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Xiao N, Li J, Li M, Hu Y, Lin H, Fan H. Preparation and Characterization of a New Monoclonal Antibody Specific Against Lawsonia intracellularis and Its Application in Indirect Immunofluorescence and Immunocytochemistry Assay. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:753610. [PMID: 34912873 PMCID: PMC8667467 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.753610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is an infectious enteric disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis (L. intracellularis) and is endemic in pig herds worldwide. However, a L. intracellularis-specific monoclonal antibody plays an important role in the evaluation of L. intracellularis infection in vitro. Therefore, the objective of this study was to produce and identify the characteristics of a new monoclonal antibody against the outer membrane protein (Omp2) of L. intracellularis and apply it in an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and immunocytochemistry (IHC). The results indicated that three highly specific monoclonal antibodies against the Omp2 protein (4D9, 3G2, and 7G5) of L. intracellularis were obtained by using purified Omp2 as an immunogen, the titers of ascitic fluids of 4D9, 3G2, and 7G5 cells were 1:2,048,000, 1:512,000, and 1:256,000, respectively. IFA analysis showed that the 4D9, 3G2, and 7G5 have no cross-reactivity with other enteric bacteria commonly found in the ilea of pigs or closely related to L. intracellularis, such as Desulfovibrio, Bilophila wadsworthia (B. wadsworthia), Salmonella choleraesuis (S. choleraesuis), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (B. hyodysenteriae). IFA and IHC results indicated that the monoclonal antibodies can be successfully used as primary antibodies to detect L. intracellularis in infected cells and in the crypt of the ileum from infected tissues of PE. Our findings suggested that the new monoclonal antibody specific against L. intracellularis will be useful for the evaluation of L. intracellularis infection in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minxue Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuting Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Campillo M, Smith SH, Gally DL, Opriessnig T. Review of methods for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:621-631. [PMID: 33739176 PMCID: PMC8225690 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211003551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular bacterium
associated with enteric disease in pigs. Clinical signs include weight loss,
diarrhea, and, in some cases, sudden death. The hallmark lesion is the
thickening of the intestinal mucosa caused by increased epithelial cell
replication, known as proliferative enteropathy. The immune response to
L. intracellularis is not well defined, and detection of
the infection, especially in the early stages, is still a significant challenge.
We review here the main approaches used to identify this important but poorly
understood pathogen. Detection of L. intracellularis infection
as the cause of clinical disease is confounded by the high prevalence of the
pathogen in many countries and that several other pathogens can produce similar
clinical signs. A single L. intracellularis–specific ELISA and
several amplification assays are available commercially to aid detection and
surveillance, although histopathology remains the primary way to reach a
conclusive diagnosis. There are major gaps in our understanding of L.
intracellularis pathogenesis, especially how the host responds to
infection and the factors that drive infection toward different clinical
outcomes. Knowledge of pathogenesis will increase the predictive value of
antemortem tests to guide appropriate interventions, including identification
and treatment of subclinically affected pigs in the early stages of disease,
given that this important manifestation reduces pig productivity and contributes
to the economic burden of L. intracellularis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campillo
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Sionagh H Smith
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David L Gally
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Wu Y, Tian K, Zhang Y, Guo H, Li N, Wang Z, Zhao J. Rapid and visual detection of Lawsonia intracellularis with an improved recombinase polymerase amplification assay combined with a lateral flow dipstick. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:97. [PMID: 30898117 PMCID: PMC6429820 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lawsonia intracellularis (L. intracellularis) is the etiologic agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE), which is reported in many swine breeding countries all over the world, and has caused enormous economic losses in intensive pig production systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a simple and rapid method for on-site detection of Lawsonia intracellularis (L. intracellularis). As the isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) can be performed at a constant temperature and its product is directly observed on a lateral-flow dipstick (LFD) with naked eyes without electrophoresis, the RPA-LFD assay should be useful for field diagnosis of L. intracellularis as well as its detection from clinical samples. Results The established RPA-LFD assay could be finished in 30 min at a wide temperature range of 25 to 40 °C, and the amplicons could be visualized by naked eyes. The developed RPA-LFD assay was specific to dnaA gene of L. intracellularis, and did not detect nucleic acids extracted from other common gastrointestinal pathogens. The minimum detection of this RPA-LFD method was 400 L. intracellularis per reaction, which was as sensitive as conventional PCR. Further, the RPA-LFD assay was performed with 150 clinical fecal samples and the detection results were compared with conventional PCR. Results showed that the coincidence rate of RPA-LFD and conventional PCR was 100%. Conclusions The combined RPA with LFD assay provides a simple, rapid, specific and sensitive alternative for field diagnosis of L. intracellularis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Kaiyue Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huifang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ning Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Pereira PR, Caprioli RA, Hammerschmitt ME, Sonne L, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D. Lesões intestinais em suínos abatidos no Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: O Rio Grande do Sul se destaca na suinocultura nacional pelos altos índices de produção, baseada em sistema de criação intensivo, fato que propicia a ocorrência de doenças entéricas. Este estudo foi realizado para diagnosticar e determinar a frequência das causas de condenação de intestinos na linha de abate. As amostras de intestino e linfonodos mesentéricos foram colhidas para análise histológica e imuno-histoquímica, de um frigorífico de suínos localizado na Região do Vale do Taquari, no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), que conta com Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF). A colheita ocorreu durante 18 dias nos meses de verão (janeiro e fevereiro) e 19 dias nos meses de inverno (junho, julho e agosto) de 2016. Os suínos eram provenientes de 55 municípios diferentes, que fazem parte de sete microrregiões do RS (microrregião de Passo Fundo, Soledade, Guaporé, Santa Cruz do Sul, Lajeado-Estrela, Montenegro e São Jerônimo). Dos 2.523 intestinos condenados no verão e 2.747 no inverno, 216 e 199 foram avaliados, respectivamente. Os três principais diagnósticos foram serosite crônica (43,1%), ascaridiose (21,4%) e enteropatia proliferativa suína (20%), seguidos por casos de tampão caseoso em válvula ileocecal (5,0%), abscesso intestinal (1,0%), pneumatose (1,0%), circovirose (0,7%), esofagostomíase (0,7%), salmonelose (0,7%) e um caso de intussuscepção (0,2%). A serosite crônica foi diagnosticada em 82/216 (38%) no verão e 97/199 (48,7%) no inverno, ascaridiose teve maior ocorrência no verão com 64/216 (29,6%) comparado com o inverno em que observou-se 25/199 (12,6%). A enteropatia proliferativa suína foi diagnosticada em 37/216 (17,1%) casos no verão e 46/199 (23,1%) no inverno.
