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François-Brazier C, Payebien A, Manson C, Lefaux B, Quintard B. PREVALENCE OF LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS INFECTION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES AND PEST RODENTS IN A ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:680-688. [PMID: 34130411 DOI: 10.1638/2018-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016 and 2017, Lawsonia intracellularis was isolated from several pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) presenting with diarrhea in Mulhouse Zoo (eastern France). To this day, infection with this bacterium has rarely been described in nonhuman primates (NHP) in captivity or in the wild and there are no data about the prevalence or transmission of the disease. This study focuses on finding the prevalence of this infection amongst Mulhouse Zoo's NHP collection and trying to identify a source of contamination responsible for this epizooty. Forty-eight real-time PCR were conducted on feces from all NHP species in the zoo and on small mammals trapped in the NHP housing structures. No NHP was experiencing symptoms at the time of the study, however test results showed that Lawsonia intracellularis can be found in 61.76% (21/34) of the group total (n = 34) and the prevalence even increases to 92.3% (12/13) in the Lemuriform infraorder (n = 13). In small mammals (n = 14), prevalence of the bacterium is 57.17% (8/14) including 77.78% in rodents (7/9). The results of this study show that several NHP species are healthy carriers and some species of small mammals can be considered as a potential source of contamination. Because of the difficulty encountered trying to isolate the bacterium, it is plausible that infections caused by Lawsonia intracellularis have been underdiagnosed to this day, and that it could be an emerging disease in Europe. Therefore, using real-time PCR to search for this bacterium seems essential in case of diarrhea occurring in nonhuman primates. Moreover, even though further studies on contamination sources need to be conducted, the issue of the presence of rodents in NHP housing structures has to be taken very seriously and tackled with the utmost care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Payebien
- Laboratoire vétérinaire départemental du Haut-Rhin, 68025 Colmar, France
| | - Christine Manson
- Laboratoire vétérinaire départemental du Haut-Rhin, 68025 Colmar, France
| | - Brice Lefaux
- Parc zoologique et botanique de Mulhouse, 68100 Mulhouse, France
| | - Benoît Quintard
- Parc zoologique et botanique de Mulhouse, 68100 Mulhouse, France
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Helm ET, Curry SM, Schwartz KJ, Lonergan SM, Gabler NK. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae-Lawsonia intracellularis dual challenge modulates intestinal integrity and function1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2376-2384. [PMID: 30980078 PMCID: PMC6541822 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) are 2 globally distributed pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality in grow-finish pigs. However, mechanisms that reduce growth and feed efficiency during LI and Mh infection are poorly defined. We hypothesized that reductions in performance are partially due to declines in intestinal function and integrity; thus, this study aimed to evaluate intestinal function and integrity of pigs during a 21-d Mh and LI dual challenge (MhLI). Littermate pairs of barrows (48.1 ± 6.7 kg BW) were selected; 1 pig from each pair was assigned to either MhLI challenge or nonchallenge treatments (n = 12). Pigs were individually housed, fed a corn-soybean diet, and allowed to acclimate for 21 d prior to inoculation. On days postinoculation (dpi) 0, MhLI pigs were dual inoculated with LI and Mh. On dpi 21, all pigs were euthanized for ileal and colon tissue collection. Formalin-fixed tissues were clinically scored and morphology analyzed, frozen tissues assayed for digestive enzyme activities, and fresh tissues mounted into modified Ussing Chambers to assess active nutrient transport, barrier integrity, and bacterial translocation. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect, age and start BW as covariates, and litter as a random effect. Compared with controls, MhLI pigs had decreased ADG (38%, P < 0.001), ADFI (25%, P < 0.001), and G:F (19%, P = 0.012). The MhLI dual challenge did not alter ileum morphology or transepithelial resistance (P > 0.10); however, ex vivo mucosal to serosal translocation of S. Typhimurium in the colon was increased (60%, P = 0.003) in MhLI pigs compared with controls. Additionally, MhLI pigs had increased ileal glucose transport (30%, P = 0.05) and decreased sucrase activity (30%, P = 0.049) compared with controls. This MhLI challenge antagonized intestinal function and integrity, and this may be a contributing factor to reduced pig performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Shelby M Curry
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Sharma M, Liu H, Chen S, Cheng F, Voordouw G, Gieg L. Effect of selected biocides on microbiologically influenced corrosion caused by Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16620. [PMID: 30413730 PMCID: PMC6226443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The marine bacterial strain Desulfovibrio ferrophilus IS5, known for its lithotrophic growth ability to use metallic iron as a sole electron donor and for causing corrosion of steel, was used in the current study. Four commonly used biocides in the oil and gas industry, namely tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS), glutaraldehyde (GLUT), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), and GLUT/BAC were selected to study their efficacy in controlling carbon steel corrosion in the presence of this strain. Incubations containing strain IS5 and low carbon steel coupons were prepared in the presence and absence of the four biocides, and these were monitored using both electrochemical methods (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potentiodynamic polarization) and surface analyses (scanning electron microscopy, confocal measurements, optical microscopy, and profilometry) to assess the biofilm/metal interactions. When THPS, BAC, and GLUT/BAC treatments were applied, minimal corrosion was measured by all methods. In contrast, severe pitting was observed in the presence of 50 ppm GLUT, similar to what was observed when D. ferrophilus IS5 was incubated in the absence of biocide, suggesting that GLUT alone may not be effective in controlling MIC in marine environments. This study also showed that the use of non-destructive electrochemical methods is effective for screening for real time biocide selection and monitoring of the impact of chemicals post-dosage in oil and gas operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohita Sharma
- Petroleum Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Shiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, P. R. China
| | - Frank Cheng
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gerrit Voordouw
- Petroleum Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lisa Gieg
- Petroleum Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Järveots T, Saar T, Põdersoo D, Rüütel-Boudinot S, Sütt S, Tummeleht L, Suuroja T, Lindjärv R. Lawsonia intracellularis and Porcine Circovirus type-2 infection in Estonia. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:291-301. [PMID: 27487502 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the reasons of post-weaning distress in Estonian pig herds. Here we examined the natural cases of Lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection and co-infections. The presence of L. intracellularis in swine herds were tested by PCR and by histopathological methods, whereas PCV2 was detected by real-time-PCR and immunohistochemical stainings. Seven of the 11 investigated herds with signs of post-weaning wasting were infected with L. intracellularis and all 11 herds with PCV2. From the analysed samples 22.2% were infected with L. intracellularis and 25% with PCV2. The results of microbiological studies suggested that the piglets suffered from enteritis and pneumonia. Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida often aggravated the process of illness. The frequency of L. intracellularis was high in pigs 7-12 weeks old (18.5-42.7%) and PCV2 infection was too high in pigs 7-12 weeks old (24.8-32.7%). E. coli was often a co-factor with L. intracellularis and PCV2. The primary reasons of post weaning wasting were PCV2 and E. coli, later aggravated by L. intracellularis and other pathogens. Our results indicated that different pathogens have an important role in developing post-weaning wasting. Proliferative intestinal inflammation caused by L. intracellularis is mainly characterised by its localization and morphological findings. The main gross lesions were the enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes and thickening of the wall of ileum. In post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome there are characteristic histological lesions in lymphoid tissues. They consist of a variable degree of lymphocyte depletion, together with histiocytic and/or multinucleate giant cell infiltration. This basic lymphoid lesions is observable in almost all tissues of a single severely affected animal, including lymph nodes, Peyer's patches and spleen. Sporadically, multifocal coagulative necrosis may be observed.
