBMCs and plasma PGE2 concentration were higher in the infected cattle compared with uninfected cattle, and plasma PGE2 concentration was positively correlated with the proviral load. BLV Ag exposure also directly enhanced PGE2 production by PBMCs. Transcription of BLV genes was activated via PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4, further suggesting that PGE2 contributes to disease progression. In contrast, inhibition of PGE2 production using a COX-2 inhibitor activated BLV-specific Th1 responses in vitro, as evidenced by enhanced T cell proliferation and Th1 cytokine production, and reduced BLV proviral load in vivo. Combined treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 Ab significantly reduced the BLV proviral load, suggesting a potential as a novel control method against BLV infection. Further studies using a larger number of animals are required to support the efficacy of this treatment for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; .,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Asami Nishimori
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kei Watari
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Erina Minato
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agriculture Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Shintoku 081-0038, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Takahashi
- Shibecha Branch, Kushiro Central Office, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shibecha 088-2311, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Terasaki
- Shibecha Branch, Kushiro Central Office, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shibecha 088-2311, Japan
| | - Akira Takeda
- Shibecha Branch, Kushiro Central Office, Hokkaido Higashi Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Shibecha 088-2311, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yamamoto
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Toda
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,New Business and International Business Development, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0019, Japan; and.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0019, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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19
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Ruiz V, Porta NG, Lomónaco M, Trono K, Alvarez I. Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in Neonatal Calves. Risk Factors and Control Measures. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:267. [PMID: 30410920 PMCID: PMC6209627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). Although efficient eradication programs have been successfully implemented in most European countries and Oceania, BLV infection rates are still high worldwide. BLV naturally infects cattle, inducing a persistent infection with diverse clinical outcomes. The virus infects lymphocytes and integrates a DNA intermediate as a provirus into the genome of the cells. Therefore, exposure to biological fluids contaminated with infected lymphocytes potentially spreads the virus. Vertical transmission may occur in utero or during delivery, and about 10% of calves born to BLV-infected dams are already infected at birth. Most frequently, transmission from dams to their offspring occurs through the ingestion of infected colostrum or milk. Therefore, although EBL is not a disease specific to the neonatal period, during this period the calves are at special risk of becoming infected, especially in dairy farms, where they ingest colostrum and/or raw milk either naturally or artificially. Calves infected during the first week of life could play an active role in early propagation of BLV to susceptible animals. This review discusses the main factors that contribute to neonatal BLV infection in dairy herds, as well as different approaches and management practices that could be implemented to reduce the risk of BLV transmission during this period, aiming to decrease BLV infection in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gabriela Porta
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Lomónaco
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Alvarez
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria-Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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