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Seo HW, Park C, Kang I, Choi K, Jeong J, Park SJ, Chae C. Genetic and antigenic characterization of a newly emerging porcine circovirus type 2b mutant first isolated in cases of vaccine failure in Korea. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3107-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Michalski CW, Di Mola FF, Kümmel K, Wendt M, Köninger JS, Giese T, Giese NA, Friess H. Human inflammatory bowel disease does not associate with Lawsonia intracellularis infection. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:81. [PMID: 16984651 PMCID: PMC1590022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that bacterial infection of the intestinal mucosa may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In pigs, an obligate intracellular bacterium, Lawsonia intracellularis (LI), was shown to cause proliferative enteropathy (PE) of which some forms display histological and clinical similarities to human IBD. Since LI-similar Desulfovibrio spp. may infect human cells, we hypothesized that LI might be associated with the development of human IBD. RESULTS In human intestinal tissue samples, PCR using LLG, 50SL27, LSA and strictly LI-specific 16SII primers, yielded either no amplicons or products with weak homology to human genomic sequences. Sequencing of these amplicons revealed no specificity for LI. However, amplification of DNA with less specific 16SI primers resulted in products bearing homology to certain Streptococcus species. These 16SI-amplified products were present in healthy and diseased specimens, without obvious prevalence. CONCLUSION LI is not associated with the pathogenesis of UC or CD. Whether an immunologic response to commensal bacteria such as streptococci may contribute to the chronic inflammatory condition in IBD, remained to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph W Michalski
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabio Francesco Di Mola
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmel
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Pigs, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg S Köninger
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalia A Giese
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
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van der Heijden HMJF, Bakker J, Elbers ARW, Vos JH, Weyns A, de Smet M, McOrist S. Prevalence of exposure and infection of Lawsonia intracellularis among slaughter-age pigs. Res Vet Sci 2004; 77:197-202. [PMID: 15276770 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extent of clinical or subclinical infection associated with Lawsonia intracellularis within Dutch pig herds was uncertain. A case-control study of slaughter age pigs was used to study natural infection within Dutch herds and to compare diagnostic methods. From six case herds where clinical disease had been identified recently, and six disease-free herds, 40 pigs of slaughter-age were examined postmortem. The diagnostic methods used were: serology, gross examination, Haematoxylin and Eosin stain (HE), Warthin-Starry silver stain, Lawsonia-specific indirect immunoperoxidase of the ileum, and PCR of ileum mucosa and colon contents. There were 59% seropositive pigs in case herds and 26% seropositive pigs in control herds. Using immunohistochemistry, 57% of case herds and 46% of control herds were bacteria positive in the ileum mucosa. It was concluded that a majority of Dutch herds contain L. intracellularis infected finisher pigs. In some herds this is associated with clinical outbreaks of acute haemorrhagic enteropathy but in other herds no clinical disease is apparent. Many seropositive pigs in herds without clinical disease had evidence of Lawsonia antigen in sites other than the apical cytoplasm of proliferating epithelial cells, particularly the supranuclear region. It was uncertain whether to classify these pigs as having "recovered" from an infection or whether they have a sub-clinical or chronic form of the disease. We concluded that PCR examination of faeces and serology probably provide more specific results than gross examinations at slaughter, and that a monoclonal antibody-based examination of ileum mucosa should be the accepted screening method for this infection.
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Cho WS, Chae C. Expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8) in colon of pigs naturally infected with Salmonella typhimurium and S. choleraesuis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:484-7. [PMID: 15157014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of mRNA encoding tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-8 was studied, by in situ hybridization with a non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled probe, in formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded colonic tissue from pigs naturally infected with Salmonella typhimurium and S. choleraesuis. By in situ hybridization, a distinct positive signal for TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 was detected in colon from all 12 infected pigs. Hybridization signals for all four inflammatory cytokines were detected primarily inflammatory cells infiltrating the lamina propria and submucosa. In comparison, expression of all four inflammatory cytokines was minimal in non-lesional colon of infected pigs and in normal colon from control pigs. The results suggest that these cytokines play an important role in the pathophysiological processes in porcine salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu 151-742, Seoul, Korea
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