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Borewicz KA, Kim HB, Singer RS, Gebhart CJ, Sreevatsan S, Johnson T, Isaacson RE. Changes in the Porcine Intestinal Microbiome in Response to Infection with Salmonella enterica and Lawsonia intracellularis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139106. [PMID: 26461107 PMCID: PMC4604083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of food borne illness. Recent studies have shown that S. enterica is a pathogen capable of causing alterations to the composition of the intestinal microbiome. A recent prospective study of French pork production farms found a statistically significant association between Lawsonia intracellularis and carriage of S. enterica. In the current study the composition of the gut microbiome was determined in pigs challenged with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and or L. intracellularis and compared to non-challenged control pigs. Principal coordinate analysis demonstrated that there was a disruption in the composition of the gut microbiome in the colon and cecum of pigs challenged with either pathogen. The compositions of the microbiomes of challenged pigs were similar to each other but differed from the non-challenged controls. There also were statistically significant increases in Anaerobacter, Barnesiella, Pediococcus, Sporacetigenium, Turicibacter, Catenibacterium, Prevotella, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Xylanibacter in the challenged pigs. To determine if these changes were specific to experimentally challenged pigs, we determined the compositions of the fecal microbiomes of naturally infected pigs that were carriers of S. enterica. Pigs that were frequent shedders of S. enterica were shown to have similar fecal microbiomes compared to non-shedders or pigs that shed S. enterica infrequently. In a comparison of the differentially abundant bacteria in the naturally infected pigs compared to experimentally challenged pigs, 9 genera were differentially abundant and each exhibited the same increase or decrease in abundance between the two groups. Thus, there were similar changes in the GI microbiome associated with carriage of S. enterica regardless of whether the pigs were experimentally challenged with S. enterica or acquired it naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudyna A. Borewicz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Randall S. Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Connie J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vasoo S, Mason EL, Gustafson DR, Cunningham SA, Cole NC, Vetter EA, Steinmann SP, Wilson WR, Patel R, Berbari EF, Henry NK. Desulfovibrio legallii prosthetic shoulder joint infection and review of antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical characteristics of Desulfovibrio infections. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3105-10. [PMID: 24850351 PMCID: PMC4136176 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00083-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of shoulder hemiarthroplasty infection with Desulfovibrio legallii. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of 36 Desulfovibrio isolates are presented. Metronidazole and carbapenems exhibited reliable activity, although piperacillin-tazobactam did not. Eleven previous cases of Desulfovibrio infection are reviewed; most arose from a gastrointestinal tract-related source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Vasoo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erin L Mason
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel R Gustafson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott A Cunningham
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicolynn C Cole
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily A Vetter
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Scott P Steinmann
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Walter R Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elie F Berbari
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nancy K Henry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Wu Z, Ling Y, Tian D, Pan Q, Heegaard PMH, He C. Seroprevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis antibodies in intensive pig farms in China. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:100. [PMID: 24774304 PMCID: PMC4012184 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis (L. intracellularis) is a major concern to the pig industry worldwide. Although 8.3 billion pigs are produced each year in China, few reports on the prevalence of L.intracellularis infection are available. The aim of the current study was to estimate the seroprevalence of L. intracellularis antibodies in intensive pig farms in China. RESULTS A total of 1060 serum samples were collected from 14 commercial pig farms located throughout China. Animals from all age groups were sampled including pre-weaning piglets, weaners, fattening pigs, adult sows and boars. Antibodies against L. intracellularis were detected using a specific blocking ELISA. Of the 1060 serum samples, 602 were identified as positive using the ELISA test. The apparent seroprevalence of L. intracellularis seropositivity was 57% (95% CI 50 to 64%). The true prevalence (that is, prevalence corrected for the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the testing method) was 77% (95% CI 70 to 83%). CONCLUSIONS The highest true prevalence was observed in sows and boars, suggesting that within a herd these stock classes are a reservoir for infection. The prevalence of L. intracellularis seropositivity in local breed pigs was significantly less than that in imported breeds. A higher seroprevalence was found in pigs in herds in Central and Northern China, which may correspond to the greater use of the intensive production systems in these areas. We conclude that L. intracellularis is widely prevalent in commercial pigs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxue Wu
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong Ling
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Deyu Tian
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Cheng He
- Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Sampieri F, Vannucci FA, Allen AL, Pusterla N, Antonopoulos AJ, Ball KR, Thompson J, Dowling PM, Hamilton DL, Gebhart CJ. Species-specificity of equine and porcine Lawsonia intracellularis isolates in laboratory animals. Can J Vet Res 2013; 77:261-72. [PMID: 24124268 PMCID: PMC3788657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis infection causes proliferative enteropathy (PE) in many mammalian species, with porcine and equine proliferative enteropathy (PPE and EPE) known worldwide. Hamsters are a well-published animal model for PPE infection studies in pigs. There is no laboratory animal model for EPE infection studies and it is not known whether there is species-specificity for equine or porcine isolates of L. intracellularis in animal models. The objective of this study was to determine whether it is possible to generate typical EPE lesions in hamsters after inoculation with an equine strain of L. intracellularis (EPE strain) and whether it is comparatively possible to generate PPE lesions in rabbits after inoculation with a porcine strain of L. intracellularis (PPE strain). In 2 separate trials, 4-week-old and 3-week-old weanling golden Syrian hamsters were challenged with EPE strains and compared to uninfected (both trials) and PPE-infected controls (Trial 2 only). Concurrently, 6 female New Zealand white juvenile rabbits were infected with PPE strain and observed concomitantly to 8 similar rabbits infected with EPE strain for a different experiment. Hamsters and rabbits were observed for 21 to 24 days post-infection (DPI), depending on the experiment. Neither infected species developed clinical signs. The presence of disease was assessed with diagnostic techniques classically used for pigs and horses: immune-peroxidase monolayer assay on sera; quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection of molecular DNA in feces; and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on intestinal tissues. Our results showed that EPE-challenged hamsters do not develop infection when compared with PPE controls (IHC, P = 0.009; qPCR, P = 0.0003). Conversely, PPE-challenged rabbits do not develop typical intestinal lesions in comparison to EPE-challenged rabbits, with serological response at 14 DPI being significantly lower (P = 0.0023). In conclusion, PPE and EPE strains appear to have different host-specificities for hamsters and rabbits, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sampieri
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Fabio A. Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Andrew L. Allen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Aphroditi J. Antonopoulos
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Katherine R. Ball
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Julie Thompson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Patricia M. Dowling
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Don L. Hamilton
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
| | - Connie J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences (Sampieri, Antonopoulos, Ball, Dowling, Hamilton) and Department of Veterinary Pathology (Allen), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA (Vannucci, Gebhart); Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA (Pusterla); Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (Thompson)
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Arroyo LG, ter Woort F, Baird JD, Tatiersky L, DeLay J, van Dreumel T. Lawsonia intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in 5 weanling foals. Can Vet J 2013; 54:853-858. [PMID: 24155489 PMCID: PMC3743569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This report describes 5 cases of fatal Lawsonia intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis in weanling Thoroughbred and Standardbred foals. The lesions are similar to those of the L. intracellularis-associated ulcerative and necro-hemorrhagic enteritis syndrome in pigs. Two foals had concurrent severe typhlo-colitis as a result of a large burden of encysted cyathostomes. The clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges, and the potential complications encountered during the management of such cases are discussed.
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Karlsson CLJ, Onnerfält J, Xu J, Molin G, Ahrné S, Thorngren-Jerneck K. The microbiota of the gut in preschool children with normal and excessive body weight. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:2257-61. [PMID: 22546742 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the gut microbiota in preschool children with and without overweight and obesity. Twenty overweight or obese children and twenty children with BMI within the normal range (age: 4-5 years) were recruited from the south of Sweden. The gut microbiota was accessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and calprotectin was measured in feces. Liver enzymes were quantified in obese/overweight children. The concentration of the gram-negative family Enterobacteriaceae was significantly higher in the obese/overweight children (P = 0.036), whereas levels of Desulfovibrio and Akkermansia muciniphila-like bacteria were significantly lower in the obese/overweight children (P = 0.027 and P = 0.030, respectively). No significant differences were found in content of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium or the Bacteroides fragilis group. The diversity of the dominating bacterial community tended to be less diverse in the obese/overweight group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Concentration of Bifidobacterium was inversely correlated to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in obese/overweight children. The fecal levels of calprotectin did not differ between the study groups. These findings indicate that the gut microbiota differed among preschool children with obesity/overweight compared with children with BMI within the normal range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L J Karlsson
- Food Hygiene, Division of Applied Nutrition and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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11
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Reiner G, Hillen S, von Berg S, Kixmöller M, Willems H. Analysis of bacterial load and prevalence of mixed infections with Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and/or Brachyspira pilosicoli in German pigs with diarrhoea. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2011; 124:236-241. [PMID: 22059295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis, Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli are important pathogens in domestic pig production world-wide, responsible for porcine intestinal adenomatosis, swine dysentery, and porcine intestinal spirochetosis, respectively. Conventional PCR is the major diagnostic tool in the detection of the three pathogens, but the sole detection of bacterial DNA might lead to misinterpretations of results with respect to their clinical relevance, especially with mixed infections. Thus, the present study targeted the detection and quantification of the three pathogens in samples from herds with a case history of diarrhoea. Herds and samples were selected by the practitioners on a voluntary basis. Results were based on 1176 individual samples from 95 herds from Southern Germany. The pathogens were detected simultaneously by multiplex real-time PCR. The overall prevalence for L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli was 12.6%, 8.4% and 3.2% in faecal samples and 48.4%, 24.2% and 31.6% in herds, respectively. Sixty one percent, 82.6%, and 73.4% of herds positive for L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae, and B. pilosicoli, respectively, had mixed infections. Median log values of DNA equivalents/g of faeces for L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli were 3.3, 5.9 and 3.2, with maxima of 8.3, 8.0 and 6.3, respectively. Within herd prevalence of B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli as well as the load of B. hyodysenteriae were significantly associated with the severity of diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Swine Diseases, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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12
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Tanamachi C, Hashimoto K, Itoyama T, Horita R, Yano T, Tou K, Oyama N, Wada A, Sagawa K. [A case of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans cultured from blood in Japan]. Rinsho Byori 2011; 59:466-469. [PMID: 21706860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a case of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans bacteremia in a 60-year-old-man. In our case, anaerobic blood culture bottle turned out positive after five days' incubation. Gram stain showed the presence of slightly-curved Gram negative rod. Suspecting Campylobacter and Helicobacter, we added microaerobic culture while tentatively reporting Campylobacter to the physician. We then added anaerobic culturing with Brucella HK (RS) Agar because microaerobic culture proved the absence of microaerophile. We found small colonies on the third day, then we started anaerobic culture and eventually identified Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. We believe this is the first report of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans cultured from blood in Japan. In case Gram stain shows the presence of spiral bacterium, it is recommended to observe closely considering Desulfovibrio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyoko Tanamachi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
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13
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Guedes RM, Gebhart CJ. Evidence of cell-mediated immune response and specific local mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig) A production against Lawsonia intracellularis in experimentally infected swine. Can J Vet Res 2010; 74:97-101. [PMID: 20592838 PMCID: PMC2851731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect cell-mediated and local humoral immune responses to Lawsonia intracellularis in pigs inoculated with a pure culture of the pathogenic isolate or with an intestinal mucosa homogenate. Twenty-four 5-week-old pigs were inoculated with a pure culture of L. intracellularis (n = 10), an intestinal mucosa homogenate from proliferative enteropathy diseased pigs (n = 10), or a control solution (n = 4). All animals were bled 0, 7, 14, and 20 d post-inoculation (pi). Serum was tested for immunoglobulin (Ig) G against L. intracellularis and for the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) after inoculation with L. intracellularis total proteins. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions were evaluated 24 and 48 h after intra-dermal injection of different concentrations of L. intracellularis antigen 20 d pi. All animals were euthanized on day 22, intestinal lavages of ileum and IgA titrations were done. Weak IFN-gamma production was detected in 1 pig from the pure culture group and 2 pigs from the mucosal homogenate group 14 d pi, and in 2 animals from both groups 20 d pi. All pigs, in both inoculated groups, were seropositive for IgG on day 20. Inoculated pigs from both groups showed very weak dose-dependent DTH reactions, which were more evident at 24 h than 48 h pi. Eight pigs from the pure culture group and 7 from the mucosa homogenate group had detectable IgA titers in the intestinal lavage 22 d pi. In conclusion, specific local intestinal humoral and weak cell-mediated immune responses can be detected in pigs experimentally infected with L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connie J. Gebhart
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Gebhart; telephone: (612) 624-3444; fax: (612) 625-5203; e-mail:
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Guimarães-Ladeira CV, Palhares MS, Oliveira JSV, Ramirez MA, Guedes RMC. Faecal shedding and serological cross-sectional study of Lawsonia intracellularis in horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Equine Vet J 2009; 41:593-6. [PMID: 19803056 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x407639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASON FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Proliferative enteropathy, caused by the intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis, has been described in horses in Australia, the USA, Canada and European countries but has not been reported in Latin America. The prevalence of the disease in horses worldwide is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the presence of subclinical L. intracellularis infection in horses in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. METHODS A longitudinal study using serology and PCR for detecting antibodies (IgG) and shedding of L. intracellularis in faecal samples, respectively, was conducted using a total of 223 horses from 14 different horse farms in Minas Gerais, and from the Veterinary School of UFMG equine herds in Minas Gerais. The immunoperoxidase technique in glass slides was used as the serological test. RESULTS Twenty-one horse sera had immunoglobulin G titres of 1:60 and were considered positive. The PCR technique in faeces for L. intracellularis DNA identified 7 horses as faecal shedders. Horses shedding the organism appeared healthy, indicating that subclinical infection of L. intracellularis occurred in the horses. CONCLUSION Seropositivity and detection of faecal shedding of L. intracellularis indicates the presence of the agent in the equine population in Minas Gerais. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Results of this study should alert clinicians in countries where proliferative enteropthy in horses has not been reported to consider this disease as a possible cause of enteric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Guimarães-Ladeira
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, PO Box 567, Belo Horizonte, MG 31.270-901, Brazil
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15
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Lodowska J, Wolny D, Jaworska-Kik M, Dzierzewicz Z, Weglarz L. Interstrain diversity of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate content in lipopolysaccharides of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Pol J Microbiol 2009; 58:21-27. [PMID: 19469282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans species are Gram-negative, anaerobic rods selectively reducing sulphates and colonizing oxygen-free ecosystems. They are ubiquitous in the natural environment and have been also found to reside in the human digestive tract. They are suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis ofulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The D. desulfuricans wild strains were isolated from feces and bioptate of patients suffering from various digestive tract disorders. LPSs were isolated from the wild enteric strains and soil type strain La 2226 of D. desulfuricans and analyzed in terms of their 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid (Kdo) component content. The obtained spectrophotometric data indicate that Kdo content is characteristic of each of the investigated strains and it ranges from 0.48% to 2.86% (w/w) of the total LPS mass. Statistically significant interstrain differences of Kdo quantity seem to suggest the differences in the O-antigen content. Comparative analysis of Kdo content in LPSs of D. desulfuricans strains in relation to that of the reference endotoxin from Salmonella spp. allows us to suggest that D. desulfuricans bacteria possess O-antigen polysaccharides composed of diverse number of carbohydrate units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Lodowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Poland.
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16
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Nathues H, grosse Beilage E. Diagnosis of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs after vaccination or antimicrobial treatment. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2008; 115:404-409. [PMID: 19024547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of infection with Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis, the causative agent of porcine proliferative enteropathy, is routinely based on the detection of L. intracellularis in faeces and/or tissue samples by PCR. Furthermore, infection can be determined by the detection of antibodies in serum samples. The aim of this comparative study was to examine whether results from molecular biology and serological testing are influenced by applying live bacteria vaccine Enterisol Ileitis or antimicrobial treatment to pigs naturally exposed to L. intracellularis. Decreased shedding was detected in tylosin treated pigs only. Thus, the distribution of 345 pigs into groups of 0-, 1- or > or = 2-times positive by PCR was significantly influenced by the treatment (P < 0.0001). A global effect of positive PCR results on average daily weight gain was also highly significant (P < 0.0001). The serological reaction was detected by a blocking ELISA after infection but not after vaccination independent of treatment. The results indicate no influence of vaccination on applied diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Nathues
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
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17
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Nathues H. [Literature review of the diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2007; 120:499-507. [PMID: 18085161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis is the etiologic agent of ileitis, which occurs in different forms in pigs. The infection can be demonstrated by several methods. In routine diagnosis the indirect detection of L. intracellularis is conducted by measuring antibodies performing an indirect IFT or ELISA. Furthermore, an IFT and PCR on faecal and/or tissue samples are well established for the direct detection. The suitability of PCR on faecal samples is frequently discussed. Problems are related to various inhibitors that are component of faeces. When interpreting laboratory results, the past medical history of pigs, i.e. antimicrobial treatment, has to be considered. Since 2004 a new vaccine against ileitis is licensed. A possible influence of vaccination on diagnostic testing, especially PCR and ELISA, is hardly investigated. Therefore, the interpretation of laboratory results from vaccinated animals is, considering the current literature, restrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Nathues
- Aussenstelle für Epidemiologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
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18
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Weissenböck H, Mrakovcic M, Ladinig A, Fragner K. In situ hybridization for Lawsonia intracellularis--specific 16s rRNA sequence in paraffin-embedded tissue using a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe. J Vet Diagn Invest 2007; 19:282-5. [PMID: 17459858 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An in situ hybridization (ISH) procedure with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe for detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in paraffin-embedded tissue is described. This technique recognized 71% of PCR-positive cases and was thus superior to Warthin-Starry silver stain, which only detected 41%. The presented ISH is of comparable sensitivity to previously published immunohistochemical assays and is recommended for laboratories wishing to diagnose L. intracellularis infections in tissue sections but without access to antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Yeh JY, Kim TJ, Park SY, Song CS, Yoon YD, Kim SK, Lee JB, Choi IS. Isolation of Lawsonia intracellularis in Korea and reproduction of proliferative enteropathy in pigs and hamsters. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 68:499-501. [PMID: 16757895 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis (L. intracellularis) was isolated from a Korean pig suffering acute proliferative enteropathy. In vitro culture conditions of L. intracellularis were established in McCoy cells. Pigs and hamsters experimentally infected with the pure culture of L. intracellularis reproduced clinical signs and intestinal lesions of proliferative enteropathy. The presence of L. intracellularis in the intestinal lesions was confirmed by immunohistochemistry with L. intracellularis-specific monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Collins AM, Love RJ. Re-challenge of pigs following recovery from proliferative enteropathy. Vet Microbiol 2007; 120:381-6. [PMID: 17188822 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 11/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An experimental challenge model was developed to demonstrate Lawsonia intracellularis colonization and reproduction of proliferative enteropathy (PE) in naïve weaner pigs. Groups of pigs were orally dosed with between 10(10) and 10(5)L. intracellularis extracted from haemorrhagic PE affected mucosa. Pigs were monitored for clinical signs and intestinal lesions of PE and evidence of bacterial colonization by serology and faecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One group of challenged pigs were necropsied after 21 days to confirm the reproduction of PE. L. intracellularis colonization and seroconversion was delayed in pigs dosed with lower numbers of L. intracellularis. When faecal shedding of L. intracellularis ceased to be detected in all of the challenged pigs, they were re-dosed orally with approximately 10(10)L. intracellularis and monitored for evidence of re-colonization and clinical disease. This study demonstrated that pigs previously challenged with L. intracellularis were protected from re-colonization and clinical disease on subsequent exposure 10 weeks later, regardless of the initial dose of L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Collins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 8, Camden, Australia.
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21
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Michalski CW, Di Mola FF, Kümmel K, Wendt M, Köninger JS, Giese T, Giese NA, Friess H. Human inflammatory bowel disease does not associate with Lawsonia intracellularis infection. BMC Microbiol 2006; 6:81. [PMID: 16984651 PMCID: PMC1590022 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-6-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that bacterial infection of the intestinal mucosa may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In pigs, an obligate intracellular bacterium, Lawsonia intracellularis (LI), was shown to cause proliferative enteropathy (PE) of which some forms display histological and clinical similarities to human IBD. Since LI-similar Desulfovibrio spp. may infect human cells, we hypothesized that LI might be associated with the development of human IBD. RESULTS In human intestinal tissue samples, PCR using LLG, 50SL27, LSA and strictly LI-specific 16SII primers, yielded either no amplicons or products with weak homology to human genomic sequences. Sequencing of these amplicons revealed no specificity for LI. However, amplification of DNA with less specific 16SI primers resulted in products bearing homology to certain Streptococcus species. These 16SI-amplified products were present in healthy and diseased specimens, without obvious prevalence. CONCLUSION LI is not associated with the pathogenesis of UC or CD. Whether an immunologic response to commensal bacteria such as streptococci may contribute to the chronic inflammatory condition in IBD, remained to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph W Michalski
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabio Francesco Di Mola
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmel
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Pigs, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg S Köninger
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathalia A Giese
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69210 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Koyama T, Hirai T, Nagai S. In vitro cultivation and partial characterization of Lawsonia intracellularis from a Japanese field case of porcine proliferative enteropathy. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:609-13. [PMID: 16820719 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis isolated from a Japanese field case of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) was cultivated and partially characterized. The bacterial cells isolated from the intestinal mucosa of a pig suffering from the acute form of PPE were used to inoculate rat small intestine cells (IEC-18) and human epithelial cells (HEp-2). Infected foci, which were stained with L. intracellularis-specific rabbit antiserum, were observed in the cell culture at 5 days post inoculation. The DNA sequence of several genes in the Japanese isolate had high similarity with those of the L. intracellularis type strain, suggesting the genetically close relationship of the two strains. This is the first report describing the cultivation and partial characterization of L. intracellularis originated in Japan.
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La T, Collins AM, Phillips ND, Oksa A, Hampson DJ. Development of a multiplex-PCR for rapid detection of the enteric pathogens Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, and Brachyspira pilosicoli in porcine faeces. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 42:284-8. [PMID: 16478518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop an assay to simultaneously detect Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli in pig faeces. METHODS AND RESULTS A multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR) was designed to amplify a 655-base pair (bp) portion of the L. intracellularis 16S rRNA gene, a 354-bp portion of the B. hyodysenteriae NADH oxidase gene, and a 823-bp portion of the B. pilosicoli 16S rRNA gene. Specificity was assessed using 80 strains of Brachyspira spp. and 30 other enteric bacteria. Bacterial DNA was extracted from faeces using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit. The M-PCR was tested in parallel with culture and/or PCR on 192 faecal samples from eight piggeries. Faeces also were seeded with known cell concentrations of the three pathogenic species, and the limits of detection of the M-PCR tested. The M-PCR was specific, with limits of detection of 10(2)-10(3) cells of the respective species per gram of faeces. CONCLUSIONS The M-PCR is a rapid, sensitive and specific test for detecting three important enteric bacterial pathogens of pigs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The availability of a new diagnostic M-PCR will allow rapid detection and control of three key porcine enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T La
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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24
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McOrist S, Gebhart CJ, Bosworth BT. Evaluation of porcine ileum models of enterocyte infection by Lawsonia intracellularis. Can J Vet Res 2006; 70:155-9. [PMID: 16639950 PMCID: PMC1410719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The early interaction of Lawsonia intracellularis with host cells was examined with the use of porcine ileum models. Two conventional swine were anesthetized, and ligated ileum loops were prepared during abdominal surgery. The loops were inoculated with 108 L. intracellularis or saline. After 60 min, samples of each loop were processed for routine histologic and electron microscopic study. Histologic and ultrathin sections of all the loops appeared normal, with no apposition of bacteria and host cells or bacterial entry events in any loop. Portions of ileum from a single gnotobiotic piglet were introduced as xenografts into the subcutis of each flank of 5 weaned mice with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. After 4 wk, 108 L. intracellularis were inoculated into each of 4 viable xenografts with a sterile needle; the other 3 viable xenografts received saline. Histologic and ultrathin sections of all the xenografts 3 wk after inoculation showed relatively normal porcine intestinal architecture, with normal crypts, crypt cell differentiation, and low villous structures; the xenografts treated with the bacteria also showed intracytoplasmic L. intracellularis within crypt and villous epithelial cells. Thus, entry of L. intracellularis into target epithelial cells and multiplication may not be sufficient alone to directly cause cell proliferation. A proliferative response may require active division of crypt cells and differentiation in conjunction with L. intracellularis growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven McOrist
- Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA.
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25
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Deprez P, Chiers K, Gebhart CJ, Ducatelle R, Lefère L, Vanschandevijl K, van Loon G. Lawsonia intracellularis
infection in a 12-monthold colt in Belgium. Vet Rec 2005; 157:774-6. [PMID: 16339981 DOI: 10.1136/vr.157.24.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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26
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Suh DK, Song JC. Prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella in swine herds. J Vet Sci 2005; 6:289-93. [PMID: 16293991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. were investigated by multiplex PCR using fecal samples of pigs with diarrhea or a history of diarrhea. The overall herd prevalence of L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. were 46.5%, 37.2% and 51.1%, respectively. Also, the prevalence of L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. among all sampled pigs were 19.9%, 10.8% and 17.7%, respectively. Seventeen of 43 herds were positive with 2 enteric organisms, and 2 herds were positive with L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. simultaneously. It was notable that 11 of 12 herds with more than 2,000 pigs were affected with Salmonella spp., and that only 2 of 12 the herds were affected with B. hyodysenteriae. This study suggested that herds positive for L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. were distributed throughout Korea, although the relationship among other pathogens such as viral or parasitic ones and/or with metabolic disorders was not determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyun Suh
- Research Institute of Health and Environment, Daegu 706-841, Korea
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Go YY, Lee JK, Ye JY, Lee JB, Park SY, Song CS, Kim SK, Choi IS. Experimental reproduction of proliferative enteropathy and the role of IFN-gamma in protective immunity against Lawsonia intracellularis in mice. J Vet Sci 2005; 6:357-9. [PMID: 16294002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy was reproduced in IFN-gamma receptor knockout (IFN-gamma R-) mice by experimental infection with Lawsonia intracellularis (L. intracellularis). The cecum and the colon of the infected mice were evidently enlarged 2 weeks post infection. The presence of L. intracellularis was identified in the stool and the cecum of the mice after infection. However, high levels of IFN-gamma were detected in the sera of the infected mice 2 weeks PI. These data indicated that the IFN-gamma produced in the infected mice should have been utilized by it's receptor to elicit protective immune responses against L. intracellularis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Young Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Suh DK, Song JC. Simultaneous detection of Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. in swine intestinal specimens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Sci 2005; 6:231-7. [PMID: 16131827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A multiplex PCR assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of the etiologic agents associated with porcine proliferative enteropathies (PPE), swine dysentery (SD) and porcine salmonellosis (PS) in a single reaction using DNA from swine intestinal samples. Single and multiplex PCR amplification of DNA from Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella typhimurium and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae with each primer set produced fragments of the predicted size without any nonspecific amplification, 210-bp, 298-bp and 403-bp bands, respectively. The single PCR assay could detect as little as 100 pg of purified DNA of S. typhimurium and L. intracellularis, and 50 pg of B. hyodysenteriae, respectively. However, multiplex PCR turned out to be 10 times lower sensitivity with S. typhimurium compared with single PCR. With 23 swine intestinal specimens suspected of having PPE, SD and/or PS, the multiplex PCR assay showed identical results with conventional methods except one. In conclusion, this multiplex PCR is a feasible alternative to standard diagnostic methods for detection of L. intracellularis, B. hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp. from swine intestinal specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyun Suh
- Research Institute of Health and Environment, Daegu, Korea
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Jensen TK, Vigre H, Sørensen V, Møller K. Naturally acquired Lawsonia intracellularis infection in pigs studied from weaning to slaughter by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test and polymerase chain reaction on faeces. Res Vet Sci 2005; 79:93-8. [PMID: 15885725 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The course of naturally acquired Lawsonia intracellularis infection was studied in 41 pigs by testing blood and faeces samples collected four to seven times from before weaning to slaughter 5 months old. At slaughter, a sample of ileum was taken for histopathology. In the first sampling when the pigs were 2-4 weeks old maternally derived IgG against L. intracellularis was demonstrated by immunofluorescence antibody test in nine pigs whereas the bacterium was detected by PCR in faeces from six pigs. The maternally derived antibodies did not prevent pigs from becoming infected as seven pigs later on shed and/or were seropositive for L. intracellularis. The lowest prevalence of L. intracellularis was observed in 6-13 weeks old pigs and it seemed as though L. intracellularis in early infected pigs only activates a minor antibody response. At slaughter 66% of the pigs were found positive by immunofluorescence antibody test compared to 24% by immunohistochemistry on ileal samples. Thus, applied at the time of slaughter the antibody test appeared to be a highly sensitive ante-mortem diagnostic tool for identifying L. intracellularis exposed pigs with or without current proliferative enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Jensen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Boesen HT, Jensen TK, Møller K, Nielsen LH, Jungersen G. Evaluation of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy. Vet Microbiol 2005; 109:105-12. [PMID: 15975740 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to the porcine pathogen Lawsonia intracellularis was developed and evaluated using sera from naïve, naturally infected as well as experimentally infected pigs. On the basis of 37 serum samples collected from experimentally infected pigs and 62 serum samples from naturally infected pigs the sensitivity of the ELISA was calculated to 98.0%. The specificity of the test was 99.3%, calculated on the basis of 273 serum samples collected in six herds free of L. intracellularis after medicated eradication. The novel ELISA was a specific and sensitive method for detecting specific antibodies, and may be a good alternative to the existing serological tests for L. intracellularis. It may be usable for diagnosis of proliferative enteropathy and for determination of a herd's epidemiologic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Toft Boesen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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31
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Stege H, Jensen TK, Møller K, Vestergaard K, Baekbo P, Jorsal SE. Infection dynamics of Lawsonia intracellularis in pig herds. Vet Microbiol 2005; 104:197-206. [PMID: 15564028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Little information is known about the natural course and within-herd prevalence of porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. The objective of the study was to investigate the within-herd dynamics of naturally acquired L. intracellularis infection in pigs from weaning to slaughter. The study was designed as a longitudinal survey where 100 pigs from five herds were randomly selected at weaning (approximately 4 weeks of age). Every second week until slaughter (10-12 times, i.e. 20-24 weeks) the pigs were weighed and faecal as well as blood samples were collected. Faecal shedding of L. intracellularis was assessed by real time-PCR and sero-conversion by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Clinical disease was not reported but infection was present in all herds and the PCR assay indicated infection in 75% of pigs examined. Most L. intracellularis infected pigs were shedding at 10-12 weeks of age (22-29 kg) and shed for 2-6 successive weeks. After 18 weeks of age all shedding had ceased and re-infection at PCR detectable level was not seen. Variable L. intracellularis associated impact on growth rate was observed. Immediately before bacterial shedding and during early infection the average growth rate declined whereas a compensatory impact was observed during later infection and after bacterial shedding had ceased. The performance of the IFAT resembled the bacteriological test almost perfectly. Sero-conversion was first detected at 12-14 weeks of age. Relative to the bacterial shedding, the onset of sero-conversion was a little delayed, in general, most pigs had sero-converted 2 weeks after the first shedding. Once sero-converted, 92% of the pigs remained sero-positive over the entire survey period.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stege
- EpiConsult ApS, 14 Hørkoer, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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Boesen HT, Jensen TK, Jungersen G, Riber U, Boye M, Møller K. Development, characterization and diagnostic application of a monoclonal antibody specific for a proteinase K resistant Lawsonia intracellularis antigen. Vet Microbiol 2005; 105:199-206. [PMID: 15708816 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Revised: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy (PE) is one of the most important infections in pigs caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, an obligate intracellular bacterium. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop monoclonal antibodies with specificity to L. intracellularis useful both for diagnostic purposes (by immunohistochemistry) and for bacterial characterization. Several antibody producing hybridomas were established by fusion of mouse myeloma with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with mucosa scrapings of the intestinal mucosa from a L. intracellularis infected pig. A monoclonal antibody (mAb), Law1-DK, isotyped as IgG2b was selected by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Histological sections of the intestines from pigs affected by proliferative enteropathy and in vitro grown bacteria in cell culture were tested positive for the presence of L. intracellularis with the mAb. A molecule at 21 kDa was recognized by the mAb in a Western blotting analysis when a whole-cell preparation of L. intracellularis was run on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This antigen was released from L. intracellularis by mild heat treatment and was resistant to proteinase K digestion, suggesting it to be non-protein, e.g., lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This suggestion was supported by its presence in the aqueous phase of a phenol-water extract. The inhibitory effect of periodate oxidation on the antigen-antibody binding confirmed the participation of a carbohydrate epitope. The new mAb was tested highly specific for L. intracellularis by applying in situ hybridization with a L. intracellularis specific probe targeting 16S ribosomal RNA simultaneously with the IFAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette T Boesen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
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Jordan DM, Knittel JP, Knitted JP, Schwartz KJ, Roof MB, Hoffman LJ. A Lawsonia intracellularis transmission study using a pure culture inoculated seeder-pig sentinel model. Vet Microbiol 2005; 104:83-90. [PMID: 15530742 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 08/11/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of Lawsonia intracellularis from experimentally inoculated pigs to naive swine was demonstrated in this study. The study was conducted using conventional pigs divided into three groups as follows: principles inoculated with L. intracellularis, sentinels, and controls. The pigs were inoculated and paired on 13 and 9 days post-inoculation with a sentinel pig for 7 days. Fecal samples and serum samples were collected throughout the study for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibody testing by indirect fluorescent antibody techniques. After co-mingling, the inoculated group was necropsied; sentinel and control pigs were necropsied 7-14 days later. The intestinal tracts were evaluated grossly and microscopically for lesions. PCR was performed on intestinal mucosal scrapings and feces. Warthin-Starry and fluorescent antibody staining procedures were conducted to confirm colonization with L. intracellularis. Gross and microscopic lesions typical of porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) were observed in both the inoculated and sentinel groups. Transmission was demonstrated from inoculated principle pigs to sentinel pigs. PCR results detected cyclical shedding of L. intracellularis in the feces. Seroconversion occurred in pigs that were exposed to L. intracellularis. From this study, it was demonstrated that transmission of L. intracellularis can occur easily in an environment with experimentally infected pigs and that PCR can be a useful tool to monitor fecal shedding of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianna M Jordan
- Iowa State University, Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Abstract
Bilophila wadsworthia, an obligately anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus, was first isolated from appendicitis specimens and human faeces. The two cases described here are the first report of the isolation of B. wadsworthia in Hungary, and include the first isolation from chronic mastoiditis complicated with a brain abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Urbán
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology1, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy2 and Department of Surgery3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
| | - Anna Hortobágyi
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology1, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy2 and Department of Surgery3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
| | - Károly Szentpáli
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology1, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy2 and Department of Surgery3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
| | - Elisabeth Nagy
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology1, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy2 and Department of Surgery3, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged H-6701, Hungary
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van der Heijden HMJF, Bakker J, Elbers ARW, Vos JH, Weyns A, de Smet M, McOrist S. Prevalence of exposure and infection of Lawsonia intracellularis among slaughter-age pigs. Res Vet Sci 2004; 77:197-202. [PMID: 15276770 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extent of clinical or subclinical infection associated with Lawsonia intracellularis within Dutch pig herds was uncertain. A case-control study of slaughter age pigs was used to study natural infection within Dutch herds and to compare diagnostic methods. From six case herds where clinical disease had been identified recently, and six disease-free herds, 40 pigs of slaughter-age were examined postmortem. The diagnostic methods used were: serology, gross examination, Haematoxylin and Eosin stain (HE), Warthin-Starry silver stain, Lawsonia-specific indirect immunoperoxidase of the ileum, and PCR of ileum mucosa and colon contents. There were 59% seropositive pigs in case herds and 26% seropositive pigs in control herds. Using immunohistochemistry, 57% of case herds and 46% of control herds were bacteria positive in the ileum mucosa. It was concluded that a majority of Dutch herds contain L. intracellularis infected finisher pigs. In some herds this is associated with clinical outbreaks of acute haemorrhagic enteropathy but in other herds no clinical disease is apparent. Many seropositive pigs in herds without clinical disease had evidence of Lawsonia antigen in sites other than the apical cytoplasm of proliferating epithelial cells, particularly the supranuclear region. It was uncertain whether to classify these pigs as having "recovered" from an infection or whether they have a sub-clinical or chronic form of the disease. We concluded that PCR examination of faeces and serology probably provide more specific results than gross examinations at slaughter, and that a monoclonal antibody-based examination of ileum mucosa should be the accepted screening method for this infection.
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Herbst W, Willems H, Baljer G. [Distribution of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Lawsonia intracellularis in healthy and diarrhoeic pigs]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2004; 117:493-8. [PMID: 15584431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Although Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis are widely distributed in pigs in Germany, there exists limited information on their clinical relevance. To get more insight into their potential role in swine diarrhoeal disease, in 2002 and 2003 faecal specimens from healthy pigs (n=1445) as well as from diarrhoeic pigs (n=2002) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of both agents. Of the specimens from healthy pigs L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae were detected in 7.3% and 6.7%, respectively. In contrast, of the diarrhoeic pigs the ratios of positive samples amounted to 19.4% for L. intracellularis and 17.9% for B. hyodysenteriae. Concerning the age of the diseased animals, in growing pigs the detection rates of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae were nearly identical (16.4% and 14.2%, respectively). In fattening pigs a significant higher number of animals were affected with B. hyodysenteriae (35.8%) than with L. intracellularis (28.2%). On the other hand, in sows L. intracellularis (35.6% positive samples) was dominant compared to B. hyodysenteriae (21.2% positive samples). Considering the nearly threefold higher percentage rates of L. intracellularis and B. hyodysenteriae in diarrhoeic pigs in comparison to healthy pigs, it is concluded that both agents play an important role in swine diarrhoeal disease. The results further indicated that in fattening pigs B. hyodysenteriae and in sows L. intracellularis have a dominant role, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Herbst
- Institut für Hygiene und Infektionskrankheiten der Tiere, Giessen.
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Watarai M, Yamato Y, Horiuchi N, Kim S, Omata Y, Shirahata T, Furuoka H. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Detect Lawsonia intracellularis in Rabbits with Proliferative Enteropathy. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:735-7. [PMID: 15240954 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an obligate intracellular pathogenic bacterium that causes proliferative enteropathy in domestic and experimental animals. Antiserum against synthetic peptides of the Lawsonia surface antigen (LsaA) well recognized L. intracellularis in infected ileum by immunohistochemistry. The synthetic peptides in LsaA showed strong reaction with serum from rabbits infected with L. intracellularis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results suggest that ELISA used synthetic peptides in LsaA and anti-LsaA serum might be useful to diagnose for proliferative enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Watarai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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Guedes RMC, Winkelman NL, Gebhart CJ. Relationship between the severity of porcine proliferative enteropathy and the infectious dose of Lawsonia intracellularis. Vet Rec 2003; 153:432-3. [PMID: 14582733 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.14.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M C Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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McOrist S, Keller L, McOrist AL. Search for Lawsonia intracellularis and Bilophila wadsworthia in malabsorption-diseased chickens. Can J Vet Res 2003; 67:232-4. [PMID: 12889732 PMCID: PMC227059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy is an important enteric disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. A wide range of host species can be infected by the same bacterium, yet the clinico-pathologic features among these hosts remains almost identical. The disease has been recognized regularly among ratites, but not in other avian families, such as galliforms, even though these suffer uncharacterized enteric conditions. Fresh ileum-colon contents were obtained from 228, 3- to 8-week-old chickens with enteric disease, kept at 14 large commercial farms in the southern USA. DNA was extracted from each sample and subjected to polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with primers specific to eubacterial DNA, L. intracellularis, and Bilophila wadsworthia. All chicken samples were positive for eubacterial DNA, 29 chickens (13%) were positive for B. wadsworthia DNA, and none were positive for L. intracellularis DNA. Given the ubiquitous nature of L. intracellularis, we consider it likely that some avian families do not carry the necessary mechanism for L. intracellularis viability. Bilophila wadsworthia appears to be a consistent member of the colonic flora of some host animals. Neither bacterium appears to be associated with malabsorption syndromes in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven McOrist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA.
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Marsteller T, Winkelman N, Gebhart C, Armbruster G, Weldon W, Muller PR, Weatherford PJ, Symanowski J. Efficacy of intramuscular tylosin for the treatment and control of porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. Vet Ther 2001; 2:51-60. [PMID: 19753698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This double-blind study investigated the efficacy of injectable tylosin (Tylan 200 injection, Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN) for the treatment and control of porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis using a mucosal challenge model. Intramuscular (IM) tylosin was compared with sterile tylosin injection carrier (negative control). IM treatments (1 mL/22.5 kg [50 lb body weight; 4 mg/lb body weight]) were administered to two groups of pigs twice daily for 3 consecutive days, commencing 14 days after L. intracellularis challenge. Clinical signs were evaluated in 80 pigs each day for 14 days after treatment was initiated. Necropsies were performed on all pigs 14 days after treatment to evaluate gross and microscopic intestinal lesions. The challenged pigs had a positive treatment response to injectable tylosin compared with negative controls based on improvements in clinical signs, fecal polymerase chain reaction incidence on days 7 and 14, gross and microscopic intestinal lesions, average daily weight gain, and individual pig weight variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Marsteller
- Elanco Animal Health, Four Parkwood, 500 East 96th Street, Suite 125, Indianapolis, IN 45240, USA
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